高三英语《10.独立主格》复习教案

独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词; 名词(代词)+形容词; 名词(代词)+副词; 名词(代词)+不定式; 名词(代词)+介词短语构成。 独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。 他夹着本厚书，走出图书馆 示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构:with +名词(代词) +现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.注意: 1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。 2)当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。 典型例题: Weather___, we\'ll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为\'天气允许\'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we\'ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。 第1页共10页 温馨推荐 您可前往百度文库小程序 享受更优阅读体验 不去了 立即体验 1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3)表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I don\'t want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth\"到……时间了\"\"该……了\"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. \"时间已迟了\"\"早该……了\" ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had)rather sb. did sth.表示\'宁愿某人做某事\'。例如:I\'d rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2)情态动词could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗? used to + do:\"过去常常\"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或\"习惯于\",to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It\'s 69568442. A. didn\'t B. couldn\'t C. don\'t D. can\'t 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first?我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗? 2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 If you are going to make a journey, you\'d better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) I\'m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排) 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。 2)以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 I\'ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: I\'m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可 have (has)+过去分词。 1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。例如: I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了) I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了) Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了) Who hasn\'t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争) He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. 1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time (that)I\'ve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如: This is the best film that I\'ve (ever)seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 (1)---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 (2)---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it\'s the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。) 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(错)Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或Harry has been 1)since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如: I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2)since +一段时间+ ago。例如: I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3)since +从句。例如: Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4）It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 1）用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。（表结果） I\'ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2）用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示\"做……直到……\" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示\"到……，才……\"。例如： He didn\'t come back until ten o\'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o\'clock.他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You don\'t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. ---I\'m sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 1）概念：表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前那时现在 2）用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。 c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\"原本…，未能…\"。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn\'t. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。 3）过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. \"把书忘在办公室\"发生在\"去取书\"这一过去的动作之前，因此\"忘了书\"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在\"同学们正忙于……\"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意：had hardly…when还没等……就……。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than刚……就……。例如： 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 1）两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。 2 ）两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3）叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 1）构成will have done 2）概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。 b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 It\'s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don\'t find B. is missing, don\'t find C. has lost, haven\'t found D. is missing, haven\'t found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3）常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。典型例题 1）Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，\"玛丽在做衣服时\"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2）As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading；fell C. was reading；was falling D. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为\"当……之时\"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为\"在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。 ，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 1）概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：She\'ll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。 I\'ll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。 注意：将来进行时不用于表示\"意志\"，不能说I\'ll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I\'ll be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题 （1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeeded C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 （2）表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。） 1 ）\"书上说\"，\"报纸上说\"等。例如： The newspaper says that it\'s going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2）叙述往事，使其生动。例如： Napoleon\'s army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。 1）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如： I hear （= have heard）he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten）how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 2）用句型\" It is …since…\"代替\"It has been …since …\"。例如： 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。 在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：There goes the bell. 铃响了。 1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。 2）渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：He is dying. 他要死了。 1）如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如： At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时，人们不知道地球是动的。 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。 2）宾语从句中的，助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如： He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。 时态时间状语 一般现在时every…, sometimes,at…, on Sunday等 一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等 一般将来时next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等 现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等 过去完成时before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等 过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening…when, while等 将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening