APL-期刊模板

SamplemanuscriptforAppliedPhysicsLettersA.Author,1,2,a)B.Author,2,b,c)andC.Author3,c)1Department,University,City,Postalcode,Country2CorporationorLaboratory,Streetaddress,Postalcode,City,Country33Department,University,City,State(spelloutfullname),Zipcode,USAThisisanabstract.Itgivesthereaderanoverviewofthemanuscript.Abstractsarerequiredforallmanuscripts.TheAbstractshouldbeself-contained(containnofootnotesorcitationstoreferences).Itshouldbeadequateasanindex(givingallsubjects,majorandminor,aboutwhichnewinformationisgiven),andasasummary(givingtheconclusionsandallresultsofgeneralinterestinthearticle).Itshouldbeapproximately250words.Theabstractshouldbewrittenasoneparagraphandshouldnotcontaindisplayedmathematicalequationsortabularmaterial.InthissamplearticleweprovideinstructionsonhowtoprepareandsubmityourpapertoAppliedPhysicLetters,ajournalpublishedbyAIPPublishingLLC.TheAIPPublishingstaffappreciatesyourefforttofollowourstylewhenpreparingyourmanuscript.NB:Contrarytothestructureofthissample,headingsarenotpermittedinAPL.Theyareusedinthissampletoassistthereaderinlocatinginformation.THEMANUSCRIPTPleaseusethis“samplemanuscript”asaguideforpreparingyourarticle.ThiswillensurethatyoursubmissionwillbeintherequiredformatforPeerReview.Pleasereadallofthefollowingmanuscriptpreparationinstructionscarefullyandintheirentirety.ThemanuscriptmustbeingoodscientificAmericanEnglish;thisistheauthor'sresponsibility.Allfileswillbesubmittedthroughouronlineelectronicsubmissionsystemathttp://apl.peerx-press.org.ManuscriptpreparationArticlescanbepreparedaseitheraMicrosoftWord.doc/.docxfileoraREVTeX/LaTeXfile.Theentiremanuscript,shouldbesetupfor21.6×28cm(8-1/2×11in.orA4)pageswith2.54cm(1in.)marginsallthewayaround.Thefontand_____________________________Note:Thisisanexampleofafootnotetothetitleifthepaperwaspartofaconference:Contributedpaper,publishedaspartoftheProceedingsofthe17thInternationalConferenceonPhysics,Anytown,State,May2010.a)Thisisanexampleofafootnotetoanauthor’sname:Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Electronicmail:author@somewhere.org.b)ThisresearchwasperformedwhileB.AuthorwasatAnywhereNationalLaboratory,City,State,Postalcode,Country.c)B.AuthorandC.Authorcontributedequallytothiswork.thepointsizewillberesetaccordingtothejournal’sspecs,butauthorsmostcommonlyusetheTimesRomanfontandpointsize12.Themanuscriptbeginswithatitle,namesofallauthorsandtheiraffiliations,andanabstract,followedbythebodyofthepaper,tablesandfigures,ifany,included,andthereferencesection.Consecutivelynumberalltables(I,II,III,etc.)andfigures(1,2,3,etc.),includingthoseinanAppendix.Figures,withfigurecaptions,maybeembeddedwithinthemanuscripttoassistthereviewers.Numberallpagesconsecutively,beginningwith1.ManuscriptsubmissionAllfileswillbesubmittedthroughtheonlinesystem:http://apl.peerx-press.org/.Eachversionofthemanuscript(theoriginalandsubsequentrevisions)shouldbesubmittedwithitsowncompletesetoffiles:acoverletter(indicatingthetitle,authors,andcontactinformation),acompletearticlefile,andseparatefigurefiles(seeSec.IX―FIGURES).Whenuploadingarevisedmanuscript,alsoincludearesponse/rebuttalletter(indicatingthechangesmadetoaddresstheEditor’sandReviewers’comments).MANUSCRIPTLENGTHManuscriptsshouldnotexceed3500words.TeXusersAuthorsareadvisedtousetheREVTeX4.1file.Ifthedouble-columnversionofthemanuscriptobtainedusingthe"reprint"optionfitsonfourpages,thelengthisacceptable.WordusersPleasenotethattheabstract,title,authorlist,references,andacknowledgmentsareallexcludedfromthe3500-wordlimit.Figures,tables,andequations,however,areincludedandmustbeaccountedforbycalculatingawordcountequivalenttothespacetheyoccupy.Highlightthemanuscripttext,excludingabstract,authorlist,acknowledgementsandreferences,andnotethewordcountatthebottomofthescreen.Addtothattheword-count-equivalentsforfigures,tablesandequationsasfollows:·Figures:200wordsforanaveragefigure.·Tables:13wordsperline,plus26words.·Equations:13wordsperline.Ifthetotalnumberofwords(text+figures+tables+equations)is3500orless,thelengthisacceptable.TITLEThetitleofapapershouldbeasconciseaspossiblebutinformativeenoughtofacilitateinformationretrieval.Acronymsarenotallowedinthetitle;theymustbespelledout(exceptiontothisruleisDNA).Chemicalcompoundsareallowedinthetitle.AUTHORS’NAMESANDADDRESSESAuthors’namesshouldpreferablybewritteninastandardformforallpublicationstofacilitateindexingandtoavoidambiguities.Includethenamesandpostaladdressesofallinstitutions,followedbycity,state,zipcode,andUSAifintheUnitedStatesorbypostalcode,city,andcountryifnotintheU.S.Pleaseprovidethecompleteaddressforeachauthor.Seethebylineofthissamplearticleforexamples.AuthorswithChinese,Japanese,orKoreannamesmaychoosetohavetheirnamespublishedintheirownlanguagealongsidetheEnglishversionsoftheirnamesintheauthorlistoftheirpublications.ForChinese,authorsmayuseeitherSimplifiedorTraditionalcharacters.Chinese,Japanese,orKoreancharactersmustbeincludedwithintheauthorlistofthemanuscriptwhensubmittingorresubmitting.ThemanuscriptmustbepreparedusingMicrosoftWordorusingtheCJKLaTeXpackage.Specificguidelinesaregivenhere.FOOTNOTESFootnotesaregenerallyunacceptableinAppliedPhysicsLetters,withtheexceptionoffootnotestothetitleandtheauthor’snames.FootnotestothetitleshouldbesetasaNoteabovethebylinefootnotes.Allotherfootnotesshouldbeconvertedtotextorshouldbeincludedinthereferencesection.Usea),b),c),etc.,forfootnotestoauthors.Thefollowinglistshowssomeexamples:Note:Contributedpaper,publishedaspartoftheProceedingsofthe17thInternationalConferenceonPhysics,Anytown,State,January2011.a)A.AuthorandB.Authorcontributedequallytothiswork.b)ThisresearchwasperformedwhileC.AuthorwasatAnywhereNationalLaboratory,City,State,Postalcode,Country.c)Thisisanexampleofafootnotetoanauthor’sname:Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Electronicmail:author@somewhere.org.HEADINGSHeadingsarenotpermittedinAppliedPhysicsLetters.EQUATIONSEquationsneedtobeeditablesowerecommendthatyoucreatethemwiththebuilt-inMicrosoft®EquationEditorincludedwithyourversionofWord.IfyouwishtouseMathtype,checkforcompatibilityathttp://tinyurl.com/lzny753.·UsersoftheWindowsversionofWord:Pleaseembedallfonts.