（六套）历年重庆大学研究生2006~2013年第一学期B班英语试卷及答案

（六套）历年重庆大学研究生2006~2013年第一学期B班英语试卷及答案 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 1 页 共 32 页 重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷 命 ) 2012 ~2013 学年 第 一 学期(春、秋) 组 题姓名 开课学院: 课程编号: 考试日期: ) 人 :考试方式: 考试时间: 120 分钟 黄 萍 考试 计分 口试 平时 课程 李题 号 一 二 三 四 雁密 成绩 60% 20% 20% 成绩 学号 得 分 Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) 审 硕士生B类答题纸 英语班次:题 _______________ 人 : Answer Sheet 黄 萍 Part I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 1-15 30points; 16-25 10points) 命 类别 ( 学术 、专业1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) ) 题 时 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( ) 封 间 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( ) :2012.12 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( ) 21.( ) 22.( ) 23.( ) 24.( ) 25.( ) 专业(领域) Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) 研 究 生 线 院 制 Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) (请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.) 学院 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 2 页 共 32 页 重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷 strategies for escaping foul moods. Her research，along with that of other 2012,2013 学年 第 一 学期 psychologists，provides valuable information on how to change a bad mood. 硕士生B类 Of all the moods that people want to escape，rage seems to be the hardest to Part I: Reading Comprehension 40% deal with. When someone in another car cuts you off on the highway，your reflexive Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer though may be，That jerk～ He could have hit me～I can't let him get away with that～from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements The more you stew，the angrier you get. Such is the stuff of hypertension and that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. reckless driving. What should you do to relieve rage,One myth is that ventilating will make Passage One you feel better. In fact，researchers have found that's one of the worst strategies. A more effective technique is ―reframing‖， which means consciously reinterpreting a Psychologists agree that I.Q. contributes only about 20 percent of the factors situation in a more positive light. In the case of the driver who cuts you off，you that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors，including what I might tell yourself: Maybe he had some emergency. This is one of the most potent call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up ways, Tice found，to put anger to rest. emotional intelligence，and how they can be developed: Going off alone to cool down is also an effective way to refuse anger, 1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the especially if you can't think clearly. Tice found that a large proportion of men cool keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about their down by going for a drive—a finding that inspired her to drive more defensively. A emotions are better pilots of their lives. safer alternative is exercise, such as taking a long walk. Whatever you do，don't Developing self-awareness requires tuning in to what neurologist Antonio waste the time pursuing your train of angry thoughts. Your aim should be to distract Damasio calls ―gut feelings‖。Gut feelings can occur without a person being yourself. consciously aware of them. For example，when people who fear snakes are shown a The techniques of reframing and distraction can alleviate depression and picture of a snake，sensors on their skin will detect sweat，a sign of anxiety，even anxiety as well as anger. Add to them such relaxation techniques as deep breathing though the people say they do not feel fear. The sweat shows up even when a and meditation and you have an arsenal of weapons against bad moods. picture is presented so rapidly that the subject has no conscious awareness of seeing it. 1. What are gut feelings, Through deliberate effort we can become more aware of our gut feelings. Take A. They are feelings one is born with. someone who is annoyed by a rude encounter for hours after it occurred. He may be B. They are feelings one may be unaware of. unaware of his irritability and surprised when someone calls attention to it. But if he evaluates his feelings, he can change them. C. They are feelings of fear and anxiety. Emotional self-awareness is the building block of the next fundamental of D. They are feelings felt by sensible people. emotional intelligence:being able to shake off a bad mood. 2. According to the author，the importance of knowing one's gut feelings is that 2. Mood Management. Bad as well as good moods spice life and build A. one can develop them. character. The key is balance. We often have little control over when we are swept by emotion. But we can have some say in how long that emotion will last. B. one can call others' attention to them. Psychologist Dianne Tice asked more than 400 men and women about their 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 3 页 共 32 页 C. one may get rid of them. are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling D. one may control them. shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other's experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to 3. The word ―spice‖ in paragraph Six is closest in meaning to graduate school. Other find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often A. add interest to encouraged by college administrators. B. lengthen. Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are C. make dull spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that is a condemnation of the students D. bring into existence. as a whole, and doesn't explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of 4. On mood control, the author seems to suggest that we the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go A. can control the occurrence of mood. to college because our economy can't absorb an army of untrained B. are often unaware of what mood we are in. eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either. C. can determine the duration of mood. D. lack strategies for controlling moods. Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest 5. The essence of ―reframing‖ is that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person A. to forget the unpleasant situation. after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own B. to adopt a positive attitude. remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn't make people intelligent, C. to protect oneself properly. ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—may it is just the other way D. to avoid road accidents. around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those Passage Two successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and is beginning to mount up. statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don't go. 6. According to the author, ___. A. people used to question the value of college education. But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that B. people used to have full confidence in higher education. close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don't fit the pattern 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 4 页 共 32 页 C. all high school graduates went to college. D. more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing D. very few high school graduates chose to go to college. for high school graduates. Passage Three 7. In the 2nd paragraph, "those who don't fit the pattern" refer to___. A. high school graduates who aren't suitable for college education. A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of B. college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxis. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA C. college students who aren't any better for their higher education. fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a D. high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college. pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used 8. The dropout rate of college students seems to go up because___. successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear A. young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal college. investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial B. many people are required to join the army. uses. C. young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher education. D. young people don't like the intense competition for admission to graduate DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized school. criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a 9. According to the passage, the problems of college education partly originate DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern in the fact that___. obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A A .society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained graduates. match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect. B. High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education. C. Too many students have to earn their own living. The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by D. College administrators encourage students to drop out. population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely 10. In this passage the author argues that___. it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In A. college education is not enough if one wants to be successful. particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the B. college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same quick-learning people. individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of C. intelligent people may learn quicker if they don't go to college. the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate. 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 5 页 共 32 页 In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of C. is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New D. is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the 14. The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____. methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal A. enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an B. enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of DNA samples form the same person can match Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing C. enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to laboratories. determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person 来 11. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____. A. would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations D. additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to B. would have to submit evidence for their innocence determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person C. could easily escape conviction of guilt D. cold be convicted of guilt as well 15. National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____. A. DNA testing should be systematized 12. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____. B. Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing A .the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate C. the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing D. the academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing B. two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern C. a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two Passage Four different individuals D. two different individuals leave two DNA samples. A. ?Consumer behavior‘ is the behavior that consumers display in seeking, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they 13. To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ____. expect will satisfy their personal needs. The study of consumer behavior is the study A. is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (money, time can never come from two individuals and effort) on products and services. Consumer behavior includes both mental B. is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to decisions and the physical actions that result from those decisions. Although some have the same DNA pattern. social scientists limit their understanding of ?behavior‘ to observable actions, it is 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 6 页 共 32 页 public sector agencies (local and national) and institutions (schools, churches, apparent that the reasons and decisions behind the actions involved in human (and prisons), all of which buy products, equipment and services in order to run their consumer) behavior are as important to investigate as the actions themselves. organizations. Manufacturing companies must buy the raw materials and other components to manufacture and sell their products; service companies must buy the equipment necessary to render the services they sell; government agencies buy the B. People engage in activities for many purposes other than consumption but, office products needed to operate agencies; institutions must buy the materials they when acting as a customer, individuals have just one goal in mind – to obtain goods need to maintain themselves and their populations. and services that meet their needs and wants. All consumers face varying problems associated with acquiring products to sustain life and provide for some comforts. F. The person who purchases a product is not always the sole user of the product. Because solutions to these problems are vital to the existence of most people, and Nor is the purchaser necessarily the person who makes the decision or pays for the the economic well-being of all, they are usually not taken lightly. The process is product. Thus the marketplace activities of individuals entail three functions, or complex, as choices must be made regarding what, why, how, when, where and how roles, as part of the processes involved in consumer behavior. The three functions often to buy an item. are the consumer, the person who consumes or uses the product or service; the purchaser, the person who undertakes the activities to obtain the product or service; C. Take, for instance, the product bottled water – a multimillion-dollar industry. A and the payer, the person who provides the money or other object of value to obtain study of consumption behavior in this area would investigate what kinds of the product or service. Marketers must decide whom to direct their marketing consumers buy bottled water, and why, when and where they buy it. The study efforts toward. For some products or services, they must identify the person who is might find that, among some consumers, the growing use of bottled water is tied to most likely to influence the decision. Some marketers believe that the buyer of the concerns with fitness; and, among others, with the quality of tap water. It might find products is the best prospect, others believe it is the user of the product, while still that domestic brands have a totally different image from imported brands, and that others play it safe by directing their promotional efforts to both buyers and users. the reasons and occasions for usage vary among consumers. By contrast, a more For example, some toy manufacturers advertise their products on children‘s durable product such as a document scanner would have a very different target television shows to reach the users, others advertise in magazines to reach the market. What kinds of consumers buy, or would buy, a scanner for home use? What buyers, and others run dual campaigns designed to reach both children and their features do they look for? How much are they willing to pay? How many will wait parents. for prices to come down? The answers to these questions can be found through consumer research, and would provide scanner manufacturers with important input G. In addition to studying how consumers use the products they buy, consumer for product design modification and marketing strategy. researchers are also interested in how individuals dispose of their once-new purchases when they are finished with them. The answer to this question is D. The word ?consumer‘ is often used to describe two different kinds of important to marketers, as they must match production to the frequency with which consuming entities; the personal consumer and the organizational consumer. The consumers buy replacements. It is also important to society as a whole, as solid personal consumer buys goods and services for his or her own use (e.g. shaving waste disposal has become a major environmental problem that marketers must cream), for the use of the whole household (television set), for another member of address in their development of products and packaging. Recycling is no longer a the household (a shirt or electronic game) or as a gift for a friend (a book). In all sufficient response to the problem. Many manufacturers have begun to these contexts, the goods are bought for final use by individuals who are referred to remanufacture old components to install in new products, because remanufacturing as ?end-users‘ or ?ultimate consumers‘. is often cheaper, easier and more efficient than recycling E. The second category of consumer includes profit and non-profit businesses, 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 7 页 共 32 页 Reading Passage4 has seven paragraphs: A–G. Which paragraph contains the Various task dimensions can also foster motivation to learn. following information? Write the correct letter, A–G, on your answer sheet (item 16-20). Ideally, tasks should be challenging but achievable. Relevance 16. a description of the organizational consumer also promotes motivation, as does ―contextualizing‖ learning, 17. the reason why customers take purchasing decisions seriously 18. reference to a way of re-using materials that is, helping students to see how skills can be applied in the 19. ways of exposing products to a range of potential customers 20. a term used to describe someone who buys for the family real world. Tasks that involve ―a moderate amount of discrepancy or incongruity‖ are beneficial because they Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet (item stimulate students‘ curiosity, an intrinsic motivator. 21-25). Part III. Translation from Chinese into English 20% Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Market research Market Answer Sheet. Research carried out on non-durable products like .21. aims to find out who buys these goods and why. Researchers look at what motivates buyers, such as issues of personal …22… or environmental factors. They may …23…that …24… are viewed differently from a local product. Alternatively, research on durable, manufactured goods is likely to focus more on pricing, and the results may help suggest appropriate changes to 在现代社会，尽管社会进步，物质丰富，人们总感到有the …25 …of the product, as well as showing how best to market it. 些地方不对劲，但却又难以明确地指出到底问题出在哪儿。Part II. Translation from English to Chinese 20% Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your 空虚，没有归属感，缺乏稳定的社会关系似乎都成为人们Answer Sheet. 略感不快的来由。人们对于快乐这个棘手的话题，似乎都 Classroom climate is important. If students experience the 有共识:若问及人们生活怎样，他们会谈及他们的家人、classroom as a caring, supportive place where there is a sense 工作等而非仅仅是回答他们的薪水多少。对他们而言，生of belonging and everyone is valued and respected, they will 活的质量比薪水的数量更加重要。 tend to participate more fully in the process of learning. 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 8 页 共 32 页 Part IV. Writing 20% 22. fitness Directions: You are to write an email of about 150 words on the following topic. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet. 23. discover/find 情景:现有一家企业正在招聘，招聘岗位非常适合自己，请你去信询问相关内 24. imported brands (must have both words) 容，内容必须包括 1. 说明你写信的原因及目的; 25. design / features / design features 2. 说明你需要这份工作的理由; 3. 询问该岗位的职责所在; Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) (略) 4. 询问所需岗位的条件及要求; 5. 其它你认为需要询问的事项 Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) In modern societies, despite the social progress and prosperity, people always feel that there is something not right. However, it is hard for them to 2012 ~2013 学年 第 一 学期 put a finger on it. A feeling of emptiness and not 硕士生B类答案 belonging, a lack of defined solid relationship seem to Part I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points: 1-15 30points;16-25 be the sources of unhappiness. People all agree on the 10points ) 1. ( B ) 2. ( D ) 3. ( A ) 4. ( C ) 5. ( B ) great conundrum of personal happiness: when asked 6. ( B ) 7. ( C ) 8. ( C ) 9. ( A ) 10. ( D) 11. ( C) 12. ( B ) 13. ( A ) 14. ( B) 15. ( B ) how they are, they will answer in terms of their family life and work life rather than just what they are paid. 16. ( E) 17. ( B) 18. ( G) 19. ( F ) Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) 20. ( D) 21. bottled water (must have both words) 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 9 页 共 32 页 重庆大学硕士研究生《英语 》课程试卷 命 题 ) 2011 ~2012 学年 第 一 学期(春、秋) 组 题姓名 开课学院: 课程编号: 考试日期: ) Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) 人 : 考试方式: 考试时间: 120 分钟 游 振考试 计分 口试 平时 课程 声 题 号 一 二 三 四 密 成绩 70% 20% 10% 成绩 陈学号 扑得 分 硕士生B类答题纸 英语班次: _______________ 审 题 Answer Sheet 人 : Part I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, 2 point each ) 沈 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. 毅 Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) 类别 ( 学术 、专业( ) ) (请写在背面，Please write your composition on the reverse side.) 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. 封 命 ( ) 题 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. 