[整理版]专八真题点评2009年(王长喜)

[整理版]专八点评2009年(王长喜) 2010年试排回来真题点评一些修改说明: (注意2010年的根据纸稿标注结合下面说明修改，后面5套排版时直接修改) 1( Part I Section A Mini-Lecture部分: 1) 左栏适当加宽，左栏与中间栏之间留距2.2cm即可。 2) 直接在左栏中(1)与后面下划线内容处加底纹，并与中间栏中相应序号的地方连线， 线上文字为每题解析上面的4个字“信息辨认，信息转述”等。 3) 中间栏与右栏间距1cm。 2(Part I Section B部分 1)此部分目前只排两栏，但因为左栏中原文内容较长，因此不必两栏平分，左栏可以比右 栏比例大一些，这样右栏各题中间的空距就会缩小。视各套题文章长短比例可以不一。 2)两栏之间的间距不变，都为2.2cm，留待中间加划线与文字。 3(Part I Section C部分 前两栏之间要加下划线，中间留距2.2cm，后两样之间不加线，留距1cm即可。 4(Part II Reading Comprehension部分 1)左样的大括号变为方括号。 2)视文章长短，中间栏文章所占比例可以加大，不要使右栏各题之间留下太多空白(此空不能超过一行) 3)两栏之间留划线空距2.2cm。 4)【语境记忆】部分按两列排，注意词条加粗，词性符号变斜体。 5(Part III General Knowledge部分 1)排成两栏，即目前的左右栏合成一栏，上面为问题，下面为四个选项。四个选项依据选项长短选择是否能两个合一行排。 2)两栏之间留距1cm。 3)右栏的解析各题之间稍微留点空距。 6(PART ? PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION部分 1)左栏必须严格按照电子版分行，2010年的排版就有误，没有严格按照电子版中的分行。 2)中间栏与必须对照电子版将下划线加在与左栏对应的一行。(不是像目前排版一样平均分配，该是哪一行对应就是哪一行) 3)前两栏之间间距为2.5cm，中间备加划线。后两栏之间间距为1cm。 7(Part V部分 参考Writng部分加表框，三栏之间均留距1cm。中间不再划线。 8(Part VI Writing部分 第二栏与第三栏之间按序号连线后将序号删除。 页眉写“2009年真题点评” PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE 左栏 Writing Experimental Reports I. Content of an experimental report, e.g. — study subject/ area — study purpose — (1) study results / findings II. Presentation of an experimental report — providing details — regarding readers as (2) laymen / nonprofessionals III. Structure of an experimental report— feature: highly structured and (3)disciplined — sections and their content: INTRODUCTION (4) what you did; why you did it METHOD how you did it RESULT what you found out (5) DISCUSSION what you think it shows IV. Sense of readership — (6) a common mistake/incorrect: reader is the marker — (7) in reality/correct: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study — tasks to fulfill in an experimental report: — introduction to relevant area — necessary, background information — development of clear arguments — definition of, technical terms — precise description of data (8) collecting and analyzing/collection and analysis V. Demands and expectations in report writing — early stage: — understanding of study, subject/area and its implications — basic grasp of the report?s format — later stage: —(9) focus/emphasis on research significance — things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION: — inadequate material — (10) lack of research, justification for the study 中栏 Good morning, everyone. Today we?ll discuss some preliminaries concerning how to write experimental reports. When you first signed up for a course in university, like a psychology course, chances are that you didn?t really expect what was coming in your study, particularly, the course emphasis on methodology and statistics. For a few of you, this may have come as a pleasant surprise, provided that you would?ve already known something about the course. For most, however, I dare say, it will undoubtedly have been a shock to the system. No doubt in other parts of your course study, you will read books and journals, examining critically, models and theories, assumptions and hypotheses put forward by scholars and specialists. My task today is to help you understand some of the important features of experimental reports, because you will have to write up some kind of report of this nature if your course gives prominence to practical work, especially experimenting. (1)Then what is an experimental report? All the report is, really, is a place in which you tell the story of your study, like what you did, why you did it, what you found out in the process and so on. In doing this, you?re more like an ancient story teller, whose stories were structured in accordance with widely recognized and long established conventions than a modern novelist who is free to dictate form as well as content. Moreover, like the story teller of old, although you will be invariably telling your story to someone who knows quite a bit about it already, you are expected to present it as if it had never been heard before. (2)This means that you will need to spell out all the details and assume little knowledge of the area on the part of your audience. Then, perhaps, you may ask, what is the nature of the conventions governing the report? A clue, I think, can be found in its basic structure. (3)A highly structured and disciplined report is written in sections, and these sections, by and large, follow an established sequence. What this means is that, in the telling, your story is to be cut up into chunks. Different parts of the story are to appear in different places in the report. (4)What you did and why you did it appear in the section called introduction. How you did it is in the method section. And what you found out is in the result section. (5)And, finally, what you think it shows appears in the discussion part. As you can see, the report, therefore, is a formal document composed of a series of sections in which specific information is expected to appear. We will discuss the precise conventions governing each section as we go along, for example, what are the subsections in the method. But today, I will introduce to you certain general rules straight away. The first of these concerns: the person to whom you should address your report, whom I should call your reader. (6)A very common mistake, especially early on, is to assume that your reader is the person who will be marking the report. (7)In reality, however, the marker will be assessing your report on behalf of someone else — an idealized, hypothetical person who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your study and the area in which it took place. Your marker will, therefore, be checking to see that you have written your report with this sort of reader in mind. So you need to make sure that you have, 1) introduced the reader to the area relevant to your study; 2) provided the reader with the background necessary to understand what you did and why you did it; 3) spelt out and developed your arguments clearly; 4) defined technical terms; (8)and 5) provided precise details of the ways in which you went about collecting and analyzing the data that you obtained. In short, you should write for someone who knows little about your area of study, taking little for granted about your reader?s knowledge of your area of study. So when in doubt, spell it out. This is my advice to you. If you find this difficult to do, then a useful approach is to write the report as if it would be read by someone you know who is intelligent but unknowledgeable about your subject. A friend of yours, say. Write it as if this person were going to have to read and understand it. Indeed, it is a good idea, if you can, to get just such a person to read your report before handing it in. The demands and expectations placed upon you will of course, vary with your experience of report writing. Early on in your study, as an author of experimental reports, less will be expected of you than later. At this early stage, you will be expected mainly to show that you understand what you did in your report and its implications, together with evidence that you have, at least a basic grasp of the demands of the report?s format. (9)Later on, however, you will be expected to pay more attention to this research significance of what you did. The “why you did it” part will become more important because in being responsible for the choice of topic and design, you will be expected to be able to justify this choice. So you must be able to tell us why it is, that given the options available to you, you decided to conduct your particular study. You will need, therefore, to develop the habit of thinking of how the ideas that you?re entertaining for your experiment or study will look in the report, paying particular attention to how they will fit into the part of introduction. Specific dangers that you must watch out for here are, first, a lack of adequate material to put in the section; (10)and second, the undertaking of a project that lacks any research justification, because it is based on assumptions that are contradicted by existing findings in the area. Thinking clearly in advance will help you to avoid making these mistakes. OK. Today we?ve had a brief look at the format of an experimental report, what each section is about and some of the basic issues like reader awareness so on and so forth. Next time, we will discuss how to write up the introduction section. 