·UsersofMacintoshWord:PleasesaveallfilesinDOCXformat,astheuseofDOCisnotsupported.Additionally,becausefontembeddingisnotpossible,MacWordusersshouldlimittheirfontselectiontothoseavailablefromthebasicinstallation.Equationsshouldbepunctuatedandalignedtobringouttheirstructureandshouldbenumberedontheright.Mathematicaloperationsignsindicatingcontinuityoftheexpressionshouldbeplacedattheleftofthesecondandsucceedinglines.Use(×)ratherthanacentereddot,exceptforscalarproductsofvectors.Asolidus(/)insteadofbuilt-upfractionsispreferredinrunningtextandindisplaywhereverclaritywouldnotbejeopardized.Use“exp”forcomplicatedexponents.Someexamplesfollow:, (1) (2), (3). (4)EquationnumberingEquationsarenumberedconsecutivelythroughtheentirepaperassimply(1),(2),(3)....Inappendixes,thenumberingstartsoveras(A1),(A2),(A3).Ifthereismorethanoneappendix,use(A1),(A2),etc.forequationsinAppendixA;(B1),(B2),etc.,forequationsinAppendixB.Whenanumberedequationhasmorethanonepartandthat(those)part(s)consecutivelyfollow,thentheyareindicatedasfollows: (21) (22a) (22b) (22c)If,however,theydonotfollowconsecutively,primesareused: (21) (22a) (22b) (21') (21'') ACRONYMSANDNOTATIONAcronyms,exceptforthemostcommon(suchas2D,rms,orac)mustbespelledoutwhentheyfirstappearbothintheabstractandagaininthetext.Spelloutmachinenames,exceptforthosenotconsideredacronyms(suchasITERorDIII-D).Trytoavoidtheexcessiveuseofacronymsorspecializedjargon.Notationmustbelegible,clear,compact,andconsistentwithstandardusage.Choosecommonlyusedsymbolsfromyourdiscipline.Allunusualsymbolswhoseidentitymaynotbeobviousmustbeidentifiedthefirsttimetheyappear,andatallsubsequenttimeswhenconfusionmightarise.Superscriptsarenormallysetdirectlyoversubscripts;authorsshouldnotewherereadabilityorthemeaningrequiresaspecialorder.FIGURESCitefiguresintextinnumericalorderofpublication-readyillustrations.Itisvitalthatyouprepareyourillustrationssothattheyarelegiblewhenreduced.Figures1–6showexamplesofvarioustypesofproduction-readyillustrations:color,lineart,halftone,andcombination(lineartandhalftone).TableIgives(a)generalguidelinesforpreparingyourillustrationsand(b)guidelinesforthepreparationofelectronicfiles.FIG.1.Thisfigurewillappearincolorinprintandonline.Figuresshouldbecreatedat600dpiandsubmittedat600dpiforthebestpresentation.ChooseCMYK(cyan,magenta,yellow,black)foranyfigurethatwillappearincolorintheprintversion.FIG.2.Thisfigurewillappearincoloronlyintheonlineversiononly,notintheprintedversion.Figuresshouldbecreatedat600dpiandsubmittedat600dpiforthebestpresentation.ChooseRGB(red,green,blue)foranyfigurethatwillappearincoloronlyonline.FIG.3.Thisisagoodexampleofinformationthatwaspresentedclearly.Whenthisfigureappearedintheprintedjournalitwasinblackandwhiteprint,butthereaderwasabletodiscernthe“red”triangles,theclosed“green”circles,andtheopen“black”circles.Adescriptionaswellasthecolorisneeded.Ifthecaptionhadsimplydiscussed“theredandgreensymbols,”thereaderoftheprintversionwouldnotunderstandbecausehe/shewouldbeseeingthefigurewithoutthecolor.FIG.4.Thisisanexampleoflineart.Figuresshouldbecreatedat600dpiandsubmittedat600dpiforthebestpresentation.Savelineartasblack/whitebitmap,notgrayscale..FIG.5.Thisisanexampleofahalftone.Figuresshouldbecreatedat265dpiandsubmittedat265dpiforthebestpresentation. FIG.6.Thisisanexampleofacombinationfigure(lineartandhalftone).Figuresshouldbecreatedat600dpiandsubmittedat600dpiforthebestpresentation.TABLEI.Thistableprovidesinstructionsonhowtopreparefigures. (a)Generalguidelinesforpreparingillustrations         Numberfiguresintheorderinwhichtheyappearinthetext.         