时 间 ( ) :2011.12 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( ) Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) 专业(领域) 线 研 究 生 院 制 学院 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 10 页 共 32 页 though may be，That jerk～ He could have hit me～I can't let him get away with that～Part I: Reading Comprehension 40% Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer The more you stew，the angrier you get. Such is the stuff of hypertension and from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements reckless driving. that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. What should you do to relieve rage,One myth is that ventilating will make Passage One you feel better. In fact，researchers have found that's one of the worst strategies. A Psychologists agree that I.Q. contributes only about 20 percent of the factors more effective technique is ―reframing‖， which means consciously reinterpreting a that determine success. A full 80 percent comes from other factors，including what I situation in a more positive light. In the case of the driver who cuts you off，you call emotional intelligence. Following are two of the major qualities that make up might tell yourself: Maybe he had some emergency. This is one of the most potent emotional intelligence，and how they can be developed: ways, Tice found，to put anger to rest. 1. Self-awareness. The ability to recognize a feeling as it happens is the Going off alone to cool down is also an effective way to refuse anger, keystone of emotional intelligence. People with greater certainty about their especially if you can't think clearly. Tice found that a large proportion of men cool emotions are better pilots of their lives. down by going for a drive—a finding that inspired her to drive more defensively. A safer alternative is exercise, such as taking a long walk. Whatever you do，don't Developing self-awareness requires tuning in to what neurologist Antonio waste the time pursuing your train of angry thoughts. Your aim should be to distract Damasio calls ―gut feelings‖。Gut feelings can occur without a person being yourself. consciously aware of them. For example，when people who fear snakes are shown a picture of a snake，sensors on their skin will detect sweat，a sign of anxiety，even The techniques of reframing and distraction can alleviate depression and though the people say they do not feel fear. The sweat shows up even when a anxiety as well as anger. Add to them such relaxation techniques as deep breathing picture is presented so rapidly that the subject has no conscious awareness of seeing and meditation and you have an arsenal of weapons against bad moods. it. 1. What are gut feelings, Through deliberate effort we can become more aware of our gut feelings. Take A. They are feelings one is born with. someone who is annoyed by a rude encounter for hours after it occurred. He may be unaware of his irritability and surprised when someone calls attention to it. But if he B. They are feelings one may be unaware of. evaluates his feelings, he can change them. C. They are feelings of fear and anxiety. Emotional self-awareness is the building block of the next fundamental of D. They are feelings felt by sensible people. emotional intelligence:being able to shake off a bad mood. 2. According to the author，the importance of knowing one's gut feelings is that 2. Mood Management. Bad as well as good moods spice life and build character. The key is balance. We often have little control over when we are swept A. one can develop them. by emotion. But we can have some say in how long that emotion will last. B. one can call others' attention to them. Psychologist Dianne Tice asked more than 400 men and women about their strategies for escaping foul moods. Her research，along with that of other C. one may get rid of them. psychologists，provides valuable information on how to change a bad mood. D. one may control them. Of all the moods that people want to escape，rage seems to be the hardest to 3. The word ―spice‖ in paragraph Six is closest in meaning to deal with. When someone in another car cuts you off on the highway，your reflexive 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 11 页 共 32 页 A. add interest to Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are B. lengthen. spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that is a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn't explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of C. make dull the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go D. bring into existence. to college because our economy can't absorb an army of untrained 4. On mood control, the author seems to suggest that we eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer A. can control the occurrence of mood. absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either. B. are often unaware of what mood we are in. Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest C. can determine the duration of mood. that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person D. lack strategies for controlling moods. after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys 5. The essence of ―reframing‖ is and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn't make people intelligent, A. to forget the unpleasant situation. ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—may it is just the other way B. to adopt a positive attitude. around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely C. to protect oneself properly. the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those D. to avoid road accidents. successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to Passage Two college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and is beginning to mount up. statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don't go. 6. According to the author, ___. A. people used to question the value of college education. But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that B. people used to have full confidence in higher education. close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don't fit the pattern C. all high school graduates went to college. are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling D. very few high school graduates chose to go to college. shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other's experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to 7. In the 2nd paragraph, "those who don't fit the pattern" refer to___. graduate school. Other find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often A. high school graduates who aren't suitable for college education. encouraged by college administrators. B. college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxis. 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 12 页 共 32 页 C. college students who aren't any better for their higher education. fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a D. high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college. pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used 8. The dropout rate of college students seems to go up because___. successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear A. young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal college. investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial B. many people are required to join the army. uses. C. young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher education. D. young people don't like the intense competition for admission to graduate DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized school. criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a 9. According to the passage, the problems of college education partly originate DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern in the fact that___. obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A A .society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained graduates. match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect. B. High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education. C. Too many students have to earn their own living. The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by D. College administrators encourage students to drop out. population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely 10. In this passage the author argues that___. it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In A. college education is not enough if one wants to be successful. particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the B. college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same quick-learning people. individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of C. intelligent people may learn quicker if they don't go to college. the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate. D. more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduates. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New Passage Three Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 13 页 共 32 页 they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an DNA samples form the same person can match attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of C. enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person 来 laboratories. 11. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____. D. additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to A. would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person B. would have to submit evidence for their innocence 15. National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____. C. could easily escape conviction of guilt A. DNA testing should be systematized D. cold be convicted of guilt as well B. Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing C. the academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing 12. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____. D. the academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing Passage Four A .the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate A. ?Consumer behavior‘ is the behavior that consumers display in seeking, B. two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they DNA fingerprinting pattern expect will satisfy their personal needs. The study of consumer behavior is the study C. a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (money, time different individuals and effort) on products and services. Consumer behavior includes both mental decisions and the physical actions that result from those decisions. Although some D. two different individuals leave two DNA samples. social scientists limit their understanding of ?behavior‘ to observable actions, it is apparent that the reasons and decisions behind the actions involved in human (and 13. To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ____. consumer) behavior are as important to investigate as the actions themselves. A. is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples B. People engage in activities for many purposes other than consumption but, can never come from two individuals when acting as a customer, individuals have just one goal in mind – to obtain goods B. is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to and services that meet their needs and wants. All consumers face varying problems associated with acquiring products to sustain life and provide for some comforts. have the same DNA pattern. Because solutions to these problems are vital to the existence of most people, and C. is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics the economic well-being of all, they are usually not taken lightly. The process is D. is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying complex, as choices must be made regarding what, why, how, when, where and how often to buy an item. 14. The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____. C. Take, for instance, the product bottled water – a multimillion-dollar industry. A A. enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm study of consumption behavior in this area would