右栏 1. 信息转述 【解析】文章在提出“What is an experimental report?”之后，回答到实验应包含:what you did, why you did it及what you found out三个方面，即研究的主题、研究的目的以及研究 结果。根据提纲中前面两条的格式，应将what you found out改写成名词词组的形式。 2. 信息转述 【解析】原文中提出写报告时应注意两个方面:即“spell out the details”及“assume little knowledge of the area on the part of your audience”。本题答案要将“assume little knowledge of the area on the part of your audience”概括成与空格前面的readers照应的名词，且应用复数形 式。Laymen / nonprofessionals表示“非专业人士”。 3. 信息辨认 【解析】作者在介绍实验报告的基本结构时，谈到“A highly structured and disciplined report is written in sections…”。所以答案是disciplined。 4. 信息转述 【解析】文中明确指出，引言部分(introduction)需说明你做了什么研究及为何进行此项研 究(What you did and why you did it appear in the section called introduction.)。因此，本题答 案是what you did。 5. 信息转述 【解析】实验报告的最后一个组成部分是讨论部分，在此部分提出你对实验结果的看法。此 处与上文的INTRODUCTION，METHOD等并列，因此答案要大写。 6. 信息转述 【解析】作者谈到常见的错误(a common mistake)是认为读者即评阅报告的人(…is to assume that your reader is the person who will marking the report)，所以本题答案为a common mistake。 从提纲的结构上看，还可以用incorrect。 7. 信息转述 【解析】联系上题可知，原文中对谁是报告的读者从正反两方面进行陈述。作者首先谈到一 个普遍的错误，然后转折“In reality, however…(事实上，读者是一个虚构的人，他具有思 考和理解能力，但对你所做的实验却不甚了解”。因此，本题答案为in reality，或与上题的 incorrect相对应的correct。 8. 信息辨认 【解析】作者讲到，为了更好地把实验报告展示给读者，有五点应注意的事项，第五点是提 供你采集和数据的具体过程(provide precise details of the ways in which you went about collecting and analyzing the data that you obtained)。 9. 信息转述 【解析】实验报告的高一级要求是应加强对研究意义的说明(Later on, however, you will be expected to pay more attention to this research significance of what you did)。因为提纲中本空 格后的介词为on，因而要将attention转变成意义相同的focus或emphasis。 10. 信息推断 【解析】最后文中提到了两个危险:一是材料不足，二是项目缺乏研究的依据，因为实验者 将自己的研究建立在自己的假设之上，却和已有的研究结果相互矛盾(the undertaking of a project that lacks any research justification, because it is based on assumptions that are contradicted by existing findings in the area)。本题难点在于这句话比较长，需正确理解句义。 SECTION B INTERVIEW 【听前预测】由题干和选项中提到的Toastmasters，joining Toastmasters，learning，training 等可以预测，本文主要与Toastmasters有关，而Toastmasters可能是一门培训课程，也可能 是提供某种培训的组织。 M: Good morning, Mrs. Collins, welcome to our 1. Which of the following statements is studio. As a distinguished member of CORRECT? Toastmasters International, could you tell us a bit [A] Toastmasters was originally set up to about the background of the organization? train speaking skills. W: I?m delighted to have that opportunity. [B] Toastmasters only accepts prospective Toastmasters is an international organization, professional speakers. designed to develop effective speaking and [C] Toastmasters accepts members from the listening skills. It was founded in 1924 by Ralph general public. Smedley and it?s headquartered in California. [D] Toastmasters is an exclusive club for M: What is the purpose of Toastmasters? professional speakers. 【解析】选[C]。信息转述。访谈中女士明W: Toastmasters has a two-fold purpose: the 确提到Toastmasters对所有公众开放，欢迎personal growth of the individual and the strong 任何一个想要提高演讲能力的人加入effective communication skills. (Toastmasters is open to the public at M: Then, who is Toastmasters open to? And what large…)。因此，[C]是对原文的同义转述，kind of members do you have now? 为答案。 W: Well, many people think Toastmasters is open 【点睛】[A]的干扰性较大，但原文中提到only to those individuals who wish to be 该机构既能有效提高人们的说话技能，又professional speakers. That is definitely not true. 能提高听话的技能(…develop effective [1]Toastmasters is open to the public at large. speaking and listening skills.)，故[A]不正确。 Any individual who wishes to improve his public speaking is welcomed. And also, those who just 2. The following are job benefits by joining want to increase their overall self-confidence are encouraged to attend. Toastmasters EXCEPT M: Another question is how can Toastmasters [A] becoming familiar with various means of help you in job situations? communication. W: By becoming involved in Toastmasters, [B] learning how to deliver messages in an [2]you will learn different methods of organized way. communicating what you really want to say. And [C] becoming aware of audience equally important, you will learn what your expectations. audience expects from you so you can deliver that [D] learning how to get along with friends. 【解析】选[D]。信息辨认。文中提到了message to them in a logical fashion. Some Toastmasters能够帮助学员学到不同的沟通people are comfortable around friends, but when 方式，了解听众需要并有逻辑性地、有效they appear before a group they don?t know, they 地将信息传达给听众(... you will learn get tense. Our organization helps our members to get calm and organize thoughts, and deliver them different methods of communicating…what in an effective way. your audience expects from you so you can M: Is Toastmasters concerned with total deliver that message to them in a logical fashion.)。由此可见，只有[D]未被提到。 communication, not just for speaking but for 【点睛】本题题干中的job benefits对应原other communication skills? 文中的help you in job situation。 W: Most often, people assume that when you are listening, you are also paying attention. This is 3. Toastmasters’ general approach to not always true. Many times people are waiting training can be summarized as for their turn to speak and not really listening at all. Toastmasters can develop a person overall in [A] practice plus overall training. terms of organizing their thoughts, getting input [B] practice plus lectures. from others, and then receiving effective [C] practice plus voice training. feedback. [D] practice plus speech writing. M: Then, how does Toastmasters train people? 【解析】选[A]。信息转述。女士的回答 “Toastmasters has an approach of learning W: [3]Toastmasters has an approach of learning by doing”首先谈到了“实战”的方法;接by doing. The Toastmasters International 着后面的内容又谈到要考虑到各个方面的Organization provides a menu we refer to as the 目的，如声音的变化、想法的组织及幽默basic menu, because it gives a guideline for the 语言的使用等(…one objective might be to development of speeches. [3]These speeches cater to different purposes, for example, one develop vocal variety; another might be to objective might be to develop vocal variety; organize your thoughts, or develop your use of humor in speeches.)，因而是实战加全方another might be to organize your thoughts, or 位的训练。故[A]为答案。 develop your use of humor in speeches. 【点睛】本题题干中的general approach to M: Can you also learn other skills, such as training对应男士的提问的how…train parliamentary procedures or being master of people。 ceremonies? W: Yes, different assignments within Toastmasters [4]involve not only in preparation 4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all of speeches and then presenting these before an the following EXCEPT audience, but also the opportunity of serving as [A] public speakers. toastmaster of the meeting. This assignment helps [B] grammar teachers. members practice being an MC for a meeting, [C] masters of ceremonies. that is a master of ceremonies. Other assignments [D] evaluators. 【解析】选[B]。信息辨认。文中提到include serving as an evaluator for another Toastmasters一方面培养的学员为演讲做准speaker or serving as a grammarian who will 备和进行演讲的能力(…preparation of monitor use of filler words or phrases, such as and, er, or you know. Both of these assignments speeches and then presenting these before an audience)，同时培养学员成为司仪的能力will allow the members to increase or enhance (…helps members practice being an MC for their listening skills. a meeting, that is a master of ceremonies)，M: I know that there is an 8-week program for 此外还有对他人演讲进行评价或语言分析young people and also an 8-week speech craft 的能力(…serving as an evaluator for another course offered for adults. What do these involve? W: They are basically an introduction to speaker or serving as a grammarian who will monitor use of filler words or phrases.)，故Toastmasters in general, a sample providing the 本题选[B]。 opportunity for an individual to determine 【点睛】grammar teacher是对grammarianwhether or not they wish to get involved in 的曲解。 Toastmasters by joining in a club. M: What can an individual gain from being in Toastmasters? 