Labelallfigurepartswith(a),(b),etc.Eachfigurefileshouldcontainallpartsofthefigure.Forexample,ifFig.1containsthreeparts[(a),(b),and(c)],thenallpartsshouldbecombinedinasinglefileforFig.1.         Avoidanylargedisparityinsizeofletteringandlabelsusedwithinoneillustration.         Prepareillustrationsinthefinalpublishedsize,notoversized.Themaximumpublishedwidthforaone-columnillustrationis8.5cm(3-3/8in.).Themaximumwidthforatwo-columnfigureis17cm(7.0in.).         Incaseswherereductionisrequired,avoidsmallopensymbolsthattendtofillinandavoidsmalllettering;ensurethat,inthefinalpublishedillustration,thereisaminimumof8-pointtypesize(2.8mmhigh;1/8in.high)forletteringand0.5-pointwidthforlines.         Ensurethatletteringandlinesaredarkenough,andthickenough,toreproduceclearly.Rememberthatfinelinestendtodisappearuponreduction.         Itispreferredthatauthorsembedfiguresandcaptionsinthemanuscriptfile.Embedthefiguresintheapproximatepositionandsizeyouthinkisappropriate.Inaddition,separatefigurefilesmustbeprovided(seebelowforacceptedfileformats)alongwiththemanuscript. (b)Guidelinesforpreparationofelectronicgraphicsfiles         Acceptableformatsforfigures:PortableDocumentFiles(PDF),EncapsulatedPostScriptFiles(EPS),PostScript,orTaggedImageFile(TIF),andJPEG(.jpg)MicrosoftWordfilesarenotacceptable.         MoredetailedinformationisgivenaboutfigurepreparationonthewebsiteinthePreparingGraphicsinstructions.         Settings:Setthegraphicfor600dpiresolutionforlineart,265dpiforhalftones,and600dpiforcombinations(lineart+halftone).         Savelineartasblack/whitebitmap,notgrayscale.         Savehalftonesandcombinationsasgrayscale,notblack/whitebitmap.        Clickthelinkto“PublicationCharges&OpenAccessFees”ontheAbouttabforpublicationchargeinformation.         Submitcolorfilesat300dpiinoneoftheacceptedfileformats:PDF,EPS,PS,orTIF.Noothertypeofcolorillustrationisacceptable.Whenselectingafilemode,forprintchooseCMYK(cyan,magenta,yellow,black)andforcoloronlinechooseRGB(red,green,blue).         PDFfilesshouldbevectorfiles.         InthePDFillustration,resolutionofanyshadedorphotographicimagesmustbe600pixelsperinch(PPI).         WithinthePDFillustration,resolutionoflineartwithnoshadingshouldbe1200pixelsperinch(PPI).         AllfontsmustbeembeddedinthePDF.         Select"HighQualityPrint"whencreatingaPDFthroughtheapplication’sprintcommand.         Ifusablecolorgraphicsfilesarereceivedintimefortheproductionprocess,authorswillseecolorversionsofthoseillustrationswhenviewingtheirauthorproofs.(TheCorrespondingAuthorwillreceivee-mailnotificationfromAIPPublishingwhentheproof,asaPDFfile,isavailablefordownloading.)         Theauthorisresponsibleforobtainingpermissiontoreusepreviouslypublishedmaterial.Fullcreditlinesareneededforfiguresthatareusedwithpermission.Anexampleoftherecommendedformatforcreditingmaterialfromajournalarticleis:“Reprintedwithpermissionfrom[FULLCITATION].Copyright[PUBLICATIONYEAR],[PUBLISHERNAME].”Fullcitationformatisasfollows:Authornames,journaltitle,Vol.#,Issue#,Page#(orCID#),Yearofpublication.Forexample,thecreditlinewouldappearas:“ReprintedwithpermissionfromJ.Chem.Phys.128,024365(2012).Copyright2012AIPPublishing.”TABLESSeparatetables(numberedwithRomannumeralsintheorderoftheirappearanceinthetext)shouldbeusedforalltabularmaterial.Tablesmustbeembeddedinthearticlefile,notuploadedlikefigurefiles.Thestructureshouldbeclear.Usesimplecolumnheadingsandincludeunitsofmeasure.Tablecaptionsarepositionedabovethetableandshouldbestyledas“TABLEI.Thisisatablecaption.”Acaptionshouldmakeitstableintelligiblewithoutreferencetothetext.Capitalizethefirstwordinthetableheadingsandsubheadings.ReferenceswithintablesaredesignatedbylowercaseRomanlettersuperscriptsandgivenattheendofthetable.Unalteredcomputeroutputandnotationshouldbeuploadedassupplementaryfiles.SeeTableIIforanexampleofcorrecttablestyling.TABLEII.Bonddistancesforalkenemolecules(atomicunits). No.Ca RI,I+1b SRI,I+1c RI−1,I+RI,I+1 SRI−1,I+RI,I+1 2 2.5255 … … … 4 2.6175 0.123 5.306 … 6 2.6314 0.0999 5.3025 0.0112 8 2.6368 0.0876 5.3009 0.0111 10 2.6396 0.0795 5.2999 0.0106 14 2.6424 0.0689 5.2989 0.0096 18 2.6437 0.0623 5.2982 0.0088 22 2.6443 0.0573 5.2973 0.008 26 2.6448 0.0536 5.2968 0.0074aCisthenumberofcarbonatoms.bRI,I+1isthedistancebetweentwoneighboringcarbonatoms,while‹RI,I+1›istheaverageofRI,I+1foragivenmolecule.cSRI,I+1isthestandarddeviationofRI,I+1withinthegivenmolecule.MULTIMEDIASUBMISSIONSMultimediafilescanbeincludedintheonlineversionofpublishedpapers.Allsuchfilesarepeerreviewed.Whenpublished,thesefilescanbeviewedbyclickingonalinkfromthefigurecaption,providedthatthereaderhasavideoplayerinstalled,suchasWindowsMediaPlayerTM,QuickTimePlayerTM,orRealOnePlayerTM.PleaseclickonSupportingDatainourAuthorResourceCenter.Pleasenotethefollowingimportantinformationwhenpreparingyourmanuscript:·Whenincorporatingmultimedia,notethatthepapershouldbewrittensothattheprintedversioncanbeunderstoodonitsown.·Submitallmultimediafilesinitiallywiththemanuscript.·Treatallmultimediafilesasfiguresnumberedinsequenceastheyarereferredtointext.·Foreachmultimediafile,provideafigure,whichisastaticrepresentationofthemultimediafile.Alsoprovideanaccompanyingcaption.Attheendofthecaption,includethephrase,"(multimediaview)."Videoandotherenhancedfilesshouldbeinaformatthatthemajorityofreaderscanviewwithouttoomuchdifficulty.PleaseclickonSupportingDatainourAuthorResourceCenterforspecificsubmissionrequirements.SUPPLEMENTARYMATERIALTextmaterialthatmaynotbeofinteresttoallreaders,longdatatables,multimedia,andcomputerprogramsmaybedepositedassupplementarymaterials.PresentsupplementarymaterialwithinitsownsectionbeforetheAcknowledgmentsasshownintheexamplebelow.AIPPublishingwillinsertthehyperlinktobringthereadertothefiles.Allin-textcitationsofthesupplementarymaterialwilllinktothatsection.Besuretoincludethephrase“supplementarymaterial”whendescribingitintext,asshownintheexamplebelow.Allsupplementarymaterialispostedonlineexactlyasprovidedbytheauthor.AIPPublishingmakesnochangestothesupplementarymaterialfiles,includingtexteditingorfileconversion.