how-to-get-the-poor-off-our-conscience精简PPT优秀课件

II.OutlineoftheessayPart1(para.1-2):Theoldestprojectin“gettingthepooroffourconscience”Part2(para.3-9):5historicalsolutionsPart3(para.10-11):atransitionPart4(para.12-20):5currentdesignsPart5:(para21):conclusion6.Whytheauthorchoosessuchatitleasthisessay?Lookatthefollowingphotos.Millionsandmillionsofpeoplearestrugglingfortheirsurvival,thousandsandthousandsofpeopledieofhunger,coldandillness.While‘MillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaretomeettheneedsoftheworld’spoorest”,doyouthinktheauthorreallytriestocallpeopletogetthepoorofftheirconscience?“Plutarchwasledtosay”impliesthatitwastheactualexistenceoftherichandpoororthelogicofhisanalysisthatmadehimcometosuchaconclusion:…IftheRomerepublicsufferedfromthesameproblems2,000yearsago,itprovestheauthor’spointthatpovertyisaperpetual(permanent)problem.6.Andtheproblemsthatarisefromthecontinuing…havebeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies.:Themainideaofthisstatementisthatforcenturiesthosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceoftherichandpoor.Part2:historicalresearchpara.3Thefirstsolution(next-lifetheory)4.Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?No,hedoesn’t.Heisbeingironicalhere.Hecallsit“anadmirablesolution”becausenowtherich“getthepoorofftheirconscience”.Para.4:Thesecondsolution(utilitarianism)1.TheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmithItissymbolicthatAdamSmith'smasterpieceofeconomicanalysis,TheWealthofNations,wasfirstpublishedin1776,thesameyearastheDeclarationofIndependence.Hearguedpassionatelyinfavoroffreetradeandthemosteloquent--integrateddescriptionoftheworkingsofamarketeconomy,whichcontinuestoinfluenceoureconomyrightuptothepresentday.4.“Bytheprincipleofutility”…“ismeanttheprinciplewhich…”:　Thenormalwordordershouldbe:utilitarianismismeanttheprinciplewhichproves…bytheprincipleofutility.AccordingtoBentham,theprincipleofutilitarianismmeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.5.utilitarianismisageneralphilosophicalidealikeidealism.whichmeansthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber.Utilitarianismisthemoraldoctrinethatweshouldalwaysacttoproducethegreatestpossiblebalanceofgoodoverhadforeveryoneaffectedbyouraction.Consequently,thegreatesthappinessofallconstitutesthestandardthatdetermineswhetheranactionisrightorwrong.Iftheypromotethegreatesthumanwelfareactionsareright,iftheydonotactionsarewrong.Para.5:thethirdsolution(poorpeople’sfault)1.ThisisassociatedwiththenameofDavidRicardo,astockbroker,andThomasRobertMalthus,adivine.Stockbroker:apersonwhosejobisbuyingandsellingsharesforthosewithmoney(investor).Astockbrokercaneasilyearnbigmoneythroughthecommissionwhichdependsontheamountofmoneytheinvestorinvests,whileitisveryhardfortheinvestortoearnmoneyinthestockmarket,becauseofthehighrisk.9.Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor.Anditwassobecauseitwasaproductoftheirfecundity:Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.Para.6:Malthusianism(马尔塞斯人口论)11.…therichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration:Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem.12.However,Malthuswashimselfnotwithoutacertainresponsibility:Heurgedthat…asafullyeffectivemethodofbirthcontrol:WhatwarningdidMalthusurgethatthemarriageceremonyshouldcontain?Why?14.CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR.H.Macy’s,nottheirbedroom:Itimpliesthatcoupleswillfindtheirpocketsnotthatheavywhiletheylookaroundthemarket,whichwillpushthemtoworkhardformoneyratherthanenjoytheirloveintheirbedroomsforhavingtoomanychildren.ThisstatementridiculesReagan’sviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.Para.7:theforthsolution(SocialDarwinism--survivalofthefittest)Para.9:thefifthsolution(morevaguedenialofpoverty)1.Itdeclinedinpopularity,andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone:PeoplebegantorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposetreasuredvaluesofsympathy,loveandfriendship.Therefore,whenitwasmentioned,itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism.Para.