5. The interview mainly focuses on W: I would say self-confidence and some tricks [A] the background information. of the trade in the development of speeches. But [B] the description of training courses. that is only the beginning. As an individual [C] the requirements of public speaking. continues to give speeches and then improve, he [D] the overall personal growth. 【解析】选[A]。信息推断。本题为综合题。progresses from the point of being fearful to stand 文中主要内容都是围绕Toastmasters这一before a group of peers to the point where he can 组织进行介绍，包括它所面向的人群、训address any group of people with a degree of 练内容和方法、对受训的个体能带来的好self-confidence. Leadership skills are also 处等，这些均属于对Toastmasters的背景知developed by learning to organize and conduct 识的介绍。相比之下，description of training meetings. courses只在提到一种为期八周的课程时有M: Ok, thank you very much, Mrs. Collins, for 所涉及(8-week program for young people talking to us in the studio. and also an 8-week speech craft course)。事W: You?re most welcome. 实上，Toastmasters是俱乐部形式的团体 (club)，课程并不是它主要的服务内容。 SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST NEWS ITEM ONE 【听前预测】由第6题题干可知，本文与全球变暖有关。听音重点在与全球变暖的原因，以 及与the last report相关的信息。 6. Which of the following is the Last week, a United Nations report says humans are very main cause of global warming? likely the cause of most of temperature increases in the last [A] Fossil fuel. 50 years. It says global warming is undeniable and the world [B] Greenhouse gases. can expect to feel the effects for centuries to come. The [C] Increased dryness. intergovernmental panel on climate change released the [D] Violent storm patterns. report in Pairs at a conference of climate experts. 7. The news item implies that Representatives of more than 100 governments agreed on ______ in the last report. the findings. This is the most detailed scientific report to [A] there were fewer studies done date on global warming and the influence of fossil fuel [B] there were fewer policy burning and other human activities. [6]The scientists say proposals there is greater than a 90% chance that greenhouse gases are [C] there was less agreement the main cause of rising temperatures and sea levels. The [D] there were fewer objectives report also links global warming to other changes including increased dryness in some areas and violent storm patterns. [7]The UN panel released its last climate change report 6 years ago. The scientists say the new report is based on studies done since then and stronger agreement on global warming. The new report makes no policy proposals but the aim is to press governments and industries to cut the release of carbon dioxide and other gases blamed for trapping heat. 6. 【解析】选[B]。信息转述。题目是考全球变暖的原因。根据报告，科学家认为温室气体 是全球变暖的最主要原因(… there is greater than a 90% chance that greenhouse gases are the main cause of rising temperatures and sea levels.)，故本题选[B]。 【点睛】[A]新闻中未提及;[C]、[D]是全球变暖导致的结果; 7. 【解析】选[C]。信息推断。本题要求推理上次报告的一些信息。文中有“新报告关于全 球变暖达成了更为一致的观点”的表述(…the new report is based on ... stronger agreement on global warming.)，因而选择[C]。 NEWS ITEM TWO 【听前预测】浏览题干和选项可知，本新闻与印度的一起火车事故有关。听音重点在于导致 事故的原因，以及事故发生的地点、伤亡人数和救援情况。 8. The cause of the Indian train accident was At least 80 people have died in a derailment of [A] terrorist sabotage. a luxury train in eastern India, [8]which some [B] yet to be determined. government officials say could have been [C] lack of communications. caused by terrorist sabotage, and investigation [D] bad weather. has been ordered to identify the cause of the 9. Which of the following statements is accident. There were nearly 600 passengers and CORRECT? staff on board the train. It was going from the [A] The accident occurred on a bridge. eastern city Calcutta to New Delhi when it was [B] The accident occurred in New Delhi. wrecked late Monday night. [9]The train [C] There were about 600 casualties. derailed as it was crossing a bridge over the [D] Victims were rescued immediately. Dhavi River, near Raffee Gange Station in the eastern Bihar State. One of the coaches sank in the river, at least two others hang precariously from the bridge, and several others left the tracks. The accident occurred in a remote area with poor telecommunication links. Many victims remained trapped in the wreckage through the night before they were rescue[D] A spokesman for Eastern Railway says rescue operations were slowed down by bad weather, but are now fully under way. 8. 【解析】选[B]。信息转述。关于出轨的原因，报道中明确说明虽然有人说可能是恐怖分 子的破坏，但政府要求调查真正原因(... which some government officials say could have been caused by terrorist sabotage and investigation has been ordered to identify the cause of the accident.)，因而只能说是原因尚不明确。 9. 【解析】选[A]。信息辨认。根据火车是在过桥时出轨这一信息(The train derailed as it was crossing a bridge over the Dhavi River)，我们可以得知[A]是正确的。此外，火车事故发生在 Calcutta去New Delhi的路上，车上共有600名乘客而非600人伤亡(600 passengers and staff on board the train)，而事故发生后因为通讯问题，许多乘客被困一个晚上而非立即得到救 援(Many victims remained trapped in the wreckage through the night before they were rescued.)， 所以后面三个选项都是错的。 NEWS ITEM THREE 【听前预测】浏览本题选项可知，本新闻与职业有关，其中可能涉及到职业建议和就业服务 等。 10. What is the main message of the One in ten young people claimed to have had no career news item? advice during their education. “Around two thirds have [A] Young people should seek careers not decided on a career by the time they leave school,” advice. says the Hugel Paul for Recruitment Consultancy, [B] Careers service needs to be Harvey Nash. [10]”Most rely on friends but many are improved. turning to the Internet for advice instead; and career [C] Businesses are not getting talented service needs to embrace this”, say the experts. The people. knock-on effect of confusing and unhelpful career [D] Careers advice is not offered on advice is that young people are not making the best use the Internet. of their skills and the industry is losing out on the most talented candidates. Harvey Nash Chief, Albert El said, “without direction and advice, not only are young people missing out on the potential career opportunities themselves, but businesses too could be missing out on the next generation of skills they need to compete”. 10. 【解析】选[B]。信息推断。根据文中的信息，年轻人向朋友或网络寻求职业建议，而 不是在学校里得到专业的职业规划建议(Most rely on friends but many are turning to the Internet for advice instead.)。因而专家提出职业服务应该有所作为(“... career service needs to embrace this”, say the experts.)。 PART ? READING COMPREHENSION TEXT A 【语篇分析】本文是一篇记叙文，文章采用S (Specific)—G (General)的结构模式，主要谈了 作者一家人去伊斯坦布尔旅行的经历。 Para.1—Para.3我们想带孩子出去开阔视野，经过反复考虑，决定去伊斯坦布尔。但朋友们 却不太赞同我们带孩子去那个危险的地方。 Para.4—Para.11朋友们好心的提醒没有改变我们的，我们踏上了去伊斯坦布尔的旅程， 并在那儿呆了六天时间，我们发现情况远远好过什么的预期。 Para.12总结该词旅行的经历。 [11C]We had been wanting to expand our children?s horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we?d been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich. [11C]We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments. What we didn?t foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children “in danger,” referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn?t change our planning, [12A]although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department?s list of troublespots. We didn?t see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, [12A]but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see “every single” church and museum in a given city. Vaccinations weren?t needed for the city, but we were concerned about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy. Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul?s major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and pre-teen?s view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost. [13D] [15D]For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros. Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children?s curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every corner of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults? desire to try something new amid children?s insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans? palace. [14B]No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance. On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily left to a learned third party. 