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTypically,standardacknowledgmentsincludefinancialsupportandtechnicalassistance,andmayincludededications,memorials,andawards.CheckwiththeEditorialOfficeforsuitabilityofanacknowledgmentifthereisanyquestion.Toindicatetheauthor,useinitials.Forexample,“B.A.wishestothankA.Loudonfortechnicalassistance.C.A.wishestothankAnytownUniversityforuseoftheirequipment.”Note:theAcknowledgmentsectionshouldbesetasyourlastparagraphoftextbeforethereferences.APPENDIXAppendixesarenotpermittedinAppliedPhysicsLetters.REFERENCESReferencesmaybestyledasnumerical,bibliographic,ornumericalbibliographic.Duplicatereferencesarenotpermitted.Notethatnumericalreferencesshouldbenumberedconsecutivelyinorderoffirstappearanceinthetextandshouldbegiveninaseparatedouble-spacedlistattheendofthetextmaterial.Anumericalreferencemaybecitedwithinotherreferences;however,itmustalsobecitedatleastonceinthemainbodyofthepaper.SeeTableIIIforacceptablereferenceformats.TABLEIII.Thistableprovidesinstructionsonhowtopreparereferences. Theauthor’suseofareferencestyleshouldbeconsistentthroughoutthepaper.Referencestobooksandjournalarticles,listedattheendofthepaper,shouldappearinoneoftheseformats:(1)Numerical:Bynumber,intheorderoffirstappearance,givingthenamesoftheauthors,thejournalname,volume,year,andfirstpagenumberonly,asin:53V.Bargmann,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA38,961(1952).Thispaperwillbelistedasthe53rdinthelistofreferencesandcitedas53.(2)Bibliographic:Inalphabeticalorderaccordingtothefirstauthor'slastname,giving,inadditiontothename,volume,year,andfirstandlastpage,alsothetitleofthepapercited,asin:Bargmann,V.,"Onthenumberofboundstatesinacentralfieldofforce,"'Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA38,961–966(1952).Withinthebodyofthepaper,thisreferencewillbecitedas"Bargmann(1952)."Ifthereareseveralarticlesbythesameauthor(s)andthesameyear,theyshouldbedistinguishedbyletters,asin(1952a).(3)NumericalBibliographic:Alphabeticallylistedreferences(withfulltitlesandpageranges)maybenumberedaccordingtotheiralphabeticalorderandcitedbytheirnumber. 1Berger,A.,"Instabilitiesandwavesonacolumnarvortexinastronglystratifiedandrotatingfluid,"'Phys.Fluids25,961–966(2013).·Articles“submittedto”or“acceptedforpublication”(butnotyetpublished)inajournalmustincludearticletitle:Whenpossible,thesereferencesshouldbeupdatedinthegalleyproof.SamplesofNumericalReferences: Books:Listauthorsandeditors.Mustincludepublisher,cityandyearofpublication,andthepagenumbers(unlesstheentirebookisbeingcited). 2R.J.Hunter,ZetaPotentialinColloidScience(Academic,NewYork,1981)p.120. AIAAPapers:AIAAPapers:Theusualformatis:{Author’snames},{PaperTitle},AIAAPap.{usualformatsare99-1111or2004-2222},{year--correspondstonumbersonleftsideofpapernumber}.. 3M.S.NarayanandA.Banaszuk,“Experimentalstudyofanovelactiveseparationcontrolapproach,”AIAAPaperNo.2003-0060,2003. Conferenceproceedings:Includethelistofauthors,thetitleoftheproceedings,thecityandyearoftheconference,thenameofthepublisher(cannotbealaboratoryorinstitution),cityandyearofpublication(orthewords“tobepublished”),andthepagenumbers.Includethefulllistofeditors,iftheyaregiven. 