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题号后面括号里的三项分别是:题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。题目中带下划线的部分为题目
背景信息;斜体部分为题目假设;无任何标记部分为一般论据;黑体部分为题目结论。题目中括号里的数字
表明这句话体现的是提纲中第几号缺陷。题目后面的星星数量表示题目论证难度,星数越多题目越难。题目
后面的数字为论证结构与之类似的其他题目题号,可以参考准备。
提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型,缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程
度,星数越多缺陷越严重。
题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。
符号索引:
V.D: vague data I.I: incomplete information U.C: unrelated concepts C.S: changing scopes
F.A: false analogy I.C: incomplete comparison F.D: false dilemma I.T: incomplete thought
NCR: non causal relationship I.E: insufficient evidence U.A: unwarranted assumption
Adv:disadv: failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly
P→F/ P→C/ C→F/C→P: inferring future (current/past) condition from past (current) condition
1 (考古/论断/大并列小递进)Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have
previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were
believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a
"Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep
and broad(3), and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat(1), but there is no evidence that the
Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until
thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the
river(5)—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game(4). It follows that the
so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea(2). ★★★★★33
1. The author fails to consider the possibility that the Paleans may arrived in Lithos through other
means. (I.T) ★★★★
2. The Palean basket could arrive other place through many possible methods such as trade, or
boats possessed by other culture. (I.T) ★★★★
3. In Palean times, the Brim River may not be as deep and broad as it is currently. (C→P) ★★
★
4. The fact that there are abundant resources currently does not indicate that those resources also
existed in Palean times. (C→P) ★★★
5. Other reasons other than food shortages may well result in the migration of a culture. (I.E) ★
★★
2
3 227, (城市,社会/提议/并列)The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper.
"In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its former
glory(5), the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an
area in Monroe Park(2). At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and
litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive(1). In a recent survey of downtown
merchants(3), the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning
skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or
for relaxation(4,6)." ★★★
1. The author unfairly assumes that it is the presence of skateboarders that result in the current
situation of the plaza. (confusing the cause and the effect) ★★★★★
2. There may be some negative impacts of allowing skateboarders to use part of Monroe Park.
(adv:disadv) ★★★
3. The survey was based only on data from downtown merchants, thus could not be
representative of all citizens. (selective sample) ★★★★
4. The author unfairly assumes that banning skateboarding in Central Plaza would suffice to
make the plaza an attractive place. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
5. The author fails to consider other possible means to regain the plaza’s prosperity. (necessity of
the solution) ★★★
6. Skateboarding may actually be helpful for achieving the city's objective of providing a fun and
relaxing place for people to congregate. (adv:disadv) ★★★
4 (商业,地产/建议/对比+并列)The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams
has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover,
Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged
$168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago,
I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another
home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home
quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams." ★★
1. The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to the
number of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. (U.C) ★★★
2. The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work part-time.( ex
parte information) ★★
3. Last year’s sales result may not be representative. (selective sample) ★★★
4. The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality
of the two firms, such as serving area and location.(NCR) ★★★★
5. For lack of data concerning the average number of homes sold per agent, we cannot evaluate the
actual performance of agents in the two firms.(V.D) ★★
6. The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average price
of a home sold by Fitch does not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than
Fitch. (NCR) ★★★★
7. The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would change
through the time, or some essential differences of the two properties. (F.A/I.C/P→F) ★★★
★★
5 (交通安全/提议/类比)The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island
Gazette.
"The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the
number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians(4), the town council of Balmer Island
should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental
companies(5) from 50 per day to 30 per day(6) during the summer season(7). By limiting the
number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents(1,4) that
was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau(3), when Torseau's town council enforced
similar limits on moped rentals(2)." ★★★★
1. The author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate of
moped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enacted. (P→F) ★★
★
2. The author fails to consider other possible explanations for the 50% decline in Torseau's moped
accident rate last year. (NCR) ★★★★
3. Balmer Island and Torseau may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★
4. The author provides no evidence that the same restrictions that served to reduce the incidence
of all "moped accidents" by 50% would also serve to reduce the incidence of accidents
involving "mopeds and pedestrians" by 50%. (U.C) ★★★
5. We do not know what percentage of mopeds in Balmer Island is rented by the six companies.
(V.D) ★★★
6. The author fails to provide accurate data about the current number of mopeds rented by the six
companies per day. (I.I) ★★
7. The proposed regulation may not be necessary for the author’s purpose. (necessity of the
solution) ★★★
6 45, (动物/推测/并列)The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island
to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants
on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the
islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters(1), the
deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends(2) that
have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the
result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns(4) across the frozen sea(3)."
★★★★★
1. The accuracy of the reports from local hunters can be cast doubt on. (selective sample) ★★★
★
2. The global warming trends may have no effects on the specific region mentioned by the
editorial. (C.S) ★★★★
3. Alternative explanations can also account for the decline in arctic deer population.(NCR) ★★
★★
4. The change in climate patterns does not necessarily lead to the decline in deer population, deer
may adapt themselves to the new weather by certain means. (NCR) ★★★★
7 44, (经营/决策/大并列小递进)The following is a recommendation from the business manager of
Monarch Books.