11. The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly because [A] the city is not too far away from where they lived.(符合文章事实，但不是做出选择的主要 原因) [B] the city is not on the list of the U.S. State Department.(对手段首句的错误理解) [C] the city is between the familiar and the exotic. 根据原文第一段首句“…to a place that was unlike anything…in Europe and the United States.” 和第二段首句“…as a prelude to more exotic ones”，可以确定作者一家去Istanbul的目的是 see a city between the familiar and the exotic。 [D] the city is more familiar than exotic.(more familiar than exotic无从得知) 12. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? [A] The family found the city was exactly what they had expected. 由第四段首句中的“我们本应更加谨慎地检查一下美国政府列出的那些麻烦地点”可知，作 者起初也认为伊斯坦布尔会有些危险;接着该段尾句谈到“but we found the tourist areas quite safe…”，由此可见Istanbul并不像他们想象的那么危险。 [B] Their friends were opposed to their holiday plan.(由第三段首句可以看出) [C] They could have been more cautious about bringing kids along.(与第四段首句although后的 内容相符) [D] They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city.(是对整个第五段的概括) 13. We learn from the couple?s shopping experience back home that [A] they were used to bargaining over price.(与第八段首句后半部分不符) [B] they preferred to buy things outdoors.(利用第七段首句设置的干扰) [C] street markets were their favourite.(与[D]矛盾) [D] they preferred fashion and brand names. 由第八段首句“For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques…”可知，夫妇两人最常去的是大型购物中心，关注的是品牌和时尚。 14. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in Istanbul [A] guidebooks are very useful.(与倒数第二段第二句表达的意思相反) [B] a professional guide is a must. 由倒数第二段第二句中的“No guides were available…which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide.”和最后一段中的“The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily left to a learned third party.”可以确定，找到一个专业的导游是很必要的。 [C] one has to be prepared for questions.(利用倒数第二段首句中的question设置干扰) [D] one has to make arrangements in advance.(倒数第二段尾句的make such arrangements指的 是找导游，本项利用该处信息设置干扰) 15. The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPT [A] religious prayers.(从第九段可以看出) [B] historical buildings.(由倒数第二段首句中的Topkapi Sarayi可以看出) [C] local-style markets.(由第七段首句可以看出) [D] shopping mall boutiques. 原文第八段中提到的shopping mall boutiques指的是作者自己在国内购物的场所，而非在Istanbul的所去之处。 【语境记忆】 envision vt. to imagine; to see in one?s mind想象，预想 manicure vt. to trim carefully and neatly修剪 peculiarity n. a distinguishing trait; an odd or unusual characteristic特质;特性，怪癖 assortment n. a collection containing a variety of sorts of things各种各样(的聚合) pique vt. to cause to feel resentment or indignation使生气，激怒 【参考译文】 [11]我们一直想带孩子们去某个地方开阔—下视野，这个地方要不同于我们以往旅行去的那些欧洲和美国的城市。我们反复考虑从日内瓦——我们居住的地方——去哪个地方比较可行，我们最终决定去伊斯坦布尔，一个离苏黎士有两个小时机程的地方。 [11]我们把这次旅行当作去更多有异国情调的地方的一个序曲，今年晚些时候可能还会去新德里或者曼谷，但我们认为我们11岁和13岁的孩子正需要跨出远离修剪整齐的林荫道和质朴古典的纪念碑这第—步。 朋友们的反应是我们没有预料到的，他们警告我们说我们正在把孩子们一步一步置于危险当中，他们说得并不清楚，而且大部分都不正确，他们提到了那里的疾病、恐怖主义和一些未知的危险。为了帮助我们熟悉伊斯坦布尔的一些奇特景色，也为了让孩子们有机会选择他们特别感兴趣的景点，我们买了一本极好的旅行手册，并在出发之前对它进行了仔细研究。 朋友们好心的提醒并没有改变我们的计划，[12]当然我们本应该更加谨慎地查一下美国国务院列出的那些麻烦地点。在伊斯坦布尔的六天时间，外国游客当中，我们并没有见到很多的孩子，[12]但是我们却发现那些旅游景点都很安全，有趣且多样化，甚至能满足我们儿子多变的要求，他们再三要求我们不管去哪个城市都不去看那里的每一个教堂和博物馆。 到这个城市并不需要接种疫苗，可我们担心我们短暂的停留可能会引起水土不服，所以我们一直喝瓶装水，刷牙也用这个，可能这有点过分小心了，但不管怎样那段时间我们一直都很健康。 采纳了一个朋友的建议，我们预订了一家旅馆，从那儿步行到伊斯坦布尔的各主要景点只要20分钟。这样的安排不仅让我们有时间做晨练、闲逛到卡拉廓伊桥，更让我们见识到那里各种各样的人的生活，像渔民、商贩、擦鞋匠等等。 对一个十几岁的孩子和一个即将成为青少年的孩子来说，伊斯坦布尔街道的集市生活是令人着迷的，因为几乎任何东西都可以在外面买到。他们这个年龄正是喜欢在迷宫般的香料集市上瞎逛的时候，那儿的商店陈列着成堆的袋装的刺激性药草。和更小的孩子在这里逛街就更加困难了，因为街上挤满了人，很容易走失。 [13][15]我们夫妇以前只在时尚的商场和购物中心买东西，现在却很惊奇地发现买东西还可以讨价还价，并且最终可能以一件东西的价钱买到两件东西。他们也学着去计算土耳其里拉的相对价值，但一长串的零使得这样的计算并不容易。 接触伊斯兰教是我们旅行中很重要的一部分。拜访清真寺，尤其是宏伟的蓝色清真寺，是我们了解人们如何信仰这一主要宗教的第一步。在这个城市的每个角落都能听见扩音器对祷告者一天五遍的号召，而且这里很多妇女都用围巾紧紧包裹着头部，所有这些让我们孩子的好奇心最终被愤怒所取代。 孩子们可能不喜欢飞机上的食物，但是从街道或者饭馆里买的烤肉串一直都很受欢迎。既然我们决定了此次旅行不是专门为了寻求美食，烤肉串这种快餐为我们省去了每天去寻找合乎我们成年人口味的餐馆的苦恼，而在那样的寻找中，大人们想要尝试一些新的东西，孩子们则坚持要能够马上吃到东西。渐渐地，我们都会出去尝试一些土耳其的其他特产。 尽管我们儿子简单了解过伊斯兰教，但也不可能解答所有奇怪的问题，像我们参观奥斯曼帝国的普卡普宫殿时遇到过的问题一样。[14]找不到导游，只能靠自己，用我们买的旅行手册作指导，许多有趣的历史趣事都无从得知，而这些一个专业的导游都会提供。下次，我们决定提前做好这方面的安排。 在这次旅行中，我们看到了一个宏伟壮丽的综合体，有帝国财富、民间院落，也有女士的闺房。最后需要说明的一点是我们已经很开心地离开伊斯坦布尔到了另外一个博学的地方。 TEXT B 【语篇分析】本文是一篇论说文。主要阐述了劳动力老龄化这一现象给发达国家带去的影响， 以及发达国家的一些公司为挽留老年员工所采取的措施等。 Para.1―Para.4通过劳动力老龄化的现状引出劳动力老龄化的问题。 Para.5―Para.9介绍了一些公司应对老动力老龄化的对策，即采取措施挽留或重新雇佣老员 工。 Para.10―Para.11通过引用调查结果指出大多数公司不继续聘请老年员工的现象，并分析了 其中的原因。 Last month the first baby-boomers turned 60. The bulky generation born between 1946 and 1964 is heading towards retirement. The looming “demographic cliff” will see vast numbers of skilled workers dispatched from the labour force. (16D)The workforce is ageing across the rich world. Within the EU the number of workers aged between 50 and 64 will increase by 25% over the next two decades, while those aged 20-29 will decrease by 20%. In Japan almost 20% of the population is already over 65, the highest share in the world. And in the United States the number of workers aged 55-64 will have increased by more than half in this decade, at the same time as the 35- to 44-year-olds decline by 10%. Given that most societies are geared to retirement at around 65, companies have a looming problem of knowledge management, of making sure that the boomers do not leave before they have handed over their expertise along with the office keys and their e-mail address. A survey of human-resources directors by IBM last year concluded: “When the baby-boomer generation retires, many companies will find out too late that a career?s worth of experience has walked out the door, leaving insufficient talent to fill in the void.” Some also face a shortage of expertise. In aerospace and defence, for example, as much as 40% of the workforce in some companies will be eligible to retire within the next five years. At the same time, the number of engineering graduates in developed countries is in steep decline. A few companies are so squeezed that they are already taking exceptional measures. (17C)Earlier this year the Los Angeles Times interviewed an enterprising Australian who was staying in Beverly Hills while he tried to persuade locals to emigrate to Toowoomba, Queensland, to work for his engineering company there. Toowoomba today; the rest of the developed world tomorrow? If you look hard enough, you can find companies that have begun to adapt the workplace to older workers. The AARP, an American association for the over-50s, produces an annual list of the best employers of its members. Health-care firms invariably come near the top because they are one of the industries most in need of skilled labour. Other sectors similarly affected, says the Conference Board, include oil, gas, energy and government. Near the top of the AARP?s latest list comes Deere & Company, a no-nonsense industrial-equipment manufacturer based in Illinois; about 35% of Deere?s 46,000 employees are over 50 and a number of them are in their 70s. The tools it uses to achieve that — flexible working, telecommuting, and so forth — also coincidentally help older workers to extend their working lives. (18B)The company spends “a lot of time” on the ergonomics of its factories, making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer. Likewise, for more than a decade, Toyota, arguably the world?s most advanced manufacturer, has adapted its workstations to older workers. The shortage of skilled labour available to the automotive industry has made it unusually keen to recruit older workers. BMW recently set up a factory in Leipzig that expressly set out to employ people over the age of 45. Needs must when the devil drives. Other firms are polishing their alumni networks. IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. Ernst & Young, a professional-services firm, has about 30,000 registered alumni, and about 25% of its “experienced” new recruits are former employees who return after an absence. But such examples are unusual. A survey in America last month by Ernst & Young found that “although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire, it is not dealing with the issue.” Almost three-quarters of the 1,400 global companies questioned by Deloitte last year said they expected a shortage of salaried staff over the next three to five years. Yet few of them are looking to older workers to fill that shortage; and even fewer are looking to them to fill another gap that has already appeared. Many firms in Europe and America complain that they struggle to find qualified directors for their boards — this when the pool of retired talent from those very same firms is growing by leaps and bounds. Why are firms not working harder to keep old employees? Part of the reason is that the crunch has been beyond the horizon of most managers. (19D)Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labour. The participation of developing countries in the world economy has increased the overall supply - whatever the local effect of demographics in the rich countries. A vast amount of work is being sent offshore to such places as China and India and more will go in future. Some countries, such as Australia, are relaxing their immigration policies to allow much needed skills to come in from abroad. Others will avoid the need for workers by spending money on machinery and automation. 