(10-11):atransition18.Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Becauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptionthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare.TheSocialSecurityActof1935laidfoundationforthecurrentsocialwelfaresystemoftheUnitedStates.Readerscaneasilysensethattheauthorisfortherevolution.19.Whatdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialwelfaremeasureswereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?(para.10)Peoplefeltthatthepolicyofignoringthepoorandrefusingassistancehadbeenabandoned.Sincethegovernmentwasmakingeffortstorelievethemiseryofthepoor,theydidnotneedtopayattentiontoanymore.Theywerenotcompletelyright.Thegovernmentdidtakemanymeasures,butthedesiretogetthepooroffourconsciencestilllingeredon,waitingforchancestocomeback..20.…thesearchforawayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencewasnotatanend;itwasonlysuspended:Theoldesthumanexercisesofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehadnotbeenceased.Ithadonlybeenstoppedtemporarily.23.Ithasagainbecome…,andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise:Searchingthewayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehasagainbecometheoverridingtaskofthosephilosophers,menofletters,andspeechmakers,whichisamoneymakingbusiness.Para.12:thefirstdesign24.design:plan27.Whatistheargumentofthefirstdesign?Theargumentis:Mostoftheassistancetothepoorhastobeundertakenbythegovernment,butthegovernmentisinessenceincompetentandineffectiveandwillmakeamessofthejob.Therefore,thegovernmentshouldnotbeaskedtoaidthepoor.27.Whatistheessenceofthefirstdesign?TheessenceofthefirstdesignistotakeawaytheresponsibilitytoaidthepoorfromthegovernmentandtoputanendtothesocialwelfarepoliciessincetheNewDeal.Para.13:analysisofthefirstdesign28.Inparagraph12and13,theauthor,onthreeoccasions,mentionsthepentagonornationaldefense.Whydoeshemakethesereferences?Theauthorwantstopointouttheironicalfactthatthosepeoplewhoattackthegovernmentorthebureaucracywillnotincludethemilitaryestablishment.Theywantthegovernmenttodolessornothinginsocialwelfarebutmoreon“nationaldefense”.Theauthorishighlycriticalofsuchaview.Heopposeshugemilitaryexpenditures.31.Wehavegreatcorporatebureaucracyand…andtoiletseats,(Whentheseaberrations…inthepentagon.)Whatisthebasicviewoftheauthor?Onthewhole,theauthorispositiveaboutpublicserviceandgovernmentemployees.HethinksthattheAmericangovernmenthasrecruitedmanytalentedanddedicatedpeople.Hiscriticismisdirectedatthemilitaryestablishment.Para.14-15:theseconddesignTheseconddesignis:Anyformofpublichelptothepoorwillhurtthepoorthemselves.Suchhelpwilldestroypoorpeople’smotivation,makethemlazyandbreakuptheirmarriages.ThisisanothertypicalargumentputforwardtodaybytheconservativesintheU.S.inthediscussionofsocialwelfarereform.35.Doestheauthoragreetotheargument?No,theauthorthinkstheaccusationsaregroundless.Hefurtherpointsoutthatthosewhosupportthedesignhavenowaytoprovethatthedamageoftheaidtothepoorisgreaterthanthedamagetothemcausedbyalossofpublicassistance.Para.16:thethirddesign39.Thethirddesign:Whenyougivepublicassistancetothepoor,youtakemoneyaway(throughtaxes)fromtherichandgiveit(intheformofpublicassistance)tothepoor.Theresultistherichbecomelesswillingtoworkhardandcreatewealthandthepoorareencouragedtoremainidle.40.Theauthor’sview:Theauthorusestworhetoricalquestionstocountertheargument.Heimpliesthatitisnotthecasethatmostpoorpeoplewouldpreferwelfaretopayingjob.Asforcorporateexecutives,theyareworkingveryhard,showingnosignoflackofincentive.Tosaytheyarebeinglazybecausetheyarenotpaidenoughisaninsulttothebusinessexecutives.