口服药发放登记本

口服药发放登记本 日期 姓 名 药名及用法 患者签字 发药人 血糖监测登记本 日期 患者姓名 时间 血糖结果 备注 脑血管疾病护理 病情观察: 1(严密观察病情变化 如有意识障碍加重、头痛剧烈、瞳孔大小不等、血压升高、呼吸脉搏慢，即有再次出血或脑疵的可能，应及时通知医生，做好降颅压、止血等抢救工作;如突然失语、肢体瘫痪程度加重、意识障碍加深等，可能有新的栓塞形成，应及时通知医生处理。 2(脑梗死应用肝素抗凝或选用链激酶、 尿激酶 或rt,PA溶栓 治疗者，每日测KBTT1次，密切观察有无出血倾向，如口腔粘膜、牙龈和皮下出血及血尿、黑便等;备好鱼精蛋白锌、6一氨基己酸等药物对抗治疗。 对症护理: 1(对蛛网膜下腔出血患者头痛、呕吐严重者，应积极做好降低颅内压的治疗。 2(高热、抽搐、瘫痪、失语者按相应的护理常规。 一般护理: 1(急性期绝对卧床脑梗死者取平卧位;脑出血者床头抬高15o,30o;蛛网膜下腔出血者卧床4,6周，复发者延长8周。尽量避免移动头部和不必要的操作，每2,4h翻身1次。 2(病情危重者24—48h内禁食，48h给予鼻饲流质;神清而无吞咽困难者给流质或半流质饮食。有高血压、心脏病患者给予低脂或低盐饮食。 3(避免情绪激动，保持大便通畅。 健康指导: 蛛网膜下腔出血患者痊愈后不宜从事过重的体力劳动及剧烈 的体育活动，生活有规律，避免情绪激动，定期检查，女性患者 1—2年内应避免怀孕。 急性心力衰竭是指因某种原因在短期内使心肌收缩力明显降低和心脏负荷明显增加，导致心排出量急剧下降，体循环或肺循环压力急剧上升的临床综合征。临床以急性左心衰竭常见，表现为急性肺水肿、心源性休克或心跳骤停。现就我科近几年来救治急性左心衰竭所致肺水肿的护理如下: 1 一般资料 我科自2003年1月至2007年3月共收治急性心源性肺水肿16例。其中，高血压性心脏病10例，风湿性心脏瓣膜病3例，急性心肌梗死3例，男11例，女5例，年龄32,72岁。 2 护理体会 患者入院后护理组必须分工明确，按护理程序有条不紊、争分夺秒地抢救患者。本病主要矛盾为心肌收缩力降低和心负荷过重所致的肺瘀血，导致肺通气功能障碍。因此，护理重点应围绕改善通气、减轻心脏负荷进行，心脏的减负必须依赖静脉通道的建立后使用各种药物得以实施。 2.1 体位 患者入院时极度呼吸困难，必须予以半坐卧位，双足下垂，必要时四肢轮扎止血带,每侧20分钟，以减少静脉回流，减轻心脏前负荷，改善肺通气。 2.2 迅速有效纠正低氧血症 给予高流量、高浓度氧气吸入，6,8L/min，将氧气通过,,,浓度酒精湿化瓶后吸入，有利于消除泡沫，改善通气功能。吸氧方式可用鼻导管、面罩给氧，必要时给予呼吸机辅助呼吸，至少维持PaO2>70mmHg，或SaO2>90%。密切观察呼吸困难症状是否缓解，呼吸频率是否减慢。缺氧改善后改常规低流量吸氧。 2.3 药物疗效的观察与护理 2.3.1 镇静剂使用的护理 若无哮喘、呼吸抑制、房室传导阻滞等禁忌证，应迅速按医嘱给予吗啡注射液5mg加入生理盐水10ml缓慢静脉推注，推注时间不应少于10分钟。推注过程和过后必须严密监控呼吸和心率变化，注意有无呼吸抑制。本组病例均全部使用，无不良反应发生。 2.3.2 血管扩张剂使用的护理 本组病例除2例入院时已并发心源性休克外，均予以微泵推注硝普钠。该药起效快，动、静脉均扩张，但水溶液遇光不稳定，使用时必须新鲜配制，严密避光，速度为10滴/min,注射过程应严密观察血压、心率、心律变化，随时调整速度，使血压控制在90/60mmHg以上;如果患者血压升高，应使血压控制在140/90mmHg以下为好。超过6h后应重新配制使用。 2.3.3 静注毛花甙丙的护理 患者入院后迅速进行动态十二导联心电图观察和心肌酶谱检查，排除急性心肌梗死后给予洋地黄负荷量。本组给予毛花甙丙注射液0.4mg加生理盐水20ml缓慢静脉注射，推注时间不应少于5分钟。心衰时心率可达140,160次/min，心衰控制后心率逐渐降低。同时注意观察有无中毒征，包括胃肠道、心脏和神经系统症状，尤其合并有肾功能不全、低血钾、贫血、老年人等应特别注意。 2.3.4 应用利尿药的护理 利尿药能减少血容量和减轻心脏前负荷，入院后立即据情况予20,40mg静脉注射。使用后应观察利尿效果和不良反应，准确记录尿量，一般用药后1,2小时排300ml以上尿量，心衰症状有所减轻，否则要评估原因。是药物剂量不足，还是血容量不足。同时抽血监测电解质，防止血钾过低。 2.4 心源性休克的护理 本组出现心源性休克2例，血压80/50mmHg。护理措施包括绝对卧床休息、保暖、持续心电监护，严密观察患者神志、血压、心率、心律、SPO2、呼吸频率、节律和深度，动态心电图实时了解心电活动和心肌供血情况，行深静脉穿剌，监测CVP和PCWP， 根据CVP和PCWP测量结果决定输液量，调整、控制输液速度，记录24小时出入水量。抽血监测血气分析，准确记录给药前后的变化。同时，做好基础护理，包括口腔护理、皮肤护理，保持床单平整、干净等。 3 心理护理 急性左心衰病人情绪反应比较强烈，而情绪反应又加重病情。因此，在接诊时以热情关怀的态度、真诚关注的表情、亲切和蔼的言语接待病人。抢救时沉着、稳重、严谨、有序，减轻和稳定患者的情绪。在患者病情稳定后，解释各种操作目的、心衰发作的诱因，帮助患者客观地看待自已的病情，消除恐惧心理，树立战胜疾病的信心，积极配合治疗。 4 健康教育 健康教育对患者的康复十分重要。在病情好转并稳定后对患者及其家属进行相关知识宣教，如积极控制高血压、合理膳食。饮食要清淡，肥胖者应减轻体重，降低基础代谢率，减轻心脏负担，有冠心病者应低盐、低脂饮食，戒烟、戒酒，注意营养搭配，少食多餐。积极控制各种感染，预防感冒。注意休息和合理活动，适度运动以有氧运动为标准。增强自身抵抗能力，保持乐观，稳定情绪，家庭成员之间要和睦相处，精神上要避免给患者剌激。教会患者出院后病情的自我观察，知道什么情况可能是心衰发生或加重，让患者知道所用药物是什么、副作用的表现和自我观察的方法，学会数脉搏和掌握脉搏节律的特点。定期复诊，监测各项心肺功能指标。同时，建立患者健康档案，定期电话随访，给予各种指导。 5 讨论 急性肺水肿是指血浆渗入到肺间质、肺泡内影响气体交换而引起的临床综合征。心源性肺水肿是急性左心衰竭最严重的表现，出现呼吸困难、紫绀、咯粉红色泡沫样痰，迅速发生心源性休克、昏迷而导致死亡。救治原则是迅速改善氧合作用，降低升高的肺毛细血管静水压，增加左心室心搏量，减轻心脏负荷和消除病人的紧张焦虑以及纠治诱因或病因。常见诱因有感染、情绪激动、 过度体力劳动、输液过多过快、贫血、出血、妊娠或分娩等。入院后护理人员根据分工对上述措施同时展开，迅速给予高浓度吸氧和建立有效静脉通道，按医嘱及时给予各种急救药品并密切观察血压、心率、心律、神志、尿量等变化，对疗效和护理措施进行科学评估。只有制定科学合理的护理计划，并得到很好地实施，才能取得很好的护理效果。 冠心病 护理 自我防治 被誉为"人类健康第一杀手"的心血管疾病已成为中国第一致死原因,而冠心病就是其中最主要的一种心脏病.现在医学科学研究证明,冠心病除了脏器功能减退造成心绞痛发作外,家庭环境,生活条件和社会因素等的改变所引起的心里状态的变(主要指不良刺激的作用),均可导致心绞痛的发作.因此,在治疗冠心病时,除了要注重药物治疗外,尤其要加强心里治疗的护理和 自我防治意识的增强. 1 症状及体征的观察 冠心病是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的简称.冠状动脉发生了粥样硬化,久而久之,越积越多,使冠状动脉管腔严重狭窄甚至闭塞,从而导致心肌血流量减少,心脏供血不足,而表现出胸闷、憋气、胸痛、呼吸困难等症状.如果治 疗不及时,可导致心肌梗塞甚至猝死. 护士应按护理级别勤巡视患者,配合医生的治疗,提供详细的病情资料,定时测量脉搏、心率、心律、呼吸、血压等,必要时送入监护病房进行24小时 的心电、呼吸、血压的观察. 2 护理 2.1 一般护理 对病人要有高度的同情心和责任心,要以亲切的语言和和蔼的态度,端庄的举止和朴实的作风,积极主动的与患者接触.