16. According to the passage, the most serious consequence of baby-boomers approaching retirement would be [A] a loss of knowledge and experience to many companies.(后果的一个方面，包含在[D]中) [B] a decrease in the number of 35- to 44- year-olds.(后果的一个方面，包含在[D]中) [C] a continuous increase in the number of 50-to 64-year-olds.(后果的一个方面，包含在[D]中) [D] its impact on the developed world whose workforce is ageing. 文章第二段讲述了发达国家工人老龄化问题严重，第三段讲了生育高峰期出生的人退休给他 们公司带来的各种问题，接—下来都在谈论解决问题要采取的措施等等，可见最严重的后果 就是工人老龄化对发达国家的影响。 17. The following are all the measures that companies have adopted to cope with the ageing workforce EXCEPT [A] making places of work accommodate the needs of older workers.(与第六段第一句相符) [B] using alumni networks to hire retired former employees.(与第九段内容相符) [C] encouraging former employees to work overseas. 原文只在第五段提到一位住在澳大利亚比佛利山庄的企业家劝说当地人到澳大利亚的昆士兰去工作，但并不能由此得出“鼓励前雇员到海外工作”这一说法，故[C]实际上在原文中没有提到。 [D] granting more convenience in working hours to older workers.(与第七段第二句相符) 18. “The company spends „a lot of time? on the ergonomics of its factories” (Paragraph Seven) means that [A] the company attaches great importance to the layout of its factories.(layout在第七段未涉及) [B] the company improves the working conditions in its factories. 在原文中同处提到“... making jobs there less tiring, which enables older workers to stay at them for longer.”，意为使工作不让人厌倦，同时使年老的工人呆的时间更久。由此可推断，原句说的是花时间改善工作条件。 [C] the company attempts to reduce production costs of its factories.(reduce production costs在第七段未涉及) [D] the company intends to renovate its factories and update equipment.(renovate…and update…在第七段也未涉及) 19. In the author?s opinion American firms are not doing anything to deal with the issue of the ageing workforce mainly because [A] they have not been aware of the problem.(与第十段的调查结果明显不符) [B] they are reluctant to hire older workers.(文章提到了很多挽留老年工人的措施，与原文不符) [C] they are not sure of what they should do.(与公司采取了大量措施这一事实不符) [D] they have other options to consider. 原文最后一段提到“Nor is hanging on to older workers the only way to cope with a falling supply of labor.”，可见留住老员工并不是解决问题的唯一方法，接下来文中介绍了解决问题的其他途径。 20. Which of the following best describes the author?s development of argument? [A] introducing the issue ? citing ways to deal with the issue ? describing the actual status ?offering reasons.(作者并未在文章一开始就介绍老龄化的问题) [B] describing the actual status ? introducing the issue ? citing ways to deal with the issue ?offering reasons. 原文的第一、二段向读者描述了劳动力老龄化的现状，继而作者在第三、四段介绍了劳动力老龄化的问题，在第五至第九段介绍了部分公司采取的对策，在最后两段中介绍了大多数公司不继续录用老龄员工的原因。 [C] citing ways to deal with the issue ? introducing the issue ? describing the actual status ?offering reasons.(解决劳动力老龄化问题的措施不是作者最先谈论的内容) [D] describing the actual status ? offering reasons ? introducing the issue ? citing ways to deal with the issue.(在介绍老龄化的现状后，并没有分析老龄化的原因) 【语境记忆】 dispatch v. to send away towards a designated goal; to complete or carry out派遣;完成 gear v. to adapt sth. to a particular need or to an appropriate level or standard对某事物加以调节以适合某种需求或达到某种水平或 ergonomics n. the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments人类工程学;工作环境改造学 (by/in) leaps and bounds (idm) very rapidly(习语)非常迅速 crunch n. a critical situation that arises because of a shortage (as a shortage of time or money or resources)困境 【参考译文】 上个月，第一批生育高峰期出生的人到60岁了。自1946年到1964年出生的数量众多的这一代人即将退休，隐约可见的“人口悬崖”将见证大量的技术工人离开劳动大军。 [16]发达国家中劳动力正在逐渐老龄化。在欧盟，50到64岁的工人在未来二十年中将会增加25,，而那些20到29岁的工人将减少20%。在日本，几乎20,的人口都已经超过了65岁，是世界上老龄化人口比例最高的。在美国，55到64岁的工人在最近十几年中已经增长了50,多，与此同时，35到44岁的工人却下降了10,。 考虑到大多数国家都是在工人65岁左右安排他们退休，很多公司都出现了以下两个问题:一是知识管理，二是确保这些老雇员在离开之前不仅交出了办公室钥匙和他们的邮箱地址，而且也移交了他们的专业知识。IBM公司去年对人力资源部经理所做的调查显示:当生育高峰期出生的这代人退休后，许多公司就会发现某个职业的宝贵经验已经流失，只留下才能不足的人来填补空白，不过这往往发现得太晚。 一些公司还面临着专业人才的短缺。例如，航空航天业和国防业的一些公司在未来五年内将有高达40%的工人符合退休标准。同时，发达同家的机械工程毕业生数量也在急剧下降。 一些公司这方面问题很紧急，以致已经采取了特殊措施。[17]今年年初《洛杉矶时报》采访了一位住在比佛利山庄富有进取心的澳大利亚人，他却试图劝说当地人搬到昆士兰州的图文巴市，去为他的机械制造公司工作。难道今天的图文巴就是其他发达国家的明天? 如果你研究得足够仔细，[17]你就会发现一些公司已经开始调整工作场所以适应老员工的需要。美国退休人员协会(AARP)是美国一个50岁以上的人组织的协会，该协会每年都会评出其成员的最好雇主。医疗卫生企业总是排在前列，因为它们是最需要技术工人的行业之一，世界大企业联合会指出像石油、天然气、能源和政府等部门也同样受到影响。 美国退休人员协会最近评出的名单上靠前的是迪尔公司——伊利诺斯州的一家正牌的工业设备制造商，迪尔46000名雇员中有大约35,超过了50岁，其中许多都已经70多岁了。[17]它所采用的措施有灵活工作制、远程办公等等，这同时也帮助年老的工人延长了工作年限。[18]这个公司在其工厂的人类工程学上花费了大量时间，让工作变得不那么让人厌 倦，这样老龄化工人在那儿呆的时间就更久。 同样地，被认为是世界上最先进的制造商的丰田汽车公司，十几年来也在调整其工作 站以照顾年老工人。汽车行业技术工人短缺使得各公司极其热情地招聘年老的工人。BMW 公司最近在Leipzip新建了一家工厂，明确提出要雇佣45岁以上的工人。实在是形势所迫。 [17]也有公司在发展他们的校友网络。IBM公司利用关系网招聘退休人员来做特殊项 000名注册校友，在有经验的新目。安永会计师事务所——一家专业的服务公司，有大约30 招雇员中，约25,是以前退休又回来的。 但是这种例子还是很少。安永会计师事务所上个月在美国所做的调查发现:尽管美国 公司都预见了婴儿潮时期出生的工人退休会引起劳动力的严重短缺，可他们并没有在解决问 题。德勒调查的l400家跨国公司中几乎四分之三表示他们预料到了在未来三到五年内高薪 职员的短缺，但是他们中很少会用年老工人来填补这种短缺，甚至更少的公司会用年老工人 填补已经出现的其他空缺。欧美的许多公司都抱怨说他们很难给他们的理事会找到高品质的 主管。当那些来自相同公司的退休人员共同合作时，这种情况就越来越普遍。 公司为什么不努力保留年老雇员呢?一部分原因是这种困境已经超出了大部分管理人的 能力范畴，[19]而且紧紧抓住年老工人也不是解决劳动力供给不足的唯一方法。发展中国家 加入全球经济增加了劳动力供给——不管发达国家的人口统计给当地带来何种影响。大量工 作已经被送到国外(像中国、印度等等)，将来还会发展到更多国家。一些同家，像澳大利 亚，正在放宽他们的移民政策以允许从国外引进更多需要的技术。还有国家在机器和自动化 产业上投入大量钱财来避开对技术工人的需求。 TEXT C 【语篇分析】本文是一篇论说文。主要谈论了在职妻子的问题。作者开篇就指出:伴随着妇 女就业而出现的另一个问题就是在职妻子的问题。它包含两方面的内容，即妻子比丈夫更为 成功或妻子必须极大地依赖丈夫料理家务。接着，文章对这一问题进行了具体的分析和阐述。 Para.1开门见山地提出伴随着妇女就业而出现的在职妻子的问题。 Para.2― Para.3重点分析阐述了在职妻子所面临的需要重新分配家务的问题。 Para.4指出了在恋爱阶段，女性之际拥有真正的权力这一现象。 Para.5分析了家务变得不是男性的责任的原因，并指出男女之间要真正对等地分配经济责任 和家务，那么恋爱的主动性也需要重新分配。 (1) The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. (21B)There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife?s. (2) (22C)A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: “Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. (23C)Unemployment has not changed this convention, which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a „Mary Ann?.” (3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband. (4) (25A)The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman?s response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men. (5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly. (24A)If there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates. 21. Paragraph One advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband to [A] work in the same sort of job as her husband.(与首段尾句不符) [B] play down her success, making it sound unimportant. 原文第一段第三句说，对于妻子比丈夫更为成功这一问题，我们可以采取很多方法减小它的 影响;接着第四、五句就说:“假如„，女性更为成功这个残酷的事实就可以通过一个友善 的阴谋来遮掩„。„夫妻最好在不同的领域工作，这样丈夫就能找到一些特别的理由来证明 他们最差的业绩比妻最好的业绩还要好。”由此可见，妻子要尽量遮掩自己的成功，使自己 的功劳看上去不那么重要。 [C] stress how much the family gains from her high salary.(与首段第四、五句不符) [D] introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.(首段未提及) 22. Orwell?s picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier (Paragraph Two) describes a relationship which the author of the passage [A] thinks is the natural one.(与第二段首句不符) [B] wishes to see preserved.(与第二段首句不符) [C] believes is fair.(与第二段首句不符) [D] is sure must change. 作者在原文第二段首句提到“A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children”，进而介绍Orwell的描述，可见作者想通过Orwell的描述来支持自己的观点，即这种家庭分工必须改变。 