英语专业四级语法讲义

英语专业四级语法一、时态、语态1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型。E.g.1.I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.(宾语从句)比较：2.I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.(状语从句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。E.g.Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。E.g.1.Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.2.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。E.g.1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.2.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow,since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。E.g.1.Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.2.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。E.g.Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。E.g.Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。E.g.1.Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.2.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。E.g.besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.2.不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。E.g.Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。E.g.thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。E.g.tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoE.g.ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。E.g.ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”,curiositytodo“对……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“对……好奇”,abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”E.g.AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。E.g.1.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.2.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。E.g.Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)结构引导目的状语，soasto不能置于句首。(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to结构做程度状语。E.g.1.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.2.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。E.g.Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。E.g.Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。E.g.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.动名词做介词短语宾语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：●现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。●过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。E.g.1.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)2.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相当于whichgave...)3.Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。E.g.1.Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)2.Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)3.Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相当于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。E.g.anescapedprisoner逃犯aretiredworker退休工人afadedcurtain褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。E.g.Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。E.g.1.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.2.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。E.g.1.Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.2.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。E.g.Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。E.g.1.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.2.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。E.g.1.Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.2.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法meantodo想要(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)forgettodo忘记(要做的事)forgetdoing忘记(已做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)rememberdoing记得(做过)goontodo继而(做另一件事)goondoing继续(做原来的事)stoptodo停下来去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)后悔2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannothelpbutdo,cannotbutdo,cannotchoosebutdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。E.g.1.Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.2.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.3.动名词的习惯用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.,havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.,It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.,haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.,spend/wastetimedoingsth.,Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.,cannothelpdoingsth.,Thereisnodoingsth.E.g.1.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.2.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.3.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.4.therebe非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。E.g.Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe，做其他状语用therebeing。E.g.1.Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语)2.Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)3.Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因状语)(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。E.g.Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。E.g.Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的搭配:主句从句与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+dowere(不分人称)/did与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+havedonehaddone与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshoulddo/weretodoE.g.1.Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.2.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。E.g.Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)E.g.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：E.g.1.Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)2.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)2.名词性从句的虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。E.g.1.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.2.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。E.g.1.Theboarddeemsiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.2.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.七、情态动词注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：1.表示已经发生的情况(1)musthave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。E.g.MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)can’t/couldn’thave+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。E.g.Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。E.g.AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.表示虚拟语气(1)needn’thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。E.g.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……”。E.g.Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。E.g.Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。E.g.Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。E.g.Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.3.几个情态动词常考的句型(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，与hadbetter相近。E.g.Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。E.g.1.Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.2.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。E.g.Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容词、副词及其比较级1.形容词的句法功能形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用作系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。2.考比较级时，考生应把握(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。E.g.1.Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.2.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。E.g.1.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.2.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比较级的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语+more…than…。E.g.1.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.2.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。E.g.Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.3.最高级形式应注意的问题比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。4.有关比较级的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…与其说……不如说……E.g.Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……E.g.1.Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.2.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…两者一样都……E.g.Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisa九、平行结构1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。E.g.1.Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.2.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。(1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。E.g.1.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.2.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。E.g.Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代词1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致E.g.1.Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.2.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.2.that的指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的thatof。E.g.1.Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.2.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代不确指的单数可数名词，复数为ones。theone指代确指的单数可数名词。E.g.Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.partoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.十一、主谓一致问题1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。E.g.Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.2.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。E.g.1.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.2.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。E.g.1.Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.2.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.4.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。E.g.Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.5.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。6.某些固定结构中谓语的数：agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数//manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数//anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数//themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数each/every+可数名词单数谓语用单数//neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数//oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof谓语的数与of后面的名词一致十二、倒装结构1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装:never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。E.g.1.Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.2.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装E.g.Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装：often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。E.g.Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out,down,in,up,away,on。E.g.Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。E.g.1.Nowisyourturn.2.Theregoesthebell.5.让步从句的倒装(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容置于句首。E.g.MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他,comewhatmay中。E.g.1.Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.2.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyourside.6.比较从句的倒装as,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。E.g.Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.十三、复合句——形容词性(定语)从句1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。E.g.Heistherightpersonwhosepersonalityiswellrecognized.2.介词+which的用法如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配做出正确选择。E.g.Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as与which用作关系代词的区别(1)as与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。E.g.Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。E.g.1.Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.2.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that；(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。5.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not,that…not这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。E.g.1.Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.2.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、复合句——名词性从句一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。E.g.1.Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)2.Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)2.whoever和whomever的区别whoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。E.g.Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst.(whoever在从句中做主语)3.有关同位语从句的问题(1)引导词通常为that,但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why,when,where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。E.g.Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。E.g.Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；(3)whetherornot可以连在一起用，而ifornot则不能，ornot只能放在句末；(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether，