Howdoanimalslearn

mistake...for...Howdoanimalsknowhowtorecognizetheirmothers?HowDoAnimalsLearn?LucySkim1Howmanypartscanthispassagebedividedinto?ThreeorFourparts.2Pleasemakeanoutlineofthispassage.Introduction:Animalbehavioriseitherinnateorlearned.Theinnatebehavior(para.2-3)Thelearnedbehavior(para.4-8)Theconclusion:Learningallowsanimalstobeadaptableinanewenvironment.MainideaanddetailsTaskconPage82Animalbehaviorlearnedbehaviorinnatebehaviorhabituationimprintingtrial&errorassociationinsightconditioningobservationsimpleinstinctreflexfightorflightresponseterritorialitymigrationScanReadthetopicsentenceofeachparagraphandfinishtaskAonPage81.1.association2.habituation3.imprinting4.innatebehavior5.insight6.trialanderrorputtingtogetherdifferentideasfeelingcomfortableinanewsituationrecognizingone'sownspeciesnotleanedbehavior;animalsarebornwithitlearningfrompastexperiencesdoingsomethingmanytimesandfinallysucceedingMatchtheexampleswiththecorrecttypesofbehavior.1.Everyfall,manybirdsflyfromNorthAmericatoSouthAmerica.instinctivebehavior2.Imagineamotherduckinalake.Fourorfivesmallducklingsareswimmingafterher.Theyknowtofollowher.imprinting3.Younghorsesareoftenafraidofnoisystreet.Butafterawhile,theylearntopaynoattentiontothenormalsightsandsoundsofacity.4.Whenapersonlearntorideabicycle,sheprobablyhastofalloffmanytimesbeforeshecanridesuccessfully.habituationtrialanderror5.Manykindsofyoungbirdsandmammalsobservetheirparentsandlearnwhattoeatandhowtoeatit.6.In1900,Ivan,aRussianbiologist,studiedconditioningindogs.Ivanrangabelleverytimehegavethedogfood.Soonthedogstartedtoassociatethesoundofthebellwiththesmelloffood.Aftersometime,itsalivatedwhenitheardabellalone.withoutfood.associationassociationApplication:task1InthepassageAnimalTales,wereadaboutanoctopusandatiger.Whattypeoflearningdidtheoctopususetoopenthejar?Whydidthetigerthinkthathewasapig?(Inotherwords,whatkindoflearningwasgoingon?)Theoctopuslearnedtoopenthejarthroughassociation,specificallythroughobservationofthezookeepers.Hewasinfluencedbythelearnedbehavior--imprinting.Whatareseveralkindsofbehaviorthathumansusetolearnlanguage?Trialanderror,association,andinsight.Application-task2TaskEonPage84HowDoAnimalsLearnBehavioristhewaythatanimalsact.Forexample,howdotheyprotectthemselvesfromdanger?Behavioriseitherinnateorlearned.Muchbehaviorisinnate;thatis,animalsarebornwithit.Theinnatebehaviorisabiologicalinheritance.Someinnatebehaviorsaresimple,suchasareflexorafight-or-flightresponse.theway后面的定语从句（that,inwhich,~)我不喜欢他和我说话的方式。Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich/~)shetalkedtome.她教化学的方式很有趣。Theway(that/inwhich/~)sheteacheschemistryisintresting.Wehadagoodlaughoverthestrangeway(that/inwhich/~)Mattsolvedtheproblem.HowDoAnimalsLearnBehavioristhewaythatanimalsact.Forexample,howdotheyprotectthemselvesfromdanger?Behavioriseitherinnateorlearned.Muchbehaviorisinnate;thatis,animalsarebornwithit.Theinnatebehaviorisabiologicalinheritance.Someinnatebehaviorsaresimple,suchasareflexorafight-or-flightresponse.keepsbfromdefendsbfrombear,bore,born/borneEmmaboreasoncalledKarl.givebirthtoHeisabornteacher.Sheinheritedalargeamountofmoneyfromherfather.Thefamilywasofteninflight,hidingoutinfriends'houses.Whensomethingsuddenlypassesinfrontofyoureyes,youblink.Thisisareflex.Thinkaboutatimewhenyouwereveryafraid.Yourheartbegantobeatfaster,andyoubegantobreathefaster.Yourbodywaspreparingfordanger.Youwerehavingafight-or-flightresponse.Youhadnocontroloverit.winkHedidn'tsleepawink.Hedidnotgetawinkofsleep.beatitswingsbeatsbinacompetitionorelectionThefireis________ofcontrol.Thefireis__________mycontrol.He________controlofhiscar.Heis________controloftheclub.Heis_________chargeoftheclub.outunderlostininAnother,morecomplex,kindofinnatebehaviorisinstinct.Manyanimalshaveastrongsenseofterritory---aplacethattheyown.Forexample,amalesealionprotectshisareaofbeachbyattackingothermalesealionsthatcomeontoit.Thisisterritoriality.Someanimalsmigrateseasonally.Thisismigration.Itistheonlyrepublicwhichhasnoterritorialdisputeswiththeothers.immigrateHeimmigratedfromIndiaatage18.HeimmigratedtoIndiaatage18.immigrantLearnedbehaviorincludeshabituation,imprinting,trialanderror,associationandinsight.Younghorsesareoftenafraidofnoisystreets.Butafterawhile,theylearntofeelcomfortableinthenewsituation.Thisisanexampleofhabituation.Someaninalsdonotinnatelyknowhowtorecognizeothermembersoftheirownspecies.Sheofferedsomereallyinteresting,insightfulobservationsextinctspeciesTheylearnthisinthefirstdayortwooflife.Thiskindoflearnedbehaviorisimprinting.Ananimaltriestodosomethingmanytimesbeforeitissuccessful.Thiskindoflearnedbehavioristrial-and-error.Twoformsofassociationisconditioningandobservation.Manykindsofyoungbirdsandmammalswatchtheirparentsdosomething.Then,theyfollowthem.Thisisanexampleofobservation.Themostdifficult,complextypeoflearningisinsight.Withinsight,ananimalusespastexperiencetosolveanewproblem.Wehumansuseinsight,forexample,whenweworkonanewmathproblem.Learningisimportantbecauseitallowsananimaltobeadaptable---thatis,abletochangeinanewsituation.