investigate what kinds of the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members consumers buy bottled water, and why, when and where they buy it. The study might find that, among some consumers, the growing use of bottled water is tied to B. enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 14 页 共 32 页 concerns with fitness; and, among others, with the quality of tap water. It might find others play it safe by directing their promotional efforts to both buyers and users. that domestic brands have a totally different image from imported brands, and that For example, some toy manufacturers advertise their products on children‘s the reasons and occasions for usage vary among consumers. By contrast, a more television shows to reach the users, others advertise in magazines to reach the durable product such as a document scanner would have a very different target buyers, and others run dual campaigns designed to reach both children and their market. What kinds of consumers buy, or would buy, a scanner for home use? What parents. features do they look for? How much are they willing to pay? How many will wait G. In addition to studying how consumers use the products they buy, consumer for prices to come down? The answers to these questions can be found through researchers are also interested in how individuals dispose of their once-new consumer research, and would provide scanner manufacturers with important input purchases when they are finished with them. The answer to this question is for product design modification and marketing strategy. important to marketers, as they must match production to the frequency with which D. The word ?consumer‘ is often used to describe two different kinds of consumers buy replacements. It is also important to society as a whole, as solid consuming entities; the personal consumer and the organizational consumer. The waste disposal has become a major environmental problem that marketers must personal consumer buys goods and services for his or her own use (e.g. shaving address in their development of products and packaging. Recycling is no longer a cream), for the use of the whole household (television set), for another member of sufficient response to the problem. Many manufacturers have begun to the household (a shirt or electronic game) or as a gift for a friend (a book). In all remanufacture old components to install in new products, because remanufacturing these contexts, the goods are bought for final use by individuals who are referred to is often cheaper, easier and more efficient than recycling as ?end-users‘ or ?ultimate consumers‘. Reading Passage4 has seven paragraphs: A–G. Which paragraph contains the E. The second category of consumer includes profit and non-profit businesses, following information? Write the correct letter, A–G, on your answer sheet public sector agencies (local and national) and institutions (schools, churches, (item 16-20). prisons), all of which buy products, equipment and services in order to run their 16. a description of the organizational consumer organizations. Manufacturing companies must buy the raw materials and other 17. the reason why customers take purchasing decisions seriously components to manufacture and sell their products; service companies must buy the 18. reference to a way of re-using materials equipment necessary to render the services they sell; government agencies buy the 19. ways of exposing products to a range of potential customers office products needed to operate agencies; institutions must buy the materials they 20. a term used to describe someone who buys for the family need to maintain themselves and their populations. Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet (item F. The person who purchases a product is not always the sole user of the product. 21-25). Nor is the purchaser necessarily the person who makes the decision or pays for the product. Thus the marketplace activities of individuals entail three functions, or Market research Market roles, as part of the processes involved in consumer behavior. The three functions Research carried out on non-durable products like .21. aims to find out who are the consumer, the person who consumes or uses the product or service; the buys these goods and why. Researchers look at what motivates buyers, such as purchaser, the person who undertakes the activities to obtain the product or service; issues of personal …22… or environmental factors. They and the payer, the person who provides the money or other object of value to obtain may …23…that …24… are viewed differently from a local product. the product or service. Marketers must decide whom to direct their marketing Alternatively, research on durable, manufactured goods is likely to focus more efforts toward. For some products or services, they must identify the person who is on pricing, and the results may help suggest appropriate changes to most likely to influence the decision. Some marketers believe that the buyer of the the …25 …of the product, as well as showing how best to market it. products is the best prospect, others believe it is the user of the product, while still 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 15 页 共 32 页 Part II. Translation from English to Chinese 20% Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. Classroom climate is important. If students experience the classroom as a caring, 硕士生B类答案 supportive place where there is a sense of belonging and everyone is valued and respected, they will tend to participate more fully in the process of learning. Various Part I. Reading Comprehension ( 40 points: 1-15 30points;16-25 10points ) task dimensions can also foster motivation to learn. Ideally, tasks should be 1. ( B ) 2. ( D ) 3. ( A ) 4. ( C ) 5. ( B ) challenging but achievable. Relevance also promotes motivation, as does 6. ( B ) 7. ( C ) 8. ( C ) 9. ( A ) 10. ( D) ―contextualizing‖ learning, that is, helping students to see how skills can be applied 11. ( C) 12. ( B ) 13. ( A ) 14. ( B) 15. ( B ) in the real world. Tasks that involve ―a moderate amount of discrepancy or 16. ( E) 17. ( B) 18. ( G) 19. ( F ) 20. ( D) incongruity‖ are beneficial because they stimulate students‘ curiosity, an intrinsic 21. bottled water (must have both words) motivator. 22. fitness 23. discover/find Part III. Translation from Chinese into English 20% Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your 24. imported brands (must have both words) Answer Sheet. 25. design / features / design features 在现代社会，尽管社会进步，物质丰富，人们总感到有些地方不对劲，但 却又难以明确地指出到底问题出在哪儿。空虚，没有归属感，缺乏稳定的社会Part II. Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points) 关系似乎都成为人们略感不快的来由。人们对于快乐这个棘手的话题，似乎都 (略) 有共识:若问及人们生活怎样，他们会谈及他们的家人、工作等而非仅仅是回 答他们的薪水多少。对他们而言，生活的质量比薪水的数量更加重要。 Part III. Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points ) In modern societies, despite the social progress and prosperity, people always Part IV. Writing 20% feel that there is something not right. However, it is hard for them to put a finger on Directions: You are to write an email of about 150 words on the following topic. it. A feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined solid relationship Write your composition on your Answer Sheet. seem to be the sources of unhappiness. People all agree on the great conundrum 情景:现有一家企业正在招聘，招聘岗位非常适合自己，请你去信询问相关内(puzzling problem) of personal happiness: when asked how they are, they will answer in terms of their family life and work life rather than just what they are paid. 容，内容必须包括 1. 说明你写信的原因及目的; Part IV. Writing ( 20 points) (略) 2. 说明你需要这份工作的理由; 3. 询问该岗位的职责所在; 4. 询问所需岗位的条件及要求; 5. 其它你认为需要询问的事项 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 16 页 共 32 页 2009级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试 For example, one recent college graduate, who felt himself qualified, (适用于1-30班) interviewed for a public relations job. However, the personnel manager 时间: 120分钟considered this young man‘s long hair, sloppy dress, and overly casual 2010.1. manner unsuited for this particular position. 1. The purpose of the passage is to . Part I: Reading Comprehension 40% A. tell an interviewee how to prepare for an interview Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the B. teach the interviewer how to choose applicant best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to C. tell the applicant how to obtain information of the major complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on corporations your Answer Sheet. D. teach the applicant what clothes to wear 2. According to the passage, what the applicant needs not know before In some ways the employment interview is like a persuasive the interview is . speech because A. what kind of job he wants to have and how the job fits in with his the applicant (interviewee) seeks to persuade employer (interviewer) to career objective. employ him or her. Several suggestions might prove helpful to the B. how to get a promotion in a month‘s time applicant as preparation is made for the actual interview. C. how long it would take him to cover the distance from his home to A job applicant has the responsibility of ascertaining certain types of the office. information prior to the interview. First, the applicant should know what D. how much money the company could afford to pay him. kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It 3. Before the interview, the applicant should obtain information is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to concerning . work for a particular company. Second, the applicant should seek as A. how to get on well with the future colleague much information as possible concerning the company. Relevant B. most major corporations information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location C. the reasons why he chooses a particular company of regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans for D. the expansion plans of the company from reference books and expansion, and company philosophy. Information about most major periodical of the company he applies to corporations is available in reference books and periodicals. 4. According to the passage, who will be most likely to get a good first After gathering information concerning the company, the applicant is impression of the interviewer? ready for the interview. The interviewer‘s first impression comes from A. A young woman in fashionable mini-skirt the interviewee‘s appearance. For most interviews, appropriate dress for B. A young woman with very short hair man is a conservative dark colored suit with a long sleeve, white or light C. A young man in old-fashioned but well tailored suit blue shirt and conservative tie. For women a conservative tailored suit or D. A young man in a T-shirt dress is appropriate. Both men and women should have neat, 5. Why did the college graduate fail to get that job in the last paragraph? conservative length hair. A. Because he was too confident about himself Although hairstyle and dress are matters of personal taste, many B. Because he was not a serious person personnel directors form initial impressions from these characteristics. C. Because the interviewer didn‘t like the way he dressed and his 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 17 页 共 32 页 manner was too causal D. Talk plays an important part in girls‘ friendship. D. Because the personnel director forms his first impression from the 7. In the sentence ―If you aren‘t good at challenging others..., you get interviewee‘s qualifications pushed around‖, ―you get pushed around‖ probably means __________. Passage Two A. you avoid challenges in a roundabout way Watch children at play. Little girls‘ social lives tend to center on and a best friend, and they spend a lot of time sitting and talking ,B. you are ordered about by others telling secrets. Your best friend is the one you tell everything to. And C. you get threatened since talk is the glue that holds relationships together, the details of talk are important: you need to know exactly what was said, in what tone of D. you get punished voice, to gauge the relationship. 