尤其要注意第一次接触,尽可能的让患者得到安慰,尽快消除紧张和恐惧心理.病房内要保持 清洁安静,温、湿度要适宜并经常通风换气,营造良好的治疗环境. 2.2 生活护理 护士要经常关心、体贴病人.很多病人患病后,性格上都有不同程度的改变,加之生理功能上的衰退导致出现许多不良习惯及行为.例如:失眠、易躁、多疑、阴郁、厌物等.还有一些病人意志消沉,缺乏战胜疾病的 信心. 对此情况,医护人员要在生活上更加的体贴和关心病人.尤其是那些无人照料、孤独无助的病人,应投以无微不至的关心,做到对待病人和蔼可亲、不急不躁,多多帮助病人做一些力所能及的事,用温暖病人的心使病人心情舒畅, 安心养病. 2.3 饮食护理 病人住院期间,一方面要进行系统的药物治疗,另一方面要正 确指导患者饮食治疗的重要性. 如介绍一些高维生素,富含纤维的水果、蔬菜,低脂、低糖、低盐及易消化的食物,避免油腻刺激性食物的摄入量,以少食多餐为原则,增强自身抵抗力. 2.4 心里护理 护士要向病人交代疾病治疗的长期性、复杂性和危险性.但不要造成病人对疾病的恐惧和害怕.临床无数病例证明:人们的心理活动与生理活动是密切相关的,紧张、不愉快的情绪会造成不良的心里刺激.应鼓励病 人正确对待疾病,积极配合,动员病人家属在病房内营造祥和温暖的人际氛围,让病人在疾病面前,有一种心里寄托.护士应与患者不断沟通,从而保持亲切感,拉近距离,做患者的贴心天使.尽量满足患者的要求,像亲人般倾听患者 的倾诉,排解心中的压印,使其放松紧张情绪,减少发病几率. 3 加强自我防治意识 3.1 自我监视 平时注意监视自我身体的有无异常变化,如食欲、睡眠、体重、精力、精神情绪、排泄物及分泌物,有无胸痛、胸闷、心悸等症状.若有以上 异常症状,应及时到正规医院做检查,已得到及时的治疗. 3.2 自我防治 3.2.1 建立健康的生活方式养成良好的生活习惯.不良的生活方式、行为及心理因素都会造成慢性身心疾病.因此多多提倡衣、食、住、行、生活习惯、 爱好、学习、工作、运动等都要按照科学要求,作出合理的安排. 3.2.2 保持最佳的心里状态是预防疾病的重要因素.经常接触大自然的美景,吸入新鲜空气,使之心旷神怡、心胸开阔,以坚强的意志去克服不正常的心理 情绪. 3.2.3 适当的运动锻炼.经常运动锻炼可使人体魄健壮,增强心、肺功能的储备,促进新陈代谢的活跃,使精力充沛、情绪稳定、思维敏捷,有利于减少疾病的复发,延缓衰老.对于冠心病人不要做过激的运动,运动量也不要过大.因冠心病人本身有胸闷、心悸、呼吸困难等症状.所以要做一些适合自己的运 动,如散步、太极拳、跳舞等.最主要的是要做到持之以恒. 3.2.4 创造合理的膳食结构.全面均衡的营养,是保证健康长寿,预防疾病的基本要素.冠心病人要适当摄取低脂、高维生素,富含纤维的水果、蔬菜,易 消化的食物等,以少食多餐为原则. 4 讨论 冠心病发作的诱因,大多是由于家庭社会因素所致.因此,除了必要的心里治疗外,自我防治措施也是不可缺少的手段.二者相辅相成,缺一不可.尤其在当前冠心病人成为社会问题的情况下,加强这方面的实践和深入研究,更有其 重要意义. 1(有无泌尿道、皮肤、肺部等感染，女性有无外阴部皮肤痛痒。 2(有无食欲减退，恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、呼吸加快、加深，呼气呈烂苹果气味及脱水等酮症酸中毒表现。 3(有无低血糖。 4(有无四肢麻木等周围神经炎表现。 5(辅助检查尿糖定性、空腹血糖检查及口服葡萄糖耐量试验(GOTT)测定均要准确 符合操作规范。 【对症护理】 1(饮食护理 (1)让患者明确饮食控制的重要性，从而自觉遵守饮食规定。 (2)应严格定时进食，对使用胰岛素治疗的患者尤应注意。 (3)检查每次进餐情况，如有剩余，必须计算实际进食量，供医师作治疗中参考。 (4)控制总热量，当患者出现饥饿感时可增加蔬菜及豆制品等副食。 (5)有计划地更换食品，以免患者感到进食单调乏味。 