【2010考研词汇】一天一篇真题记单词（1996阅读TEXT3）

大家网[www.TopSage.com] 【2010考研词汇】一天一篇真题记单词（1996阅读TEXT3） 真题原文： 学习完单词后自己认真翻译原文，并将原文中红色字体部分句子的译文回帖 In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other services to the taxpayers . The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large " comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation . 核心词汇： liability n. 1 责任, 义务 2 倾向 3 债务, 负债, 与assets 相对 [例] The business failed because its assets were not so great as its liabilities. 这家商行因资不抵债而倒闭。 [反义] asset n. 资产, 有用的东西 [派生] liable adj. 1 有责任的, 有义务的2 易...的, 有...倾向的, 负有责任的, 很有可能的 bureaucracy n. 官僚, 官僚作风, 官僚机构 [例] Do you have an accountancy qualification and are you familiar with the bureaucracy of the European Union? 你具有会计师资格并熟悉欧盟的组织机构吗？ [派生] bureaucrat n. 官僚主义者 engage vt. 使忙碌, 雇佣, 预定, 使从事于, 使参加 vi. 答应,从事, 交战, [机]接合, 啮合 [例] That's all I can engage for. 我所能担保的仅此而已。 [同义] absorb， agree ，busy ，employ， engross [反义] disengage v. 脱离 [派生] engagement n. 约会, 婚约, 诺言, 交战, 接站, 雇拥, [机]接合 engaging adj. 动人的, 有魅力的, 迷人的 [固定搭配] be engaged by 为...所吸引；be engaged in 正做着, 正忙着；be engage oneself in 正做着, 正忙着； be engaged on 着手(某事), 从事(某事)； collectivism n. 集体主义 [例] Across the Scottish political spectrum, there is common recognition of an ingrained left of centre political culture, comprising egalitarianism, social justice and collectivism. 在苏格兰的政治体系中，有一种根深蒂固的、以左派为政治中心的共识，这包括了平等主义、社会公正和集体主义。 [派生] collectivity n. 全体, 集体, 总体 manipulation n. 处理, 操作, 操纵, 被操纵 [例] Some people can put back a twisted joint, like the shoulder, by careful manipulation. 有的人会巧用推拿术使扭伤的关节, 例如肩膀复位。 [派生] manipulate vt.1（熟练地）操作, 使用(机器等), 操纵(人或市价、市场), 利用, 应付 2 假造 vt. (熟练地)操作,巧妙地处理 detach vt. 1 分开, 分离 2 分遣, 派遣(军队) [例] Men were detached to defend the pass. 已经派遣了人员去防守关隘。 [同义] assign ，delegate， disconnect， separate [反义] attach vt. 缚上, 系上, 贴上 v. 配属, 隶属于 [派生] detachable adj. 可分开的, 可分离的, 可分遣的 patriarchal adj. 家长的, 族长的 [例] a patriarchal social system 父权制社会 [派生] patriarch n. 家长, 族长, 创办人, 最年长者 render vt. 1 呈递, 归还 2 着色 3 汇报 4 致使 5 实施 vi. 给予补偿 n. 交纳, 粉刷, 打底 [例] He had to render an apology for his rudeness. 他不得不因他的粗鲁做出道歉。 [同义] allot , grant, make, present lockout n. 停工(业主为抵制工人的要求而停工) [例] It was Saturday Night Hockey in Canada, the first experience of its kind for the Islanders this season, the first trip to the hockey motherland since the lockout. 在加拿大星期六曲棍球之夜，是岛上居民在这个季节第一次观看这种比赛，这也是自停赛后球队第一次返回曲棍球的家乡。 原文翻译： 十九世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代化方式不断扩大和完善各自相对独立的组织。许多旧式公司被有限责任公司所取代，这些公司雇佣拿薪水的经理人来进行管理。这种变化是符合新时代的工业需要的，它将职业化元素引入企业，防止了那种在老式家族企业中经常出现的第一代创始人之后的两三代人中工作效率下降，从而妨害公司前途的现象发生。这种机制逐渐摆脱了依靠个人的积极性，而转向集体制和由国家、市政当局掌管的企业。尽管铁路仍是为股东牟利的私有企业，但和那些老式的家族企业有很大的区别。同时，市政当局入主企业，为纳税人提供电力、交通和其他服务。 有限责任公司的发展壮大和市政企业的介入产生了重要的影响，这种大规模的、非个人性质的资金运作大大增加了股东这一社会阶层的人数和重要性，而股东阶层在社会生活中象征着财富与土地及土地拥有者的责任分离开来；同时，财富也和企业经营管理责任分离开来。整个十九世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚以及欧洲的部分国家都是在英国的资金扶持下发展起来的，因此，英国股票持有者的腰包就在全球工业化的浪潮中充实了起来。Bournemouth 和Eastbourne等城市就居住了一大批“闲适”阶级，他们有收入，又不用工作，除了拿红利和偶尔出席一次股东会议把他们的命令传达给管理人外，他们和社会上的其他人几乎没有什麽联系。另一方面，“持有股票”意味着闲适和自由，这也是维多利亚时代很多人对社会文明的最高期望。 这样的“股东”根本就不了解自己持股的公司里的工人们的生活、思想和需要，因此，他们对劳资双方的关系有不良影响。公司的拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，即使是他也很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。的确，仅经营的规模和雇佣工人的数量两方面就使得这种个人关系的建立成为不可能的事。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益扩大，至少在各技术行业是这样，这就使工人与雇佣他们的公司经理们地位平等了。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的价值