23. Which of the following words is used literally, NOT metaphorically? [A] Abrasive (Paragraph Five). [B] Engines (Paragraph Four). [C] Convention (Paragraph Two). Abrasive原指“粗糙的，有研磨作用的”，在原文makes inferiority at work abrasive中指“令人讨厌的，厌烦的”;Engines原指“引擎”，但在原文the engines of persuasion中指男性追求女性的“动力”;Heavily原指“沉重地”，在原文rely heavily on her husband中指“极大地”;唯有Convention在原文中仍指字面意思“传统”。 [D] Heavily (Paragraph One). 24. The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they must [A] sometimes make the first advances in love. 根据原文最后一段第三句可知，如果男女之间必须重新对等地分配经济责任和家务，那么恋爱的主动性也同样需要重新分配。换言之，如果女性想要占据更重要的职位，她们在男女交往方面也要变得更为主动。 [B] allow men to flirt with many women.(利用尾段首句编造的选项) [C] stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolates.(对尾段尾句的错误理解) [D] avoid making their husbands look like “Mary Anns”.(利用尾段第二句中的unmanly设置干扰) 25. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship? [A] Men are equally serious about courtship. 根据原文第四段首句可知，男性在男女交往中并不是严肃认真的，而是交往甚多，并且具有试探性;该段第二句又谈到，女性的反应决定男女交往是否成功。因此，[A]与原文不符。 [B] Each man “makes passes” at many women.(makes passes意为“调情”，与第四段首句相符) [C] The woman?s reaction decides the fate of courtship.(与第四段第二句相符) [D] The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.(由第四段首句可推断出) 【语境记忆】 genial a. diffusing warmth and friendliness友好的，和善的 courtship n. seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage)求爱，求婚 plausible a. seeming to be reasonable or valid, or truthful似乎有理的;似乎有效的;似乎真实的 amorousness n. a feeling of love or fondness喜欢，爱慕 abrasive a. sharply disagreeable; causing abrasion令人不快的，厌烦的;磨损的 【参考译文】 伴随着妇女就业而出现的另一个问题是在职妻子的问题。它包含两个方面:即妻子比丈夫更为成功或是妻子必须极大地依赖丈夫料理家务。对于第—个问题，我们可以采取很多方法来减小它的影响。[21B]假如丈夫和妻子没有从事相同或可进行直接比较的工作，女性更为成功这个残酷的事实就可以通过一个友善的阴谋来遮掩，这个阴谋便是拒绝纯粹以金钱来衡量成功，因为这种衡量太过肤浅。等级区别明显的行业中，夫妻最好在不同的领域工作，这样丈夫就能找到一些特别的理由来证明他们最差的业绩比妻最好的业绩还要好。 [22D]影响更多在职妻子的一个问题是，如果家里有孩子，就需要重新分配家务。在《通往维根码头之路》这本书里，George Orwell写到关于兰开郡煤田的失业者;“实际上，在一个工人阶级的家庭，你绝不会看到男人做—点儿家务。[23C]失业并没有改变这个惯例，尽管从表面上看，这似乎有点不公平。男人从早到晚无所事事，而女人却如往常一样忙碌——实际上可能更忙，因为她必须用那一丁点儿钱来维持开支。然而，据我的一些经验，女人不会抗议。她们认为，一个男人如果因为失去工作，就成为了一个‘娘娘腔’，那么他就没有男子气概了。” 在照顾年幼子女的问题上，重新分配家务变得非常重要。不同于炸鱼条或整理床铺，照顾孩子是一项不可避免的费时的事情。丈夫抽不出时间，全职工作的妻子也一样。 [25]在恋爱阶段男性主动是很平常的事。他们会带着不同程度的迟疑尝试着追求所接触的有可能发展关系的女性，而恋爱关系能否确立要看女人的反应。如果她对此感兴趣，这个追求之路就走上了正轨。事实就是，在求爱时期，社会表面上让男性拥有了主动权，但实际上真正掌权的是女性。 有一点很清楚，那就是男性和女性在一起的时间越长，无论是工作还是休息，男人对女人的爱慕之情就消失得越多，不管这种爱慕之情在生物进化过程中所起过怎样的作用。正是因为这个原因，工作上处于劣势会令人非常烦恼，也间接地使得家务变得不是男性的责任了。[24]如果男女之间必须重新对等地分配经济责任和家务，那恋爱的主动性也同样需要重新分配。如果女士们无法容忍被我们击败，那她们就得同意让我们也能和她们—样，可以羞涩地接受鲜花与巧克力! TEXT D 【语篇分析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要描写了文中的“他”不畏艰险，向北进发，想要最终越过孔德和孔迥两座大山的情景。文中多景物描写，以此渲染出了一种令人敬畏的气氛。 Para. 1景物描写，并由此引出文章的主人公“他”。 Para. 2-Para. 4对“他”进行了细致的介绍。 Para.5-Para. 8介绍了“他”历经艰险，到达喜马拉雅山最著名的寺院腾布齐，并受到了寺院毕恭毕敬的欢迎。 From Namche Bazaar, the Sherpa capital at 12,000 feet, the long line threaded south, dropping 2,000 feet to the valley floor, [26C]then trudged down the huge Sola-Khumbu canyon until it opened out to the lush but still daunting foothills of Central Nepal. It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north, slowly and arduously climbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts, then past Kunde and Khumjong. Despite wearing a balaclava on his head, he had been frequently recognized by the Tibetans, and treated with the gravest deference and respect. Even among those who knew nothing about him, expressions of surprise lit up their dark, liquid eyes. He was a man not expected to be there. Not only was his stature substantially greater than that of the diminutive Tibetans, but it was also obvious from his bearing — and his new broadcloak, which covered a much-too-tight army uniform — that he came from a markedly loftier station in life than did the average Tibetan. [27D]Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still, consisting solely of a rounded bundle about a foot in diameter slung securely by a cord over his shoulder. The material the bundle was wrapped in was of a rough Tibetan weave, which did not augur that the content was of any greater value — except for the importance he seemed to ascribe to it, never for a moment releasing his grip. His objective was a tiny huddle of buildings perched halfway up an enormous valley wall across from him, atop a great wooded spur jutting out from the lower lap of the 22,493-foot AmaDablum, one of the most majestic mountains on earth. [28D]There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet. [28D]From the top of the spur, one?s eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyon to the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head. If Ama Dablum is the Gatekeeper, then the sheer cliff of Nuptse, never less than four miles high, is the Final Protector of the highest and mightiest of them all: Chomolongma, the Mother Goddess of the World, to the Tibetans; Sagarmatha, the Head of the Seas, to the Nepalese; and Everest to the rest of us. And over the great barrier of Nuptse She demurely peaks. It was late in the afternoon — when the great shadows cast by the colossal mountains were descending into the deep valley floors — before he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop just past Tengboche?s entrance gompa. His chest heaving in the rarefied air, [29D]he removed his hand from the bundle — the first time he had done so — and wiped grimy rivulets of sweat from around his eyes with the fingers of his mitted hand. His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds, the pagoda-like monastery itself, and the stone buildings that tumbled down around it like a protective skirt. In the distance the magic light of the magic hour lit up the plume flying off Chomolongma?s 29,029-foot-high crest like a bright, welcoming banner. His breathing calmed, he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps to the monastery entrance. [30A]There he was greeted with a respectful nameste —“I recognize the divine in you” — from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years, who hastily set aside a twig broom he had been using to sweep the flagstones of the inner courtyard. While he did so, the visitor noticed that the monk was missing the small finger on his left hand. The stranger spoke a few formal words in Tibetan, and then the two disappeared inside. Early the next morning the emissary — lightened of his load — appeared at the monastery entrance, accompanied by the same monk and the elderly abbot. After a bow of his head, which was returned much more deeply by the two ocher-robed residents, he took his leave. The two solemn monks watched, motionless, until he dipped over the ridge on which the monastery sat, and out of sight. Then, without a word, they turned and went back inside the monastery. 26. Which of the following words in Paragraph One implies difficulty in walking? [A] “threaded”.(thread作动词有“穿线于;穿过”意思，threaded形容路很窄) [B] “dropping”.(形容落差大) [C] “trudged”. 在原文第一段中“threaded”、“dropping”和“daunting”均用来形容山势，唯有“trudged” 可以用来形容人行进的艰难。 [D] “daunting”.(“使人敬畏的，使人胆怯的”) 27. In the passage the contrast between the Tibetans and the man is indicated in all the following aspects EXCEPT [A] clothing.(与第三段首句破折号之间的内容相符) [B] height.(与第三段首句but前的内容相符) 段首句第二个破折号之后的内容相符) [C] social status.(与第三 [D] personal belongings. 根据第四段首句“Among a people virtually bereft of possessions, he had fewer still…”可知， 他是丧失了所有财物的民族中的一员，他也没有什么值钱的东西。因此，[D]不是比较的对 象。 28. It can be inferred from the passage that one can get ______ of the region from the monastery. [A] a narrow view(利用第七段第三句中的narrowed设置干扰) [B] a hazy view(利用第七段首句中的shadow设置干扰) [C] a distant view(利用第七段第四句中的distance设置干扰) [D] a panoramic view 根据原文第五段中的“There was situated Tengboche, the most famous Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, its setting unsurpassed for magnificence anywhere on the planet.”可见，寺庙高 耸在山峦上;从第六段中的“From the top of the spur, one’s eyes sweep 12 miles up the stupendous Dudh Kosi canyon to the six-mile-long granite wall of cliff of Nuptse at its head.”可 知，山峦上的视野开阔。由此推断，从寺庙中可以全方位地俯瞰全景。 29. Which of the following details shows that the man became relaxed after he reached the monastery? [A] “...he reached the crest of the spur and shuffled to a stop...” [B] “...he removed his hand from the bundle...” 第七段提到“... he removed his hand from the bundle — the first time he had done so...”