2(应用胰岛素的护理 (1)胰岛素的保存:中效及长效胰岛素比普通胰岛素稳定。同样在5?情况下，前两者为3年而后者为3个月，使用期间宜保存在室温20度以下。 (2)应用时注意胰岛素的换算。 (3)剂量必须准确，抽吸时避免振荡。 (4)两种胰岛素合用时，先抽吸正规胰岛素后抽吸鱼精蛋白胰岛素。 (5)胰岛素注射部位选择与安排，胰岛素常用于皮下注射，宜选皮肤疏松部位，有计划按顺序轮换注射。每次要改变部位，以防注射部位组织硬化，脂肪萎缩影响胰岛素的吸收，注射部位消毒应严密以防感染。 (6)低血糖反应:表现为疲乏，强烈饥饿感，甚至死亡，一旦发生低血糖反应，立即抽血检查血糖外，可口服糖水或静注 50,葡萄糖 40m，待患者清醒后再让其进食，以防止再昏迷。 [一般护理] 1(生活有规律，身体情况许可，可进行适当的运动，以促进碳水化合物的利用，减少胰岛素的需要量。 2(注意个人卫生，预防感染，糖尿病常因脱水和抵抗力下降，皮肤容易干燥发痒，也易合并皮肤感染，应定时给予擦身或沐浴，以保持皮肤清洁。此外，应避免袜紧、鞋硬，弓愧血管闭塞而发生坏疽或皮肤破损而致感染。 3(按时测量体重以作计算饮食和观察疗效的参考。 4(必要时记录出入水量。 5(每日分3—4段留尿糖定性，必要时测24h尿糖定量。 [健康指导, 1(帮助患者(或家属)掌握有关糖尿病治疗的知识，树立战胜疾病的信心。 2(帮助患者学会尿糖定性试验，包括试剂法和试纸法有关事项。 3(掌握饮食治疗的具体措施，按规定热量进食，定时进食，避免偏食、过食与绝食，采用清淡食品，使菜谱多样化，多食蔬菜。 (应用降糖药物时，指导患者观察药物疗效、副作用及掌握 4 其处理方法。 5(帮助患者及其家属学会胰岛素注射技术，掌握用药，观察常见反应。 6(预防和识别低血糖反应和酮症酸中毒的方法及低血糖反应的处理。 7(注意皮肤清洁，尤其要对足部、口腔、阴部的清洁，预防感染，有炎症、痈和创伤时要及时治疗。 8(避免精神创伤及过度劳累。 9(定期门诊复查，平时外出时注意随带糖尿病治疗情况卡 十四项核心 医院内感染(nosocomial infections)为病人在住院期间发生的感染。住院前获得的感染，住院时正值潜伏期，于住院后发病者不能作为医院内感染;反之，住院期内获得的感染，出院后才发病者，应作医院内感染计。新生儿通过产道时发生的感染，如B组链球菌感染，为医院内感染;经胎盘传播的胎儿感染，如先天性梅毒、风疹、巨细胞病毒感染、单纯疱疹、弓形体病等皆属院外感染。住院时已存在的感染在住院期间有所扩展或发生并发症者皆不能视为医院内感染，除非其病原菌有所改变。住院时已有的感染，根据流行病学资料说明此感染与以前的住院有关，此种情况应作医院内感染计。潜伏期不明的感染和发生于住院后48,72h内者，应视为院内感染，除非流行病学和临床资料能说明此感染系在院外获得者。 【病因】 (一)细菌 绝大多数(95,以上)的医院内感染为细菌所致，其中60,,65,为革兰阴性杆菌，主要为大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌、变形杆菌等肠杆菌科细菌、绿脓杆菌和不动杆菌属，聚团肠杆菌污染输液后引起败血症的情况近年来时有报道。新生儿病房，鼠伤寒杆菌及痢疾杆菌感染的暴发流行也偶有发生。引起医院内感染的病原菌常对多种抗菌药物耐药。 金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)、表皮葡萄球菌(表葡菌)等凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肠球菌是医院内感染常见的革兰阳性球菌。金葡菌耐药性仍很严重，目前临床上产青霉素酶的菌株达90,以上，耐甲氧西林金葡菌也日益增多，在一些大医院中可占葡萄球菌临床分离株的60,或以上，并可在医院某些病区造成爆发流行。在留置静脉导管、静脉导管及脑室引流管病人中以表葡菌较为常见，呈上升趋势，表葡菌亦可引起骨科人工装置、人工心脏瓣膜等的感染。