(theauthorisusingacleverretorthere.)44.Beliefcanbetheservantoftruth–butevenmoreofconvenience:Beliefcanbeusefulintheresearchfortruth.Butmoreoftenthannotitisacceptedbecauseitisconvenientandself-serving.信念可以是真理的仆人，但更多的情况下，只是一时之需。Para.17-18:theforthdesign:Theforthdesignarguesthattransferringmoneyfromtherichtothepoorthroughthegovernmenthasbadeffectonfreedom.Byfreedom,thedesignersmeanspendingasmuchmoneyasoneseesfitandgivingthegovernmentaslittleaspossible.45.Thisispossiblythemosttransparentofallthedesigns:Nomentionisordinarilymadeoftherelationofincometothefreedomofthepoor:Theauthorisbeingironicalwhenheusestheword“transparent”.Hemeansitisthemostobviousthatwhenthesepeopletalkaboutfreedomtheyonlyhaveinmindthefreedomoftherich.Para.19:thefifthdesign:psychologicaldenial48.Thisisapsychictendencythatinvariousmanifestationsiscommontousall.Weallhavethetendencytocloseoureyestounpleasantthingsorrefusetothinkaboutthem.Thistendencymaytakedifferentforms.Para.20:summary52.Thesearethemoderndesignsbywhichweescapeconcernforthepoor:Thisisthetopicsentence,servingasasumming-upofthepreviousparagraphsdealingwiththefivedesigns.Itreemphasizesthenatureofthedesign–tomakepeopleescapeconcernforthepoor.54.RonaldReaganandhiscolleaguesareclearlyinanotabletradition–attheendofalonghistoryofefforttoescaperesponsibilityforone’sfellowbeings:RonaldReaganandhiscolleaguesarementionedbecausewhentheauthorwrotethisarticle,ReaganandhiscolleagueswasintheWhiteHouse.Inthe1980s,duringReagan’stime,conservatismprevailedandsupply-sideeconomicswasdominant.AftertheGreatSocietyinthe1960s,socialwelfaresystemsufferedthefirstsetbackundertheReaganAdministration.Acontractionissocialwelfaresetin.Hencetheauthorremarkedironically.55.…thatthepoormusthavethecruelspuroftheirownsufferingtoensureeffort:…onlywhenthepoorsufferfromgreatmiserywilltheybestimulatedtomakegreateffortstochangetheirsituation.Inotherwords,sufferingisnecessarytoforcethepoortoworkhard.Para.21:conclusionInthelastpart,theauthorsubtlypointsoutthatpublicassistancetothepoorisintheinterestofconservatives.Theendingseemsnotthatdramaticbutitisinlinewiththemildironyofthewholepiece.1.Abriefsummaryoftheessay:Intheessay,theauthorbringsup5historicalsolutionsinpresentingbothhistoricalsolutionsandcurrentdesignsatfirst.Hethenconcentrateson5currentdesignsforgettingthepooroffourconscience.Inpresentingbothhistoricalsolutionsandcurrentdesignsheexpresseshiscriticalattitudesimplicitly.Attheendoftheessay,hewarnsthepolicymakersandpeoplewhoarewealthythat"civildiscontentanditsconsequencesdonotcomefromcontentedpeople.”andthatpovertyisthepermanentailmentofsociety.Fivesolutions:1.Thenextlifetheory2.Utilitarianism3.Poorpeople’sfault4.Survivalofthefittest5.VaguedenialFivedesigns:1.Incompetentgovernment2.Harmfultothepoor3.Adverseeffectonincentive4.Adverseeffectonfreedom5.Simplepsychologicaldenial2.Themainideaoftheessay:Basedontheanalysisofhistoricalsolutionsandcurrentdesigns,theauthorironicallycriticizestheattitudeofgettingthepooroffourconscience,onwhichthescholarsandpoliticianshavebeenelaboratingforcenturies.