"Monarch Books should open a café in its store(5) to attract more customers(3) and better
compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café(1,2). Monarch, which has been in business
at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer following because it is known for its
wide selection of books on all subjects. Opening the café would clearly attract more customers. The café would
require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book
section(4), which will likely become less popular(8) given that the last national census(6) indicated a
significant decline in the percent of the population(7) who are under age ten." ★★★
1. The manager offers no evidence that the two bookstores are comparable at every aspect. (F.A)
★★
2. We are not informed about the possible change in the profit and number of customers of Regal
Books after Regal has opened the new café. (I.I) ★★★★
3. No evidence could guarantee that opening a café at Monarch will attract substantially more
customers.(I.E) ★★★
4. The manager fails to consider the negative effects of cutting out children’s book section and
opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
5. The manager fails to consider the possible cost of opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★
6. The result of a national census may not be properly applied to a certain region. (C.S) ★★★
★
7. Although the percent of children in the general population has declined, the total number of
children may increase. (V.D) ★★★
8. Granted that the number of children who are under age ten has decreased, we can not ensure
that the number of children who go to our bookstore, or the need for children’s book will also
decline. (NCR) ★★★
(chong98) (chong99)
8 (学校建设/提议/并列)The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham
College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new
dormitory(4). Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends(1), should double over the
next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our
town has increased(3) in recent years(2). Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus
housing. Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham(5,6)."
★★★24,100,226
1. The dean assumes without justification that the trends of increasing enrollment will continue in
the future. (C→F) ★★★
2. The dean unfairly assumes that the rent for off-campus apartment will continue to increase in
the following years. (C→F) ★★★
3. We do not know if the average rent for off-campus apartment has increased to an extent that
students cannot afford. (I.I/confusing comparison with variation) ★★★
4. The dean fails to illustrate that current dormitories in Buckingham could not meet students’
housing needs. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. A new dormitory would be neither sufficient nor necessary for attracting prospective students.
(sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★
6. The dean’s assumption that more prospective students will enroll at Buckingham conflicts the
dean’s purpose of solving the housing problem. (negative evidence) ★★★
9 (chong88) (chong90)
10 (人类学/论断、预言/——)The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an
anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago(5) Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from
his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological
parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia(2)
show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents(1) than about other
adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture
is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid(3).
Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in
Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in
other island cultures.(4)" ★★★★
1. Talking more about their biological parents does not indicate that those children were reared
by their parents. (U.C) ★★★★★
2. We do not know how many of the children interviewed by Dr. Karp were actually from island
of Tertia. (I.I ) ★★★
3. The facts cited by Dr. Karp do not necessarily prove that the observation-centered method used
by Dr. Field is invalid. (I.E) ★★★★
4. No evidence could guarantee that Dr. Karp’s team will establish a more accurate understanding
of island cultures just because they are using the interview-centered method. (I.E) ★★★★★
5. There may have been dramatic changes in nurturing patterns of Teria children during the past
20 years. (P→F) ★★★
11
12(教育/提议/递进)The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University.
"Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate
the teaching effectiveness of all their professors(1). Since that time, Omega professors have begun to
assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty
percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega
graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7). To enable its
graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of
professors.(4,5,6)"
★★★211, 238
1. The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate
in the procedure. (V.D) ★★
2. The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation
procedure—rather than some other phenomenon. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★
3. The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha
graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. (NCR) ★★★★
4. The dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record.
(necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. Merely terminating the evaluation system might not suffice to enable Omega’s graduates to
secure better jobs. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
6. The dean fails to mention the positive effects of the evaluation system. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
7. The graduates from the two universities may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★
13(道路交通/提议/大并列小类比小递进)The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County
newspaper.
"In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently(1) lowered its speed limit from 55
miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this
safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit(4) and the accident rate throughout
Prunty County (2)has decreased only slightly(3). If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we
should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County
completed five years ago(7): increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads(8). Today, major
Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported(6) accidents
in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago(5)." ★★★★55,119
1. The author fails to rule out the possibility that not enough time has passed to determine the
effectiveness of this change in reducing the accident rate. (I.E) ★★★
2. The author ignores the possibility that the accident rate on the county's major roads has decreased
while on minor roads not subject to the speed-limit reduction it has increased. (I.I) ★★★★
3. The argument assumes that all other factors affecting highway accident rates have remained
unchanged since the county lowered its speed limit. (P→F) ★★★
4. The fact that most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit does not indicate that the policy is
ineffective. (NCR) ★★
5. The author unfairly implies that the higher speed limit in Butler County has not served to
increase the incidence of road accidents in that county. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★
6. The cited statistic involves only "reported" accidents in Butler County, we do not know the
percentage of accidents which are going unreported in that county. (I.I) ★★★
7. The situation at Prunty County and Butler County may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★
8. The author fails to demonstrate that road improvement will be both sufficient and necessary to
guarantee fewer accidents in Prunty County. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★★
14 194, (社会,就业/建议/对比)A recent study suggests that people who are left-handed are more likely
to succeed in business than are right-handed people. Researchers studied photographs of 1,000 prominent business
executives(3) and found that 21 percent of these executives(1) wrote with their left hand(2). So the
percentage of prominent business executives who are left-handed (21 percent) is almost twice the
percentage of people in the general population who are left-handed (11 percent). Thus, people who are
left-handed(5) would be well advised to pursue a career in business(4), whereas people who are
right-handed would be well advised to imitate the business practices(6,7,8) exhibited by
left-handers(9). ★★★★★
1. The author fails to indicate what fraction of all business persons are left-handed. (V.D) ★★★
2. People who write with their left hand are not necessarily left-handed. (U.C) ★★★
3. The 1,000 executives from the study are not necessarily representative of the overall
population of prominent business executives. (are the respondents representative?) ★★
4. The photographs in themselves prove little about the causal relationship between
left-handedness and the ability to succeed in business, many prominent executives might have
risen to their status not by way of their achievements or business acumen but through other
means. (NCR) ★★★★
5. The facts cited by the author do not indicate that all people who are left-handed are suitable for
pursuing careers in business. (C.S) ★★★
6. The author unfairly assumes that people who are right-handed also have strong will to succeed
in business. (U.A) ★★★
7. Merely imitating the business practices exhibit