8. According to the author, if you want to judge how intimate the little Boys‘ friendships center more on activities. Your best friend is girls are, you‘ll have to find out________. the one you do everything with, the one who will stand up for you if A. whether they do everything together there is a fight. Boys talk to negotiate their positions in a group: if you B. the details and the manner of their talk can tell other boys what to do and make it stick, your status goes up, and you have more independence. If you aren‘t good at challenging C. how much time they spend talking other boys and resisting challenges, you get pushed around. D. whether they talk about activities or about relationships Conversations about who said what just aren‘t that important, so boys don‘t learn to pay attention to exactly what was said , unless it 9. Men have a different idea of friendship from women‘s in that meant they got put down or pushed around. It‘s not that boys and men _________. don‘t spend hours exchanging seemingly unimportant details, it‘s A. they must tell each other secrets just that the details aren‘t about relationships and conversations. B. they never talk about unimportant details They‘re more likely to be about sports or games. If a man is having an C. they don‘t consider it necessary to talk about their private life affair, he might not tell anyone at all, because his idea of friendship doesn‘t require that he disclose what‘s going on in his life. For many D. they pay no attention to exactly what was said women, though, intimacy makes it necessary to keep friends informed 10. The main idea of this passage is ________. of what‘s going on in your life. That‘s what Linda Tripp was counting A. to show the difference between boys and girls in their social life on. B. to discuss the behavioral patterns of boys and girls C. to point out that girls pay attention to details in their 6. According to the author‘s observations, which of the following friendship statements is true? D. to instruct boys and girls in handling social relationships A. For boys, talk is useless. B. Talk is a way of raising social status. Passage Three C. Boys have no use for talk; 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 18 页 共 32 页 financial financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside institution computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information C. computer criminals can escape punishment because they can't be for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number detected of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get D. people commit computer crimes at the request their company away without punishment. 12. It is implied in the third paragraph that __________. It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on A. many more computer crimes go undetected than are discovered what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes recommendation from his former employers. D. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their bad Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's luck disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were 13. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced. procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may be the B. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information. victims of uncommonly bad luck. C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their For example, a certain keypunch(键盘打孔) operator complained of reputation having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that D. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes. the extra cards he was being asked to punch were for dishonest 14. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught? transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find another job. off(向……透露) the company that was being robbed. B. They may walk away and easily find another job. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, C. They will be denied access to confidential records. or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, D. They must leave the country or go to jail. demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good 15. The passage is mainly about __________. recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their A. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic demands have been met. inspections. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that B. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendation They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how from their he juggled(耍弄 ) the most confidential records right under the noses of former employers the company's executives, accountants , and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere. Passage Four If civilizations exist around other stars, they are probably beginning 11. It can be concluded from the passage that __________. to emerge right now, according to Space Telescope Science Institute A. it is still impossible to detect computer crimes today theorist Mario Livio. He will detail his theory in a paper to be published B. computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of in the Astrophysical Journal. 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 19 页 共 32 页 Livio emphasizes that his theoretical work doesn‘t necessarily mean behavior, Livio maintains. The complex evolution of our atmosphere is extraterrestrial civilizations really exist ? but it shows that they cannot be interrelated with the sun. For example, our planet‘s atmosphere had to dismissed. develop ozone to block out destructive UV radiation from the sun before Some theorists believe that intelligent life forms, if they exist at all, animals could emerge on the land. appear on planets at some random time in the parent star‘s life. If this is Livio says that other civilizations should also emerge not much true, our chances of discovering them ? or of being discovered by them sooner or later than about halfway through their parent star‘s life cycle. ? would be slim, making earthlings a lonely, isolated quirk of cosmic If Livio is correct, and the Galaxy is blooming with new civilizations, evolution. then where are they and why haven‘t they visited us? Instead, Livio makes the case for a possible causal link between the Livio cautions that his work does not prove the existence of sun‘s lifetime and the appearance of intelligent life on earth. This link extraterrestrial civilizations, but only points out that earlier conclusions should hold true for sun-like stars elsewhere in the universe, he says, that they do not exist may be premature. He adds that it‘s risky to think offering an equal opportunity for intelligent life to arise somewhere else such civilizations would colonize the Galaxy. ―This assumes we have in space. even the vaguest understanding of the psychology of extraterrestrial The second part of Livio‘s case is based on the possibility that civilizations,‖ he says. carbon ? the fundamental building block of life as we know it ? may not Livio cautions: ―It‘s impossible to imagine the thinking of a have been widely available until the universe reached about half its civilization which might have evolved a million of years ahead of present age. humans. We could be about as uninteresting to them as an amoeba is to Given the added billions of years required for biological evolution to us. Actual proof will have to await advances in biology and astronomy.‖ take place, intelligent carbon-based life could not have made an Meanwhile, Livio‘s theory tells us that if there are other civilizations appearance any earlier than roughly three billion years ago. out there, now is their time. Livio points out that before the universe could make life that is in any way like us, it had to make carbon atoms. Carbon is created by 16. Mario Livio believes that ________. nuclear fusion in the hearts of early stars, and then ejected when the stars A. our chances of discovering intelligent life forms on other planets lose their outer gas layers and leave their cores behind as white dwarfs. are slim Though life first emerged on earth a few hundred million years after B. our chances of being discovered by intelligent life on other earth‘s formation, it took a vastly longer time ? nearly three billion years planets are slim ? for the first multi-celled organisms to appear. And then it took almost C. it is possible for intelligent life to evolve on planets in sun-like another billion years before life emerged from the sea onto the land. star systems The earliest humans appeared less than four million years ago ? at D. the existence of intelligent life on other planets is likely to about the halfway point in our sun‘s lifetime. If this were purely coincide with that of human beings coincidental, as other theoreticians have argued, then it would take much 17. Which of the following is not mentioned in this text? longer than the life of a star for most civilizations to arise. This would A. It would take at least three to four billion years for life to emerge make it unlikely that extraterrestrial civilization could come about at all: on any planet in the universe. we would be alone in the universe, a mere novelty, a cosmic accident. B. Only a few hundred million years after the formation of earth did Because sunlight provides far more energy for life than other first life appear on earth. chemical processes, biological evolution is intimately linked to the sun‘s C. The length of time for human beings to evolve on earth is much 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 20 页 共 32 页 longer than the life of many stars in the universe. , something that would have been too expensive for packhorses in D. Carbon should be made much earlier than the appearance of medieval times. Mortality rates fell even faster when cities adopted intelligent carbon-based life on any planet. elementary sanitation practices, such as treating sewage and providing 8. Which of the following statements concerning ―carbon‖ is true? 1clean drinking water. Individuals could afford soap and their industrially A. Carbon must have been created on earth much earlier than human made cotton clothes proved far easier to clean than their pre-industrial beings. woolens. B. Carbon is the fundamental element on which any life in the universe must be based. Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20% C. Carbon isn‘t an element sea life is based on. Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer D. Carbon is usually created several billions of years after the birth on your Answer Sheet. of a new star. 19. According to the paper written by Mario Livio, ________. 电视早已成为大众媒介。我们熟悉广播电视，因为广播电视已经A. substantial evidences have been found to prove the existence of 以类似目前的方式存在了大约几十年。在那些年头中，电视绝大部分extraterrestrial civilizations in the universe 一直由ABC、NBC、CBS这些广播电视公司控制着,是我们获得新闻，B. the existence of intelligent life in outer space has not been verified 信息和娱乐的主要来源。这些广播业的巨头实际上不仅塑造了电视，C. it‘s time for human beings to come across extraterrestrial creatures 而且也塑造了我们对电视的理解。我们渐渐把显像管看作是娱乐的来D. extraterrestrial civilizations evolved millions of years ahead of 源，让自己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众。 humans 20. By ―now is their time‖ (at the end of the passage), Livio means that ________. Part IV. Writing 20% A. it is time for these civilizations to dominate the Galaxy Directions: Write a composition of about 150 words on the following B. it is the time of the civilizations to develop rapidly title. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet. C. it is time for the civilizations to evolve D. it is probably the time for these civilizations to begin to emerge It has recently been announced that a shopping center will be built in your neighbourhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Give Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20% reasons to support your position. Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet. As devastating as it was, the Black Death marked the last time that natural disaster would stop population growth worldwide. By 1600, agricultural advances, such as crop rotation and fertilization, and very rudimentary health measures, had brightened humanity‘s prospects. Population began to increase in Europe. The industrial Revolution accelerated the process by boosting incomes and making food cheaper. Even when famine hit one region, trains began to bring in excess grain 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 21 页 共 32 页 2009级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题答案 (适用于1-30班) 时间: 120分钟 2010.1. Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each) 1. ( A ) 2. (B) 3. ( D ) 4. ( C ) 5. ( C ) 6. (D) 7. (B ) 8. ( B ) 9. ( C ) 10. ( A ) 11. (C ) 12. (A) 13. ( D ) 14. ( B ) 15. ( D ) 16. (C ) 17. ( A ) 18. ( A ) 19. ( B ) 20. ( D ) Part II: Translation from English to Chinese (20 points) (略) Part III: Translation from Chinese to English (20 points) Television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about several decades in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC,NBC,CBS, who have been the major suppliers of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. Part IV: Writing (20 points) (略) 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 22 页 共 32 页 2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题 our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" (适用于1-25班) babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, 时间: 150分钟as it were, a "savings bank'' full of spare kidney, livers, or hands? 2008.1.14 Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Part I: Reading Comprehension 40% Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God?, "Broad scale genetic best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other your AnswerSheet. technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the Passage One new technology will be created." Major companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications 1. According to the passage, the exhaust from a car engine could of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to probably be checked by . monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will A. using metal-hungry microbes. then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls B. making use of enzymes. "metal-hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals C. adjusting the engine. from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to D. patenting new life forms. patent new lifeforms. Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is 2. According to the passage, which of the following would worry the corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire critics the most? biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of A. The unanticipated explosion of population. "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. B. The creation of biological solar cells. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, C. The accidental spill of oil. however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and D. The unexpected release of destructive microbes. respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination. 3. Which of the following notions is NOT mentioned? Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest A. Developing a "savings bank" of one's organs. grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat B. Breeding soldiers for a war. lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to C. Producing people with cow-like stomachs. fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction D. Using genetic forecasting to cure diseases. times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a 4. According to the passage, Hitler attempted to . "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that A. change the pilots biologically to win the war. may soon issue from our laboratories.) Should we produce soldiers to do B. develop genetic farming for food supply. 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 23 页 共 32 页 C. kill the people he thought of as inferior. 6. Which of the following words can best describe the popular D. encourage the development of genetic weapons for the war. understanding of "environment" as the author sees it? A. Elaborate. . What does Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard's statement imply? 5B. Prejudiced. A. The commercial applications of genetic engineering are C. Faultless. inevitable. D. Oversimplified. B. America will depend on other countries for biological progress. C. Americans are proud of their computers, automobiles and 7. According to the author the concept of ―environment" is difficult to genetic technologies. explain because . D. The potential application of each new genetic advance should be A. it doesn't distinguish between the organism and the controlled. environment B. it involves both internal and external forces Passage Two C. the organism and the environment influence each other D. the relationship between the organism and the environment is The concept of "environment" is certainly difficult and may even be unclear misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment 8. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal suggests that . and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in A. biological factors are less important to the organism than actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the cultural factors to man organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the B. man and other animals are modified equally by the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa. environmental forces In the case of man, the difficulties, with the environmental concept C. man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an natural environment animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an D. physical and biological factors exert more influence on other animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organisms than on man organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we 9. As for culture, the author points out that . also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can A. it develops side by side with environmental factors only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors. B. it is also affected by environmental factors But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study C. it is generally accepted to be part of the environment human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental D. it is a product of man's biological instincts factors of' climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a 10. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with . part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment. A. the interpretation of the term "environment" B. the discussion on organisms and biological environment 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 24 页 共 32 页 to each other and at the same time all unique. C. the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man 11. The best title for this passage is ___________. D. the evaluation of man's influence on culture A. tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations. Passage Three B. tourism is tiresome. C. conducted tour is dull. The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you‘d D. tourism really does something to one‘s country. expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land 12. What is the author‘s attitude toward tourism? make it possible for us to visit each other‘s countries at a moderate cost. A. apprehensive. What was once the ?grand tour‘, reserved for only the very rich, is now B. negative. within everybody‘s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not C. critical. to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the D. appreciative. lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn‘t have dreamed of. But what‘s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations 13. Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people of the world remain basically ignorant of each other? shout a lot? Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of A. silent. affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much B. noisy. contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted(宠C. lively. 爱溺爱的)sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats D. active. his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are 14. The purpose of the author‘s criticism is to point out carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers A. conducted tour is disappointing. want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for B. the way of touring should be changed. the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a C. when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very preconception. worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer D. national stereotypes should be changed. quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at 15. What is ?grand tour‘ now? Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips. A. moderate cost. The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of B. local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization. national stereotypes. We don‘t see the people of other nations as they C. people enjoy the first-rate comforts. really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can D. everybody can enjoy the ?grand tour‘. test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these PassageFour five adjectives: musical, amorous (多情的), cold, pedantic(学究式的), native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ?great classless characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act society‘. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say, as a system of government has been completely discredited. The ?Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites‘ of that ?Latin peoples shout a lot‘. You monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you? victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn‘t bear out generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how the claim. trite(老一套的) it sounds! –That all people are human. We are all similar It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 25 页 共 32 页 be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational B. Those with the best brains. opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone C. those with wealth. with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities. The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ?survival of the 19. Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to fittest‘, and ?might is right‘ are still with us. The spread of education has a certain extent? Because destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based A. money decides everything. on merit. For ?aristocracy(贵族统治)‘ read ?meritocracy(英才统治‘; in B. Private schools offer advantages over state schools. other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly C. People are free to choose the way of educating their children. maintained. D. Wealth is used for political ends. Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing 20. According to the author, ?class divisions‘ refers to people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the A. Genius and stupidity. best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ?a good start in B. Different opportunities for people. life‘. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not C. Oppressor and the oppressed. D. the rich and the poor. consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20% they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also on your Answer Sheet. used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was. Believe me when I tell you that you have been given everything you In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, need. You already own the gifts you seek. They were given to you a long privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are time ago. Don‘t spend your lifetime seeking your happiness, when in rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are reality, you already have the means to it. The amazing part about this carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all secret is that no one can steal it from you. The gifts you have been given, political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist including your very own acres of diamonds are yours to keep and share whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant. as you see fit. Everyone is good at something, and you‘ll come to find out 16. What is the main idea of this passage? that the more you share your treasures, the shinier they get, and the more A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed valuable they become. In turn, you become a richer and happier person. the class system. B. Equality means money. Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20% C. There is no such society as classless society. Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer D. Nature can‘t give you a classless society. on your Answer Sheet. 17. According to the author, the same educational opportunities can‘t get rid of inequality because 承认我们深受偏见的影响没有什么不光彩的。这正是我们需要教育的原A. the principle ?survival of the fittest‘ exists. B. Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability. 因。教育，正好可以不断发现隐藏在我们头脑里的无知和偏见，它们就像隐藏C. Material rewards are for genuine ability. 在电脑里的病毒。除非我们保持警惕，不断检查电脑清除病毒。否则，某一天D. People have the freedom how to educate their children. 我们就会深陷麻烦。我们不知道在什么时候什么地方它们就会袭击我们，带来 18. Who can obtain more rapid success 严重后果。 A. Those with the best opportunities. 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 26 页 共 32 页 Part IV. Writing 20% Directions:Write a composition of about 150 words on the following title. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet. The Qualities Needed for a Good Boss 2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题答案 -25班) (适用于1 时间: 150分钟 2008.1.14 Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each) 1. ( B ) 2. ( D ) 3. ( D ) 4. ( C ) 5. ( A ) 6. ( D ) 7. ( C ) 8. ( C ) 9. ( B ) 10. ( A ) 11. ( A ) 12. ( C ) 13. ( B ) 14. ( B ) 15. ( D ) 16. ( A ) 17. ( B ) 18. ( C ) 19. ( A ) 20. ( D ) Part II: Translation from English to Chinese (20 points) (略) Part III: Translation from Chinese to English (20 points) It is no disgrace to admit that we are all heavily influenced by prejudices. And this is precisely the reason why we all need education. Education is just the progressive discovery of our ignorance and prejudices which are hidden in our mind like computer virus in a computer. And unless we stay alert and check our computer constantly and wipe out all the viruses, we will be in serious trouble some day. We will not know when and where they will hit us with serious consequences. Part IV: Writing (20 points) (略) 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 27 页 共 32 页 A. satisfying their physiological needs 2006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题 B. satisfying their self-realization needs (适用于30-53班) C. satisfying hierarchy of their higher-order need 时间: 150分钟D. first satisfying their lower-order needs 2007.7.7 2. Lower-order needs concern a person's _______. Part I: Reading Comprehension 40% A. essential physical needs C. self-realization Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the B. self-respect D. working relationships best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to with others complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on 3. Which of the following is NOT a higher need that attracts people to your Answer Sheet. work? Passage One A. Association with others. C. Interest value of the work. Most conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is, at least in part, directed towards the B. Possibility of earning a good salary . D. Cultivation of attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. self-respect. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examining the motives for working. Simon points out 4. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person Weiss? by offering him inducements(引诱)which contribute in some way to at least one of his goals. The kinds of inducements offered by an A. Physiological needs are the most basic. organization are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining B. There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met. participation they must necessarily be based on the needs of the C. Economic factors are the greatest inducement. individuals. D. Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor. Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He points out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives 5. Simon points out that ________. such as hunger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy(等级)whereby the lower-order A. the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realization needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher-order ones B. effective inducements must be based on what individuals want come into play. C. economic factors are not the only inducement for working One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract D. inducements must not be too varied and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducement for working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In Passage Two line with the social respect and self-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the effectively to induce people to work. family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more 1. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to work by _______. persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 28 页 共 32 页 process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally A. recruitment through election or recruitment. B. formal election process C. specific leadership training Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence D. traditional cultural patterns that there is any category of ―natural leaders‖. It seems that there is no set 8. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any from paragraph 2? person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet A. person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be the needs of that particular group. an effective leader in another group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is person. leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying Group members look to instrumental leaders to ―get things done‖. research on Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes leadership. the collective well beings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing of their emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension qualifications. and conflict among them. 9. In mentioning ―natural leaders‖ in line 7, the author is making the Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary point that _____ . relationship to other group members. They give others and may A. few people qualify as ―natural leaders‖ discipline group members who inhibit(阻碍) attainment of the groups B. there is no proof that ―natural leaders‖ exist goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary C. ―natural leaders‖ are easily accepted by the members of a group relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone D. ―natural leaders‖ share a similar set of characteristics experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide 10. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders __________ . generally receive more personal affection from group members; A. ensuring harmonious relationships instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, B. sharing responsibility with group members may enjoy a more distant respect. C. identifying new leaders D. achieving a goal 6. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The problems faced by leaders. Passage Three B. How leadership differs in small and large groups. Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, C. How social groups determine who will lead them. but their form and function, their dimensions and appearances, were D. The role of leaders in social groups. determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers 7. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can ? using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of become the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to leaders EXCEPT __________ . unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 29 页 共 32 页 visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it thinking. has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, 11. The main purpose of the author in writing this text is ________. and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but A. to demonstrate the role of nonverbal thinking in the development because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them. of technology The creative shaping process of a technologist‘s mind can be seen in B. to stress the importance of nonscientific thinking in engineering nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, design a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on C. to identify the two kinds of thinking that are used by technologists the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and D. to urge engineering institutes to attach importance to the fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where education of non-verbal thinking should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such 12. Which of the following statements is in agreement with the author‘s questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by opinion? physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and by a sense A. When one designs an object he usually first has in mind what it of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may should be like. depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of B. Compared with verbal or mathematical thought, nonverbal design remains primary. thought is regarded as a primitive stage of cognitive process. Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering C. Nonverbal thinking is in reality superior to verbal or mathematical curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, thought. involves perceptions, which is indispensable for an artist. Because D. Nonverbal thinking is becoming an even more important perceptive processes are not assumed to need ―hard thinking,‖ nonverbal component in design courses with the development of thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of technology. cognitive processes and is inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But 13. The author describes the predicament faced by the History American it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Engineering Record as ―paradoxical‖ (Para. 3) most probably because Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views ________. of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, A. architectural schools offered better training for their students in the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering engineering design students, but rather students attending architectural schools. B. college students should be better qualified to make the drawings If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering in engineering design curriculum provide the background required for practical C. the drawings needed were so complicated that only the students in problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but architectural schools had the capability of making them. costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, D. engineering students were not trained to make the type of early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated drawings needed to record the development of their own controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked discipline. snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague 14. The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed automatic control systems are not merely trivial errors in mechanical railroad cars primarily to indicate that ________. design, they are a reflection of chaos caused by the neglect of non-verbal A. a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects in design results in 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 30 页 共 32 页 poor conceptualization by engineers history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their B. neglect of trivial problems in mechanical design often causes lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies costly errors in engineering systems the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly C. designers of automatic control systems need to have a better accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates understanding of analytical problems the basic principle of historical method: that historians be alert to the D. design of modern engineering systems depends more on negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, nonscientific thinking than on mechanical knowledge convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also 15. Which of the following can best describe the function of non-verbal convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖ explanation of any event, that other thinking in the development of technology? explanations fall short of the truth. A. Vital C. Fundamental Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ( in B. Indispensable D. Preliminary the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its Passage Four own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the points ? periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, assimilates all events, past and present, into single deterministic schema what constitutes admissible and adequate proof. that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances. Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently 16. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text? fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, A. History is composed of unique and non-repeating events that must work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. evidence. The old questions ―What happened?‖ and ―How did it happen?‖ have B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques given way to the question ―Why did it happen?‖ Prominent among the and findings of psychologists. methods used to answer the question ―Why‖ is psychoanalysis, and its C. The traditional historians pay more attention to historical events use has given rise to psychohistory. while psychohistorians pay more attention to the emotional Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in causes. historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when D. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. in fashion even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho- historians traditional historical method. intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to 17. According to the text, traditional history can be distinguished Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to basically from psychohistory in that traditional historians ________. history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its A. usually view past events as complex and having their own ―facts‖ not from history, the detailed records of events and their individuality consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made B. narrate instead of analyzing and explaining historical events 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 31 页 共 32 页 C. interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature on your Answer Sheet. is transcended D. never use psychological explanations in historical contexts to In that tradition, when dad needs something, he goes and gets it. So account for events when it‘s time to buy him a gift, all that‘s left is stuff he didn‘t really 18. It can be inferred from the text that the methods used by want. The question becomes, what do you get for the guy who has psychohistorians probably prevent them from ________. everything? Choosing the right gift can be a minefield. It‘s not the gift A. uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to that matters. It‘s not really the thought that counts, either. You have to question their own conclusions find a gift that says, ―Hey, dad, I really understand who you are and this B. producing a one-sided picture of an individual‘s personality and is a symbol of our relationship.‖ motivations Moreover, some dads have trouble switching roles from giver to C. presenting their material in chronological order receiver. ―I tell my kids, ?you don‘t have to get me anything,‘‖ says Rick D. offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on Flynn. His philosophy is, ―Let me take care of you.‖ ―But at the same historical events time,‖ he admits, ―I‘m thinking, ?Gee, I hope I get that drill.‖ 19. The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions? Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20% A. What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer historical interpretation? on your Answer Sheet. B. When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional 加强企业间的合作是当今世界企业发展的重要方向。中国进一步发展经济、history first established? 扩大开放，对各国企业就意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与国外、C. What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical 海外企业积极开展经济技术合作，取得了巨大成就。这些企业帮助了中国企业analysis? 的成长，同时也在合作中获得了利益，取得了互利和共赢的结果。中国政府愿D. What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by 意继续提供便利和条件，推动中国企业与国外、海外企业进一步开展合作。 traditional historians? 20. Which of the following does the author mention as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians? Part IV. Writing 20% A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than Directions: Write a composition of about 200 words on the following narrative form. title. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet. B. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars. Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits C. Past and current events are all placed within the same all of humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money deterministic schema. for this type of research is wasted. Tell which view you agree with D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more and explain why. consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure. 2006级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题答案 (适用于30-53班) 时间: 150分钟 Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20% Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer 2007.7.7 校训:耐劳苦、尚简朴、勤学业、爱国家 重庆大学研究生试卷(2011版) 第 32 页 共 32 页 Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each) 1. ( D ) 2. ( A ) 3. ( C ) 4. ( C ) 5. ( B ) 6. ( D ) 7. ( C ) 8. ( A ) 9. ( B ) 10. ( D ) 11. ( B ) 12. ( A ) 13. ( D ) 14. ( A ) 15. ( C ) 16. ( A ) 17. ( B ) 18. ( A ) 19. ( D ) 20. ( C ) Part II: Translation from English to Chinese (20 points) (略) Part III: Translation from Chinese to English (20 points) Closer cooperation between enterprises is a major trend in enterprise development today. China will develop its economy further and open itself still wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have vigorously undertaken economic and technical cooperation with overseas enterprises and scored tremendous achievements. While helping Chinese enterprises develop, overseas enterprises have also benefited from the cooperation, hence mutual benefit and win-win. The Chinese Government stands ready to continue to offer facilities and necessary conditions for closer cooperation between Chinese enterprises and their overseas counterparts. Part IV: Writing (20 points) (略)