英语词汇学课件

null “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”English Lexicology (II)ContentsContents5. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes 6. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes 7. Motivation To be continuedChapter 5 Word-Formation I: The Major ProcessesChapter 5 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes5.1 General Remarks 5.2 Prefixation 5.3 Suffixation 5.4 Conversion 5.5 Compounding5.1 General Remarks5.1 General RemarksThe three major processes affixation or derivation (17.5%) Prefixation suffixation conversion (10.5%) composition or compounding (27%)5.2 Prefixation 5.2 Prefixation The definition of prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege 5.2 Prefixation5.2 PrefixationThe classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories: 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation1) Negative prefixes 5.2 Prefixation5.2 PrefixationOrder Literate Symmetry Governmental Relevant Productive Believable Vulnerable Sane Related Aligned Mature Disorder Illiterate Asymmetry Nongovernmental Irrelevant Unproductive Unbelievable Invulnerable Insane Unrelated Nonaligned Immature 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation2) Reversative or privative 5.2 Prefixation5.2 PrefixationCentralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation3) Pejorative prefixes 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation4) Prefixes of degree or size 5.2 Prefixation5.2 PrefixationComputer Critical Conscious Natural Sensitive Simple Number Statement cultureMinicomputer Ultracritic /hypercritic Subconscious Supernatural Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive Oversimple Outnumber Understatement Subculture 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation6) Locative prefixes 5.2 Prefixation5.2 PrefixationView Conference Continental Ground Cast Pacific Racial Shore Interview teleconference Intercontinental Foreground Telecast Transpacific Transracial Foreshore 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation7) Prefixes of time and order 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation8) Number prefixes 5.2 Prefixation5.2 PrefixationLingual Lateral Polar Dimensional Unilingual, bilingual, trilingual, multilingual Unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateral Unipolar, bipolar, tripolar, multipolar Unidimensional, bidimensional, tridimensional (three-dimensional), multidimensional 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation9) Conversion prefixes 5.2 Prefixation5.2 Prefixation10) Miscellaneous prefixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation The definition of suffixation Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.5.3 Suffixation5.3 SuffixationThe classification of suffixes Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into 1) noun suffixes 2) adjective suffixes 3) adverb suffixes 4) verb suffixes 5.3 Suffixation5.3 Suffixation1) Noun suffixes Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds. Denominal nouns (concrete or abstract) Deverbal nouns De-adjectival nouns Noun and adjective suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 1) Noun suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 1) Noun suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 1) Noun suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 1) Noun suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 1) Noun suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 2) Adjective Suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 2) Adjective Suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 2) Adjective Suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 3) Adverb Suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation 4) Verb suffixes 5.3 Suffixation 5.3 Suffixation False Sterile Intense Fat Horror Memory Apology Falsify Sterilize Intensify Fatten Horrify Memorize Apologize5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionThe definition of conversion Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). 5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionMajor types of conversion Noun-verb conversion Verb-noun conversion Adjective-noun conversion 5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionNoun-verb conversion He elbowed his way through the crowd. Problems snowballed by the hour. The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. 5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionAbuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouthAbuse Advise House Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth Changes of pronunciation and spelling5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionVerb-noun conversion He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine. doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionVerb-noun conversion Phrasal verb-noun conversion 5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionConflict Abstract Contrast Decrease Discount Export Rebel Permit Progress Protest Transfer Transplant Survey Torment Shift of stress5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionAdjective-noun conversion Partial conversion Complete conversion 5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionAdjective-noun conversion Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned 5.4 Conversion5.4 ConversionAdjective-noun conversion Complete conversion A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department.5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingThe definition of compounding Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding. 5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingForms of compounds Solid: bedtime, honeymoon Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning Open: reading material, hot line5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingTypes of compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds 5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingNoun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis 5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingAdjective compounds Weather-beaten rocks, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress 5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingVerb compounds Formed by back-formation house-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from spoon-fed. 5.5 Compounding5.5 CompoundingVerb compounds Formed by conversion to blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop. Chapter 6 Word-Formation II: The Minor ProcessesChapter 6 Word-Formation II: The Minor Processes6.1 Blending 6.2 Backformation 6.3 Shortening 6.4 Analogy6.1 Blending6.1 BlendingThe definition of blending Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types. 6.1 Blending6.1 BlendingExamples newscast (news＋broadcast) brunch (breakfast＋lunch) smog (smoke＋fog) talkathon (talk＋marathon) slimnastics (slim＋gymnastics) videophone ( video ＋telephone)6.1 Blending6.1 Blendingsci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawk science＋fiction high＋fidelity work＋alcoholic stagnation＋inflation United ＋ Communications situation＋comedy motor＋hotel dove＋hawk 6.2 Backformation6.2 BackformationThe definition of backformation Back-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 6.2 Backformation6.2 BackformationExamples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gloom from gloomy donate from donation brainwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking6.3 Shortening6.3 ShorteningTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. 