肠球菌主要引起尿路感染和伤口感染，近年来随着头孢菌素类的广泛应用，各种肠球菌感染有增多趋势。B组溶血性链球菌为新生儿脑膜炎和败血症的主要致病菌，A组溶血性链球菌可引起术后伤口感染。 嗜肺军团菌和其它军团菌属为医院内肺部感染常见病原菌。据报道嗜肺军团菌肺炎的发病率约占医院内获得性肺炎的3, 10,。生长较快的分支杆菌，如鸟分支杆菌(Mavium)、龟分支杆菌(M.chelonei)和偶然分支杆菌(M.fortuitum)等可在心脏手术后造成胸骨骨髓炎、心包炎和心内膜炎，以及其它外科手术伤口感染和肌肉注射引起的感染。胎儿弯曲杆菌为腹泻的致病菌之一。 类杆菌为厌氧菌感染最常见的病原菌，可引起胃肠道和妇科手术后的腹腔和盆腔感染，梭杆菌属、消化球菌和放线菌属等可引起口腔及呼吸系统的感染，如吸入性肺炎、坏死性肺炎、肺脓肿、脓胸等。由类杆菌、丙酸杆菌所致的败血症和心内膜炎并非少见。抗生素应用后发生的肠炎系由难辨梭菌所致，后者可在医院内散播。 (二)真菌 念珠菌、曲菌和某些其它条件致病性真菌为二重感染的常见致病菌，多发生于应用抗生素和皮质激素的病人以及粒细胞减少患者。念珠菌属中80,为白色念珠菌，近年来热带念珠菌、克柔念珠菌有增多趋势。念珠菌除为医院内肺部感染和消化道感染的病原菌外，也可在静脉保留插管时引起败血症和免疫缺陷病人造成粘膜皮肤念珠菌病。曲菌为急性非淋巴细胞白血病病人感染中常见致病菌之一，曲菌肺部感染亦并非少见。此外在免疫缺陷病人中隐球菌性脑膜炎也可发生。由于绷带和筒形石膏污染可造成根霉菌和曲菌蜂窝织炎。 (三)病毒 病毒也是医院内感染的重要病原体。常见的病毒性院内感染有呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒所致的呼吸道感染、流感、风疹、病毒性肝炎等。新生儿对鼻病毒最易感，柯萨奇病毒B可引起新生儿感染并形成流行。由轮状病毒和诺瓦克因子所致的腹泻多发生于婴儿和老年人。单纯疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒和疱疹-水痘病毒皆可在医院内形成流行。 (四)其他 沙眼衣原体所致的结膜炎和肺炎见于新生儿。尿支原体和Gardnarella vaginalis可寄殖于肾移植病人，后者也易感染肺孢子虫和弓形体。输血时可传播疟疾等。阿米巴原虫、犬弓首蛔虫和粪类圆线虫感染常见于精神病病人或智能低下儿童。类圆线虫也可借器官移植而散播。 预防措施 1、隔离患者; 2、检疫; 3、检查病原携带者。 医院感染的监测指系统地连续观察在医院的人群中医院感染发生的频率和分布以及影响感染的有关因素。其目的是加强医院感染的预防和控制，消除医院感染的危险因素，并根据监测过程中发现的问题提出相应的具体措施，以降低或减少医院感染的发生，保护医院环境中特殊人群的健康。 急性心肌梗塞 求助编辑百科名片 急性心肌梗塞 急性心肌梗塞(acute myocardial infarction，AMI)又叫急性心肌梗死，是指因持久而严重的心肌缺血所致的部分心肌急性坏死。临床表现常有持久的胸骨后剧烈疼痛、急性循环功能障碍、心律失常、心力衰竭、发热、白细胞计数和血清心肌损伤标记酶的升高以及心肌急性损伤与坏死的心电图进行性演变。按梗塞范围，心肌梗塞可分为透壁性心肌梗塞和心内膜下心肌梗塞两类。按病变发展过程，心肌梗塞可分为急性心肌梗塞与陈旧性心肌梗塞。 冠状动脉管腔内血栓形成 ?心肌梗塞前无心绞痛病史者:冠状动脉粥样硬化使管腔狭窄一般都在70%以下，原管腔较为通畅，该动脉供血的区域无有效的侧支循环，血栓使管腔突然完全堵塞，受此血管供血的心肌急性坏死。该类病人发病急骤，症状严重，心肌坏死常自心内膜下至心外膜下贯通 心室壁全层。其梗塞部位室壁常变薄向外扩张，在发病1周内易并发心脏破裂，血栓堵塞在冠状动脉大分支近端，贯通性梗死累及范围较广，常发生急性左心衰、心源性休克及室壁瘤形成。 ?原有心绞痛史或陈旧性心肌梗塞史者:急性血栓堵塞另一支冠状动脉，不仅使其供血部位发生急性心肌坏死，并阻断了提供原缺血和陈旧心肌梗塞部位的侧支循环，使病情较前更为严重。 ?多支冠状动脉粥样硬化:在某支冠脉斑块已使管腔极为狭窄处发生急性血栓堵塞者，一般既往多有心绞痛史，可因存在一定数量的侧支循环对心外膜下心肌起了保护作用，急性堵塞所致的心肌坏死可能仅限于心内膜下心肌，呈多发灶性坏死，梗塞范围较小，故不易发生心脏破裂及室壁瘤形成。 ?在冠脉斑块处血栓形成不完全堵塞:病人常出现不稳定性心绞痛，也可导致心内膜下急性心肌梗塞，心电图无异常Q波，此时应进行血清心肌酶学检查，以助诊断。 冠状动脉痉挛 在一组急性心肌梗塞病人发病后12h内做的冠脉造影中，显示有冠脉痉挛者占40%，向闭塞冠脉注入硝酸甘油能使闭塞的管腔开放或部分开放，说明该组急性心肌梗塞是由冠脉痉挛造成。 粥样硬化斑块内或斑块下出血 富含脂质的软斑块表面的纤维覆盖帽较薄，加上斑块的外形，其中脂肪灶处于偏心位置，受血流冲击易于破裂。除这些易损斑块的结构以外，由冠状动脉腔内压力急性改变、冠状动脉张力改变、随着每次心搏冠状动脉弯曲及扭转等外界因素都可使易损的斑块破裂或内膜下出血，诱发血小板聚集血栓形成，使冠状动脉阻塞，导致心肌梗塞。 心排血量骤降 休克、脱水、出血、外科手术或严重心律失常，致心排血量骤降，冠状动脉灌流量锐减。 心肌需氧量猛增 重体力活动、血压升高或情绪激动，致左心室负荷明显增加，儿茶酚胺分泌增多，心肌需氧量猛增，冠状动脉供血明显不足，导致心 [1]肌细胞缺血、坏死。 编辑本段临床表现 先兆症状 急性心肌梗塞约2/3病人发病前数天有先兆症状，最常见为心绞痛，其次是上腹疼痛、胸闷憋气、上肢麻木、头晕、心慌、气急、烦躁等。其中心绞痛一半为初发型心绞痛，另一半原有心绞痛，突然发作频繁或疼痛程度加重、持续时间延长，诱因不明显，硝酸甘油疗效差，心绞痛发作时伴有恶心、呕吐、大汗、心动过速、急性心功能不全、严重心律失常或血压有较大波动，同时心电图示ST段一时性明显抬高或压低，T波倒置或增高，应警惕近期内发生心肌梗死的可能。发现先兆，及时积极治疗，有可能使部分病人避免发生心肌梗塞。 临床症状 (1)疼痛:是急性心肌梗塞中最先出现和最突出的症状，典型的部位为胸骨后直到咽部或在心前区，向左肩、左臂放射。疼痛有时在上腹部或剑突处，同时胸骨下段后部常憋闷不适，或伴有恶心、呕吐，常见于下壁心肌梗死。不典型部位有右胸、下颌、颈部、牙齿、罕见头部、下肢大腿甚至脚趾疼痛。疼痛性质为绞榨样或压迫性疼痛，或 为紧缩感、烧灼样疼痛，常伴有烦躁不安、出汗、恐惧，或有濒死感。持续时间常大于30min，甚至长达10余小时，休息和含服硝酸甘油一般不能缓解。 少数急性心肌梗塞病人无疼痛，而是以心功能不全、休克、猝死及心律失常等为首发症状。无疼痛症状也可见于以下情况:?伴有糖尿病的病人;?老年人;?手术麻醉恢复后发作急性心肌梗塞者;?伴有脑血管病的病人;?脱水、酸中毒的病人。 (2)全身症状:主要是发热，伴有心动过速、白细胞增高和红细胞沉降率增快等，由于坏死物质吸收所引起。一般在疼痛发生后24,48h出现，程度与梗死范围常呈正相关，体温一般在38?上下，很少超过39?，持续1周左右。 (3)胃肠道症状:疼痛剧烈时常伴有频繁的恶心、呕吐和上腹胀痛，与迷走神经受坏死心肌刺激和心排血量降低，组织灌注不足等有关。肠胀气亦不少见。重症者可发生呃逆。 (4)心律失常:见于75%,95%的病人，多发生在起病1,2周内，而以24h内最多见，可伴乏力、头晕、昏厥等症状。室性心律失常最为多见，尤其是室性过早搏动，若室性过早搏动频发(5次/min以上)，成对出现或呈短阵室性心动过速，多源性或落在前一心搏的易损期(RonT)时，常预示即将发生室性心动过速或心室颤动。一些病人发病即为心室颤动，可引起心源性猝死。加速性室性自主心律也时有发生。各种程度的房室传导阻滞和束支传导阻滞也较多见，严重者可为完全性房室传导阻滞。室上性心律失常则较少见，多发生在心力衰竭者中。前壁心肌梗塞易发生室性心律失常;下壁心肌梗塞易发生房室传导阻滞;前壁心肌梗死若发生房室传导阻滞时，说明梗死范围广泛，且常伴有休克或心力衰竭，故情况严重，预后较差。 (5)低血压和休克:疼痛期中常见血压下降，若无微循环衰竭的表现仅能称之为低血压状态。如疼痛缓解而收缩压仍低于80mmHg，病人烦躁不安、面色苍白、皮肤湿冷、脉细而快、大汗淋漓、尿量减少(<20ml/h)、神志迟钝、甚至昏厥者则为休克的表现。休克多在起病后数小时至1周内发生，见于20%的病人，主要是心源性，为心肌广泛(40%以上)坏死，心排血量急剧下降所致，神经反射引起的周围血管扩张为次要因素，有些病人尚有血容量不足的因素参与。严重的休克 可在数小时内死亡，一般持续数小时至数天，可反复出现。 (6)心力衰竭:发生率30%,40%，此时一般左心室梗死范围已>20%，为梗塞后心肌收缩力明显减弱，心室顺应性降低和心肌收缩不协调所致。主要是急性左心衰竭，可在发病最初数天内发生或在疼痛、休克好转阶段出现，也可突然发生肺水肿为最初表现。病人出现胸部压闷，窒息性呼吸困难，端坐呼吸、咳嗽、咳白色或粉色泡沫痰、出汗、发绀、烦躁等，严重者可引起颈静脉怒张、肝大、水肿等右心衰竭的表现。右心室心肌梗塞者可一开始即出现右心衰竭表现， [2]伴血压下降。 辅助检查 (一)白细胞计数发病 1周内白细胞可增至10,000,20,000/mm3，中性粒细胞多在75%,90%，嗜酸粒细胞减少或消失。 (二)红细胞沉降率 红细胞沉降率增快，可维持1,3周。 (三)血清酶测定 血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CK或CPK)发病6小时内出现，24小时达高峰，48,72小时后消失，阳性率达92.7%。谷草转氨酶(AST或GOT)发病后6,12小时升高，24,48小时达高峰，3,6天后降至正常。乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)发病后8,12小时升高，2,3天达高峰，1,2周才恢复正常。近年来还用α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)、γ-谷酰基磷酸转肽酶(γ-GTP)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)等。肌酸磷酸激酶有3种同工酶，其中CK-MB来自心肌，其诊断敏感性和特异性均极高，分别达到100%和99%，它升高的幅度和持续的时间常用于判定梗死的范围和严重性。乳酸脱氢酶有5种同工酶，其中LDH1来源于心肌，在急性心肌梗死后数小时总乳酸脱氢酶尚未出现前就已出现，可持续10天，其阳性率超过95%。 (四)肌红蛋白测定 尿肌红蛋白排泄和血清肌红蛋白含量测定，助于诊断急性心肌梗死。尿肌红蛋白在梗死后5,40小时开始排泄，持续平均可达83小 时。血清肌红蛋白的升高出现时间较CK出现时间略早，在4小时左右，高峰消失较CK快，多数24小时即恢复正常。 (五)其他血清肌凝蛋白轻链或重链，血清游离脂肪酸，在急性心肌梗死后均增高。 血清游离脂肪酸显著增高者易发生严重室性心律失常。此外，急性心肌梗死时，由于应激反应，血糖可升高，糖耐量可暂降低，约2,3周后恢复正常。 编辑本段治疗 前驱症状的治疗 前驱症状的出现可能为濒临心肌梗塞的表现。此时病人宜住院，及时而积极地按治疗不稳定型心绞痛的措施处理，可减少这些病人发病的机会。 入院前的处理 AMI病人约2/3的死亡发生在院外，而且通常死于心室颤动。因此，缩短起病至住院之间的这一段时间，并在这期间进行积极的治疗，对挽救这部分病人的生命有重要意义。对病情严重的患者，发病后宜就地进行抢救，待患者情况稳定允许转院时才转送医院继续治疗。转送病人的救护车上，应配备心电监护和必要的抢救设备，以便在运送途中也能继续监护病情的变化并及时进行处理。住院前的诊治效果取决于几个因素，包括:及时除颤;早期解除疼痛和稳定病人的情绪;降低自主神经系统的过度活动和消除致命性心律失常，如室速、室颤等。但是，此时的治疗措施不应影响迅速转送病人到医院。 