他第一 次把手从包裹上放开，强调了“第一次”，说明了此时他很放松。 [C] “His narrowed eyes took in the open sweep of the quiet grounds...” [D] “...he slowly, stiffly struggled forward and up the rough stone steps...” 30. From how it is described in the passage the monastery seems to evoke [A] a sense of awe. 根据原文第七段中“There he was greeted with a respectful nameste — ‘I recognize the divine in you’, from a tall, slim monk of about 35 years”这一句子以及全文描述，我们可以推断寺庙唤起了人们的敬畏感。 [B] a sense of piety. [C] a sense of fear. [D] a sense of mystery. 【语境记忆】 trudge vi. walk heavily and firmly, as when weary, or through mud艰难跋涉，步履艰难地走n. a long difficult walk长途跋涉 shuffle vi. walk by dragging one?s feet拖着脚走 lush a. produced or growing in extreme abundance苍翠繁茂的，丰富的 diminutive a. unusually or remarkably small小得出奇，奇小的 stupendous a. so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe惊人的，巨大的 【参考译文】 夏尔巴人的首都海拔12000英尺，从那木齐巴扎地区一直向南，下降2000英尺直至河谷地带，蜿蜒穿越昆布山区大峡谷，直至汇聚于尼泊尔中部葱郁却[26]险峻的山麓。正是在那木齐巴扎这个地方，有—个人，他打破常规、向北进发，缓慢而艰辛地爬过陡峭的石壁，最后翻过孔德和孔炯两座大山。那些石壁位于零散的石屋后面，宛如天然的圆形剧场。 尽管头上戴着巴拉克拉法帽，他仍经常被当地西藏百姓认出，他们无不对他致以深深的敬意和尊重。即使是那些对他一无所知的人，他们乌黑清澈的眼睛里也会闪耀出惊奇的光。他出现在这里让大家感到意外。 他不仅身材比那些矮小的西藏人要高大得多，而且更明显的差异是他举止优雅，他身穿一件崭新的宽披风，里面裹着一件有些过于紧身的军装，这身军装表明他的地位比一般的西藏人都要高得多。 [27]来自于一个被剥夺了所有财物的民族，他拥有的东西更少，只有一个直径大约一英尺的圆圆的包裹，用绳索系在肩上。包裹用西藏的一种粗糙的编织袋装着，完全看不出里面有任何值钱的东西，不过他倒是很重视它，一直紧紧抓着，一刻也没松过手。 他的目标是坐落在一个巨大山谷的半山腰上的一堆杂乱的建筑物，那山谷立于满是树木的山峦顶部，从22493英尺高的Ama Dablum延伸出来，Ama Dablum是地球上最宏伟的山脉之一。[28]喜马拉雅山脉最著名的佛教寺院腾布齐就在那里，它周围环境的壮阔是别的地方所不能比的。 [28]从山峦顶部望去，沿辽阔的都德河大峡谷向上约12英里，会看到纳布泽峰顶6英里高的花岗岩石壁。如果Ama Dablum是看门人，那么纳布泽峰那从来没有低于4英里高的陡峭石壁就是这所有高峰的最终守护者:像作为西藏和世界的母亲神的珠穆朗玛、尼泊尔人的海神萨迦玛塔，还有属于我们所有人的珠穆朗玛峰，冲破纳布泽峰的巨大阻碍，庄严地耸 立，成为最高峰。 他到达那个山峦顶部时已接近傍晚了，那些宏伟的山脉投下的巨大阴影已覆盖了山谷深处，他拖着沉重的脚步停在腾布奇寺院的人口处。在稀薄的空气中，他的胸膛起伏不定，[29]他把手从包裹上移开——他第一次这么做——并用带着手套的手擦拭眼睛周围脏兮兮的一连串的汗珠。他眯起眼睛盯着开阔而僻静的路面、塔状的寺院和像保护屏一样倒在寺院周围的石头建筑。远处，在这个魔幻的时刻，魔幻的光线照亮了漂浮在29029英尺的珠穆朗玛顶端的云雾，就像一条欢迎你来喜马拉雅山的明亮条幅一样。他的呼吸渐渐平静下来，他身体僵硬地缓慢向前移动，踏上粗糙的阶梯，进到寺院里面。[30]在那里，他受到了寺院和尚毕恭毕敬的欢迎，一个大约35岁的高高瘦瘦的和尚看到他，匆忙地把手中正用来打扫院内石板的嫩枝条的扫帚放到—边，对他说道:“我看到了你身上的灵气。”这时这位来访者注意到和尚左手缺了小指，他用藏语说了几句正式的话，然后两个人就消失了。 第二天—早，—个替他拿行李的特使和昨天那个和尚还有寺院的主持一同出现在寺院门口。他低头向他们鞠了一躬，两个穿着赭色僧衣的人又深深地回了礼，然后他就离开了。那两个僧人一动不动地目送着他，直到他翻过寺院坐落的山脊，再也看不见了。然后他们不言不语地转身回了寺院。 PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 31. The Head of State of New Zealand is [A] the governor-general. [B] the Prime Minister. [C] the high commissioner. [D] the monarch of the United Kingdom. 【解析】选[D]。新西兰政治题。New Zealand新西兰，是英联邦国家成员国。和英国、加拿大、澳大利亚一样，英国女王(the Monarch)是国家元首(Head of State)，女王任命的总督(Governor General)作为其代表行使管理权。在这些国家，首相或总理(Prime Minister)领导的内阁(cabinet)才拥有真正的行政权力(executive power)。 32. The capital of Scotland is [A] Glasgow. [B] Edinburgh. [C] Manchester. [D] London. 【解析】选[B]。Glasgow(格拉斯哥)是英国第三大城市，苏格兰最大的工商业城市和港口; 爱丁堡)是苏格兰首府，也是其经济和文化中心，位于苏格兰东南部;ManchesterEdinburgh( (曼彻斯特)位于英格兰西北部，是棉纺织业中心;London(伦敦)是英国首都，也是其政治、经济、文化和交通中心，位于英格兰。 33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President? [A] Thomas Jefferson. [B] George Washington. [C] Thomas Paine. [D] John Adams. 【解析】选[A]。美国历史题。Thomas Jefferson(托马斯•杰佛逊)是美国第三任总统，同时也是美国《独立宣言》主要起草人;George Washington(乔治•华盛顿)是独立战争的将军，后成为美国第一任总统;Thomas Paine(托马斯•潘恩)是美国思想家、政治活动家、激进民主主义者;John Adams(约翰•亚当斯)是美国第一任副总统，后来又当选为总统。 34. Which of the following cities is located on the eastern coast of Australia? [A] Perth. [B] Adelaide. [C] Sydney. [D] Melbourne. 【解析】选[C]。澳大利亚地理题。四座城市中只有Sydney(悉尼)位于澳大利亚东海岸，并且是澳大利亚最大的城市和港口;Perth(珀斯)是一个位于澳大利亚西南角的斯旺河畔的港口城市;Adelaide(阿德莱德)位于澳大利亚南部圣文森特湾东岸;Melbourne(墨尔本)是位于澳大利亚的东南部的港口城市。 35. Ode to the West Wind was written by [A] William Blake. [B] William Wordsworth. [C] Samuel Taylor Coleridge. [D] Percy B. Shelley. 英国文学题。四位均为英国浪漫主义诗人。Percy B(Shelley(雪莱)是英【解析】选[D]。 国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一，他的代表作有《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)和《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)等;William Blake(布莱克)的代表作有《天真之歌》(Songs of Innocence)、《经验之歌》(Songs of Experience);William Wordsworth (华兹华斯)和Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治)同被誉为“湖畔诗人”。 36. Who among the following is a poet of free verse? [A] Ralph Waldo Emerson. [B] Walt Whitman. [C] Herman Melville [D] Theodore Dreiser. 【解析】选[B]。美国文学题。Free Verse(自由诗)是现代诗中常见的体式，它打破了音步、诗行和诗节等传统格律单位，诗行长短不同，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman(惠特曼)的《草叶集》就采用了此格式;Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生)是美国超验主义的主要代表，他集散文作家、思想家、诗人于一身，代表作有《论自然》(Nature)、《英国人的特性》(English Traits)等;Herman Melville(赫尔曼•梅尔维尔)是美国小说家、散文家和诗人，他的杰作《白鲸》(Moby Dick)被认为是美国最伟大的小说之一;Theodore Dreiser(西奥多•德莱塞)是美国小说家，代表作品有《嘉莉妹妹》(Sister Carrie)和《美国悲剧》(An American Tragedy)。 37. The novel Sons and Lovers was written by [A] Thomas Hardy. [B] John Galsworthy. [C] D.H. Lawrence. [D] James Joyce. 【解析】选[C]。英国文学题。D.H. Lawrence(劳伦斯)是20世纪英国小说家，他的代表作有《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lovers)，《恋爱中的女人》(Woman in Love)和《彩虹》(The Rainbow)等。具有自传性质的小说《儿子与情人》(1913)是他早期作品中最有影响的一部。这部小说讲述煤矿工人儿子保罗的成长过程，特别描写了使他自然感情遭到扭曲的“恋母情结”。 38. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is [A] corpus linguistics. [B] sociolinguistics. [C] theoretical linguistics. [D] psycholinguistics. 【解析】选[D]。语言学题。corpus linguistics(语料库语言学)是基于大量机读真实文本数据，借助计算机技术并采用定量分析与定性分析相结合的方法，对语言的形式、意义与功能进行系统研究的语言学分支;sociolinguistics(社会语言学)研究在社会语境中语言的变异和使用;theoretical linguistics(理论语言学)侧重研究语言的一般理论;psycholinguistics(心理语言学)研究人类理解和输出语言的心理过程。 39. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called [A] dialect. [B] idiolect. [C] pidgin. [D] register. 【解析】选[C]。语言学题。pidgin即混杂语言，是语言发展的一个阶段，指在语言不通但又急于进行商业交流的人群中间产生的一种混合语言，如一种语言的句法和另一种语言的词汇的混合。dialect指地域性的方言;idiolect指个人方言，即具有个人风格的语言;register指语域，如在不同的主题，不同的文体中使用的语言会有所不同。 40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing [A] an illocutionary act. [B] a perlocutionary act. [C] a locutionary act. [D] none of the above. 【解析】选[A]。语言学题。根据Austin的言语行为理论，说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为:言内行为、言外行为和言后行为。a locutionary act(言内行为)是说出词、短语和分句的行为，它是通过句法、词汇和音位来表达字面意义的行为;an illocutionary act(言外行为)是表达说话者的意图的行为;a perlocutionary act(言后行为)是话语所产生的后果或所引起的变化。所以当说话者表达说话意图时，是在实施言外行为。 PART ? PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)__a___ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learnt in early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener (2)_until____ has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. (3) his The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it may be something from twenty to seventy years. With the playground (4) anything lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour (5) however it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the (6)__/___ same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age between playmates to be more than five years. If therefore, a playground rhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or (7) current even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitting over and over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three (8) been hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live (9) alive after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10) / original wording. 1. 【快速找错】本句中的(passes) from one school child to the next不存在错误。and作为表顺 承关系的并列连词，也不存在错误。illustrates的主语和and前的分句的主语相同，均为The previous section;根据句意，illustrates用一般现在时也能说得通。因此把错误锁定在the further difference上。 【解析】the — a。定冠词the有确定的意思，用以特指人或物，以别于同类中的其他的人 或物。此处应用a further difference表泛指。illustrate与has grown是并列的谓语动词，同为 现在时态，是正确的。 2. 【快速找错】本句中in early childhood没错。is passed on的主语是a verse，在单复数上 保持了一致，且pass on(传递)与a verse之间为被动关系，故用被动语态也没有错。the little listener特指学习verse的小孩，也没错。故将错误锁定在when上。 【解析】when — until。until与is后面的not构成not…until…结构，意为“直到„才”， 符合上下文的意思。 3. 【快速找错】grow up意为“长大”，这里用现在完成时的三人称单数形式，正确。has children的主语也是前面的the little listener，由此看出of their own的their有错。 【解析】their — his。与本句前面部分的the little listener相对应，代词应用单数。 4. 【快速找错】it指代a nursery rhyme，正确。may be作该句的谓语，意义和用法均正确。from twenty to seventy years也正确。With the playground (lore)也没错，故将错误锁定在something上。 【解析】something — anything。something特指某事，而anything泛指任何一事。此处指从二十到七十年之间的任何时段。 5. 【快速找错】lore没错。a rhyme may be excitedly passed on中，a rhyme泛指任何一首押韵的诗，正确;may be passed on正确;excitedly修饰的是动词词组pass on，用副词也没错。