4R.K.Ahrenkiel,inGalliumArsenideandRelatedCompounds1993:Proceedingsofthe20thInternationalSymposiumonGalliumArsenideandRelatedCompounds,Freiburg,Germany,29August–2September1993,editedbyH.S.RupprechtandG.Weimann(InstituteofPhysics,London,1994),pp.685–690. Governmentpublications:Formatasforabookcitation.Eachmustincludetheauthor(s),titleofthepublication,nameofthepublisher,cityandyearofpublication,andpagenumbers(unlesstheentirepublicationisbeingcited). 5D.Nunes,TheBrillouinEffect(U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,Washington,DC,1992). Journalcitations:Includeauthors(seeauthorruleabove),volumenumber,beginningpagenumber,andpublicationyear: 6J.D.KielyandJ.E.Houston,Phys.Rev.B57,12588(1998). Laboratoryreport:MayonlybeusediffirstdepositedwithanationaldepositorysuchastheNationalTechnicalInformationService.(CheckwiththeNTISlibrarianat703-605-6000.)Materialsorreportsinelectronicform—codes,datatables,etc.—maybeuploadedassupplementarymaterialfiles(seeSec.XIII).IfthepaperisondepositwithNTIS,usethefollowingformat: 7SeeNationalTechnicalInformationServiceDocumentNo.DE132450L.(R.Newchuck,SESAMETables,LANLRep.23453,1983).CopiesmaybeorderedfromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA22161.MOLPRO:8H.-J.Werner,P.J.Knowles,R.Lindh,F.R.Manby,M.Schütz,etal.,Molpro,version2006.1,apackageofabinitioprograms,2006,seehttp://www.molpro.net Multiplecitationsareacceptable: 8D.-Y.Choi,S.Madden,A.Rode,R.Wang,andB.Luther-Davies,J.Non-Cryst.Solids354,3179(2008);J.Appl.Phys.104,113305(2008). (sameauthors,differentjournals) or 9J.ScaroniandT.Mckee,SolidStateTechnol.40,245(1997);M.G.Lawrence,Bull.Am.Meteorol.Soc.86,225(2005). (twocompletelydifferentreferences) or 10Y.deCarlan,A.Alamo,M.H.Mathon,G.Geoffroy,andA.Castaing,J.Nucl.Mater.283–287,762(2000);M.H.Mathon,Y.deCarlan,G.Geoffroy,X.Averty,A.Alamo,andC.H.deNovion,ibid.312,236(2003). (differentauthors,samejournal) Patents:Titlesareallowed.47K.Inoue,U.S.patent3,508,029(22March1970).48W.L.TolinandA.M.Laud,U.S.patentpending(5October1996).49J.R.Smith,U.S.patentapplication037/123,456(18May2010).Preprintsandelectronicpostings:Preprintsoreprintsthathavenotbeensubmittedtoajournalforpublication(i.e.,areonlypostedonapreprintserver)cannotbeusedasreferences. Privatecommunication:Maynotbeoneoftheauthorsofthearticle.Mustincludetheyearinwhichthecommunicationtookplace. 11A.Einstein(privatecommunication,1954). Softwaremanuals:Ifpublished,usethebookformat;ifnotpublished,givetheentireaddressforthesoftwaremaker. Thesis/dissertation:Includetheauthor,school,andyear,butnotthetitle. 12S.L.Goldschmidt,Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,1985. Websites:ReferencescontainingURLsarepermittedbutshouldhaveadditionalexplanatorytext,aswellasthedatethewebsitewaslastaccessed.1Seehttp://www.wildlife.com/hummingbirdformoreinformationabouthummingbirds;accessed28July2012.2Seehttp://www.jcnabity.com/for“NanometerPatternGenerationSystemsforScanningElectronMicroscopes”(lastaccessedApril15,2013). 12