6.3 Shortening6.3 ShorteningTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 2) initialisms（首字母连写词）: a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter. 6.3 Shortening6.3 ShorteningTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.3 Shortening6.3 Shortening1) Clipped words ad=advertisement expo=exposition phone=telephone pro=professional memo=memorandum tec=detective heli or copter=helicopter comfy=comfortable 6.3 Shortening6.3 Shorteninggymnasium dormitory handkerchief gasoline kilogram influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab gym dorm hanky Gas kilo flu biz chute fridge taxi or cab Give clippings for the following words6.3 Shortening6.3 Shortening2) Initialisms IOC=International Olympic Committee BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation ISBN=International Standard Book Number CAD=computer assisted design cm=centimeter TB=tuberculosis 6.3 Shortening6.3 ShorteningCPU DIY CEO IT AI SOS IDD GMT VIP P.S. a.m. p.m.central processing unit Do it yourself Chief Executive Officer Information technology artificial intelligence Save our ship international direct dial Greenwich Mean Time very important person postscript ante meridiem post meridiem Write out in full the following initialisms6.3 Shortening6.3 Shortening3) Acronyms Basic=Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction TEFL=teaching English as a foreign language UNESCO=the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Sars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 6.3 Shortening6.3 ShorteningTOFEL ROM NATO FIFA Aids radar Test of English as a foreign language read only memory The North Atlantic Treaty organization Federation Internationale de Football Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome Radio detecting and ranging Write out in full the following acronyms6.4 Analogy6.4 AnalogyThe definition of analogy（类比） The process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language 6.4 Analogy6.4 AnalogyExamples Marathon-----telethon, talkathon blue-collar workers-----white-collar workers, gray-collar workers, pink-collar workers, gold-collar workers environmental pollution-----visual or eye pollution, noise pollution, cultural pollution, graffiti pollution First Family-----First Lady, First Dog Landscape-----moonscape, marscape Bird’s eye------fish-eye, worm’s-eye, cat’s-eye Chapter 7 MotivationChapter 7 Motivation7.1 Conventionality and Motivation 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation 7.3 Morphological motivation 7.4 Semantic motivation 7.5 Logical motivation 7.6 Motivation and Culture7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationTriangle of significance（词义三角）Meaning (Concept)WordFormReferent………….Meaning as conceptMeaning as conceptOgden and Richards suggested a model to illustrate the view of meaning as concept.The semantic triangle proposed by Ogdan and RichardsThoughtReferent (the object)Symbol(concept) [ tri:]symbolizerefer tonull7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationThe debate over the connection between sound and meaning The naturalists maintain there is a natural/intrinsic connection between sound and meaning. The Conventionalists, on the other hand, hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary. The meaning of a word is a kind of linguistic social contract. 7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationConventionality（约定俗成） What’s in a name? That we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. -----Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet Words have no meaning, people have meaning for them. ------ Eric Partridge 7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationConventionality 树---Chinese 木---Japanese arbre---French baun---Germany7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationMotivation（理据） Motivation deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationNon-motivated and motivated From the point of view of motivation, the great majority of English words are nonmotivated, since they are conventional, arbitrary symbols. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated, that is, a direct or somewhat connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed. 7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationExamples of motivation The pigeon coos. airmail, miniskirt, hopeless a coat of paint He has a stony heart. The question was like the Sphinx’s riddle to them. 7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.1 Conventionality and MotivationTypes of motivation Onomatopoeic motivation Morphological motivation Semantic motivation Logical motivation Motivation and Culture 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivationOnomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据） means defining the principle of motivation by sound. Words motivated phonetically are called onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close connection between sound and sense. 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivationPrimary onomatopoeia Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Here the sound is truly an “echo to the sense”. 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivationPrimary onomatopoeia 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivationSecondary onomatopoeia Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses. In other words, certain sounds evoke symbolic connotations, suggesting particular senses. 7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivationSecondary onomatopoeia -are suggests “big light or noise” Blare, flare, glare, stare -ump suggests “protuberance” Plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, mump sk- suggests “touching or moving on the surface’ Skate, skim, skin, ski, sketch, skid h- suggests “moving with great speed, force, or violence” Heavy, haste, hurry, hit, hurl, hammer, hinder7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivationBut it has to be pointed out that onomatopoeic words constitute only a small part of the vocabulary; some onomatopoeic words are not completely motivated phonetically and are conventional to quite a large extent. If you throw a stone into water, the sound you hear is by no means the same as when you say splash. Flies do not exactly make the sound of buzz. 7.3 Morphological motivation7.3 Morphological motivationWe say the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. This is called morphological motivation(形态理据） 7.3 Morphological motivation7.3 Morphological motivationDerivational words are morphologically motivated. If one knows the meaning of the affix and the base, then one can immediately tell the meaning of the word. Compounds words may be morphologically motivated too. The meanings of words like good-looking, spaceman, moonscape, daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts. One thing worth pointing out is that the morphemes, the component parts of these words are themselves conventional. 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationSemantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. Here it is the figurative usage that provides the semantic motivation.7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationExamples: When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone. when we say the leg of a table, we are comparing the table’s leg with one of the lower limbs of a human being. 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationTypes of semantic motivation Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche Analogy 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationMetaphor Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. It is a simile without like or as. 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationMetaphor The world is a stage. A sea of troubles; a tide of popular applause. The city is a jungle where no body is safe after the dark. Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. ----- Bacon Of Studies 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationMetonymy Metonymy（借代） is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes. The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationMetonymy Metonymy usually includes several classes: container for its content, a thing closely associated for another, tool for the doer or deed, writer for his works, the concrete for the abstract and so on. 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationMetonymy He is too fond of bottles. The hall applauded. I have never read Li Bai. The pen is mightier than the sword. He succeeded to the crown. Uncle Sam; the Pentagon; Hollywood; the White House;Beijing7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationSynecdoche Synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 7.4 Semantic motivation7.4 Semantic motivationSynecdoche There are about 500 hands working in this factory. This newspaper—and probably the country—will wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them. The birds sing to welcome the smiling year. To earn one’s bread He