within the very hour正确，其中的within表示“在一段时间期间”，the very有强调的意思，表示“正是„”。因此，therefore错。 【解析】therefore — however。根据句意可知，本句描述的playground lore与前文描述的nursery lore不同，两者构成对比关系，所以用however表示转折。 6. 【快速找错】it is learnt为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰前面的the very hour，正确。it passes between children正确，其中的it指代前面的a rhyme。of the (same age)作children的后置定语，正确。and in the general中的and表示顺承关系，正确。所以将错误锁定在in the general上。 【解析】in the general — 去掉the。in general为固定短语，意为“一般来说，大体上，通 常”。 7. 【快速找错】(a playground) rhyme正确。can be shown to意思和语态均正确。have been currently for a hundred years中的have been和for a hundred years用法均正确。因此currently错。 【解析】currently — current。currently为副词，用于修饰形容词或动词;本句中，have been后缺少表语，因此只能用形容词current。 8. 【快速找错】over and over= over and over again，因此正确。very possibly为副词结构作句首状语，修饰后面的整句，正确。it指代前面的a rhyme，正确。a chain of two or three (hundred young hearers and tellers)正确，其中a chain of意为“一连串”。因此，将错误错定在has passed along上。 【解析】has^passed along — been。认真浏览短文可知，文中多处用到了被动语态。本句也一样，it和pass along之间是被动关系，所以要在has和passed之间加上been。 9. 【快速找错】逗号后的and没错，the wonder也正确。is正确，其后的that引导表语从句，也正确。it仍然指代前面的a rhyme，正确。remains用三人称单数，正确。故live错。 【解析】live —alive。alive为形容词，意为“活着的”，常用在系统词后作表语;live作形容词时，意为“有生命的，活的”，常用在名词前作定语。remain为系动词，所以其后用alive。 10. 【快速找错】after so much handling正确。it bears resemblance to正确，其中bear resemblance to意为“与„相似”。the表特指，正确。因此错在to let along。 【解析】to — /。let along为固定短语，意为“更不用说，更不用提”。 PART V TRANSLATION SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH 【短文综述】本段材料选自《读者》2008年第10期中的《我们生活在机器中》一文，作者南帆。文章语言通俗易懂，内容贴近生活，句子结构也很简洁明了，但要准确把握原文，做到精确翻译并不是很容易的事。 手机刷新了人与人之间【难点注释】 的关系。会议室的门口通常1. 首句中“刷新”的含义即“改变”，而且是已经发生的动贴着一张通告，请与会者关作，所以用现在完成时has altered。 闭手机。可是会议室里的手2. 第二句看似简单，却需要灵活的翻译技巧。可用there be机依然响成一片。我们都是结构作文本句的主干结构，通告的内容由which引导的非限普通人，没有多少重要的事。制性定语从句引出，译为which reads。“请与会者关闭手机”尽管如此，我们也不会轻易的翻译要尽量简洁，才符合通告的特点，可译为close your 关掉手机。打开手机象征着handset。 我们与这个世界的联系。手3. 第三句中“响成一片”可用resound来表达，指“(铃声)机反映出我们的“社交饥渴响成一片，此起彼伏”。 症。”最为常见的是，一个4. 第四句中用于承接上下文的“尽管如此”，为避免重复单人在路上走着走着，忽然停调，最好不要译为however，可换用still。“不会轻易关掉手下来盯着手机屏幕发短信，机”可用be reluctant to turn off the phone表示，其中turn off the 不管是在马路中间还是厕所phone区别于前面的close your handset，避免了重复。 旁边。 6. 第五句的“打开手机象征着„”与“手机反映出„”联系 紧密，可连为一句话，使文章结构更加紧凑。 7. 末句“最为常见的是”后面描述的是一种场景，可译为 We are familiar with the scene，然后用when引导的同位语从 句来引出场景的内容。“盯着”译为glued at;“不管是”用 固定短语regardless of表示。 【答案】Cell phone has altered human relations. There is usually a note on the door of conference room, which reads "close your handset|." However, the rings are still resounding in the room. We are all common people and have little urgency to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our "thirst for socialization." We are familiar with the scene when a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, disregard of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom. SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE 【短文综述】本段材料节选自美国前任副总统戈尔与2007年获得诺贝尔和平奖时的演讲，主题深刻，内容多长句，较复杂。正确理解原文对译文的质量起着重要作用。 【难点注释】 We, the human species, are confronting a 1. 首段首句中的a threat to the survival of planetary emergency —a threat to the survival of our civilization为名词性短语，为使其符合our civilization that is gathering ominous and 汉语的表达习惯，可译为短句“我们的生存destructive potential even as we gather here. But 和文明受到威胁”;as we gather here中的asthere is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst — 表示让步，可译为“尽管”;ominous和 destructive的意思分别是“不祥的”和“破though not all — of its consequences, if we act 坏性的”，整句话可采用意译，把that引boldly, decisively and quickly. 导的定语从句拆分为两个独立的短句。 However, despite a growing number of 2. 第一段末if引导的条件状语从句翻译时honorable exceptions, too many of the world?s 采用增补法，译为“如果我们行动大胆果leaders are still best described in the words 断，反应迅速”，这样可以使译文更加流Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored 畅。 Adolf Hitler?s threat: “They go on in strange 3. 第二段只有一句话，其中包含两个定语paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved 从句，分别修饰words和those。despite引to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for 导的介词短语可以省译。 fluidity, all powerful to be impotent.” 4. 第二段最后一句，丘吉尔的名言是一个So today, we dumped another 70 million 难点，其中:paradox译为“悖论，自相矛tons of global-warming pollution into the thin 盾的话”，irresolute意思是“优柔寡断的，shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if 踌躇不定的”。这里描述的是各种矛盾的it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will 情形，可译为“为一个决定而犹豫不决，dump a slightly larger amount, with the 有了决心却拖泥带水，掌权者软弱无力。” cumulative concentrations now trapping more and 5. 第三段首句中的thin shell of atmospheremore heat from the sun. 译为“脆弱的大气层”更符合含义的表达 习惯。 6. 最后一句中的a slightly larger amount译 为“变本加厉”，表达更地道。with的符 合结构表伴随，其中cumulative意思是“堆 积的，积累的”，trapping此处引申为“吸 纳”。 【答案】我们人类，正面临全球性的危机，我们的生存和文明受到威胁。尽管我们聚在一起共商对策，而灾难却在扩大，形式不容乐观。但也有令人欣喜的消息:如果我们行动大胆果断，反应迅速，我们有能力解决这场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展。 但是，时下世界上的许多国家领导人可以用当年温斯顿•丘吉尔批评欧洲诸政要忽视阿道夫•希特勒的名言来形容，“它们在奇怪的悖论中前行，仅仅为一个决定而犹豫不决，有了决心却拖泥带水，信心犹疑不定，见解随波逐流，掌权者虚弱无力。” 而如今我们向这个星球脆弱的大气层倾倒超过七千万吨温室气体，把其当作天然排污口。明天我们还会变本加厉，堆积的温室气体吸纳了越来越多的太阳热度。 PART ? WRITING 【审题】本作文前面的背景介绍谈到:普通话是我国服务行业的标准语言。但最近，在某大城市，地铁工作人员却在忙着学习我国的一些方言。这一现象引发了争论。支持者认为，地铁使用方言是改善服务的一种方式;而反对者却认为在公共场合使用方言不利于普通话的推广。可见，本文与能否在公共场合使用方言有关。 【思路】第一段:开门见山地提出文章的话题，并表明自己对在公共场合能否使用方言的看 法。 第二段:给出理由来支持自己的观点。 第三段:总结全文。 【范文】 【点评】 [1]开篇使用主语从句，丰富了文章句式。句[1]It is known to all that Mandarin, or 中的it为形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。 putonghua, is the standard language in China?s [2]however承上启下，将话题转移到作文的service sector. [2]However, recently quite a few 主题上。 employees at metropolis subway stations start [3]“更好地服务”，用词地道，言简意赅。 using dialects to [3]better serve people from different areas of China. As a result, the opinion on this practice varies from person to [4]Some…while others…常用于引出相对立person. [4]Some people regard it as a useful 的观点。while在此含对比的含义。 supplement of the current service, [4]while others see the countering effects of such movement to the national policy of promoting [5]提出“我”的观点。 mandarin across China. [5]From my point of view, I believe dialects are acceptable in public places. Although Mandarin, or putonghua is [6]“依照，与„一致”，选词恰当。 promoted widely and vigorously [6]in accordance with the national policy, dialects are [7]从四个方面阐述“我”所持观点的理由，still acceptable in public places. [7]First of all, 层次清楚，说理充分。 dialects are a kind of culture instead of [8]“仅仅，只不过”，强化了论述的语气。 [8]merely a tool for communication. They represent their respective and distinct cultures. If dialects are totally banned from our daily use or even eliminated from our lives, the cultures will be incomplete or even gradually disappear. [7]Secondly, dialects can enrich the content of Mandarin, or putonghua so as to promote its long-term and healthy development. The dialect in Northeast China brings a lot of fun and happiness to the majority of the Chinese in recent years through television and Internet. Such a cultural phenomenon demonstrates the audience?s attitude towards local dialects [9]which引导定语从句修饰local dialects，丰[9]which are capable of catering to the taste of 富了句式。 the majority of the Chinese people. [7]Thirdly, dialects are also the only way of communication for those undereducated local people. If local dialects are forbidden in the public places, they cannot communicate smoothly. [7]Last but not least, dialects are [10]本句为一个多重复合句，体现了作者的语capable of bringing people together. [10]It is 言水平。 often the case that people feel close to and tend to trust those who speak the same dialects with them, which will surely promote the harmony of the society. Therefore, I can naturally and safely come [11]that引导同位语从句补充说明conclusion，to the conclusion [11]that local dialects should 其中又包含which引导的定语从句修饰be tolerated and accepted in public places for society。 their unique role in the society [11]which Mandarin, or putonghua cannot replace. We should guarantee their existence because they stand for our cultures. From a long-term perspective, dialects should not and would not [12]“禁止”，与上一段中的ban，eliminate be [12]prohibited. There is no need for any from，forbid表达的意思相同，且在用词上又purposeful and deliberate attempt to protect 避免了重复。 dialects. The best way to protect dialects is to use them in daily life and pass them down from generation to generation.