监护和一般治疗 (1)加强监护:该病早期易发生心律失常，且心率、血压也不稳定， 应尽早开始行心电和血压监测，必要时还应监测血流动力学变化。应注意观察神志、呼吸、出入量、出汗和末梢循环情况，建立静脉通道，监测心肌酶，为适时作出治疗措施提供客观依据。监护的意义是不放过任何有意义的变化，但注意要保证病人安静和休息。一般心电、血压监测时间为3,5天，有严重心律失常、心衰和休克者则可根据病情监测时间相应延长。 (2)活动和饮食:患者应在冠心病监护室里卧床休息，保持环境安静，减少探视，防止不良刺激。治疗照顾AMI的医护人员必须密切观察注意病人意识变化，宁静、设备完善的环境，亲切周到的解释，有助于减轻AMI给病人带来的心理压力。第1周完全卧床休息，加强护理。病人进食不宜过饱，应少食多餐。食物以易消化、含较少脂肪而少产气者为宜，限制钠的摄入量，要给予必需的热量和营养。保持大便通畅，大便时不宜用力，如便秘可给予缓泻剂。第2周可在床上坐起，逐渐离床，在床旁站立和在室内缓步走动。主张早期活动，因为它可解除患者的紧张与焦虑情绪，减少梗死后的并发症，有利于后期心功能的恢复。发达国家AMI病人多在1周后出院，我国的住院期略长，一般为2,4周，如病重或有并发症，应适当延长卧床及住院时间。 (3)吸氧:在AMI的早期，即使无合并症往往也有不同程度的低氧血症。当合并心功能不全和休克时，低氧血症会更严重。因此，在最初2,3天内，通常间断或持续地通过鼻管或面罩吸氧，氧流量为3,5L/min。 (4)镇痛和消除精神紧张:剧烈疼痛可使病人烦躁不安，使交感神经过度活动，引起循环高动力状态，心动过速、血压升高等使心肌耗氧量进一步增加，如通过吸氧、使用硝酸酯类药物和(或)β阻滞药(对血压较高、心率较快的前壁梗死者)不能迅速缓解疼痛，应尽快采用镇痛药。 常用镇痛药有吗啡和哌替啶。吗啡是解除AMI疼痛最有效的药物，除中枢镇痛作用外，它能减轻患者焦虑及自主神经系统的活性从而减轻患者的不安，并可扩张外周血管，使得心脏的前后负荷降低，这两方面的作用均能降低心脏的代谢需求。此外，吗啡对肺水肿的病人也有明确的有益作用。吗啡的常规用量是5,10mg皮下注射或2, 5mg静脉注射，必要时5,30min重复1次，直至疼痛消失或出现毒性反应(即低血压、呼吸抑制、或严重呕吐)阻止药物进一步使用。疼痛较轻者可用可待因或罂粟碱0.03,0.06g肌内注射或口服。 抗血小板和抗凝治疗 血栓的形成在AMI的发病中起重要作用，故在AMI早期就应该应用抗血小板和抗凝治疗。这种治疗的首要目的是建立和维持与梗死相关动脉的通畅，第二个目的是减少病人血栓形成的趋势，因而减少附壁血栓形成和深静脉血栓形成的可能性。抗血小板和抗凝治疗的疗 [3]效部分表现为减少了AMI病人的病死率。 编辑本段并发症 (1)心律失常:既是急性心肌梗塞的主要表现之一，也是最重要的合并症之一。各种心律失常中以室性心律失常最多，尤其是室性过早搏动，如室性过早搏动频发(每分钟5次以上)，成对出现或连续出现2个以上，多源性早搏形态不一样或常在前一早搏的易损期时(R在T波上)，常为心室颤动的先兆，应当高度重视。 (2)泵衰竭:急性心肌梗塞引起的心脏泵血功能减退称为泵衰竭，临床表现为左心衰竭和心源性休克,发生率分别为32%,48%和15%,20%;严重者两种情况可同时出现。泵衰竭病人急性心肌梗塞面积常超过左心室总面积的40%，多发生于广泛前壁梗死。 (3)心脏破裂:是急性心肌梗死的致命性合并症。发生率约4%,23%,多在梗死后一周内出现，老年人和有高血压的人发生机会较多。心脏破裂多为游离壁破裂造成心包积血引起急性心包填塞而猝死。偶为心室间隔破裂造成穿孔，引起心力衰竭和休克而在数日内死亡。心脏破裂也可为亚急性，病人能存活数月。 (4)栓塞:其发生率约1%,6%，见于起病后1,2周。常见的血栓有两处:一是发生在左心室心肌坏死处，叫做附壁血栓。这种血栓脱落后进入血液循环可引起脑、脾、肾或四肢等动脉栓塞。另一个易形成血栓的部位为下肢静脉，与绝对卧床、心功能减退有关。一旦脱 落随静脉血流到肺，可引起肺栓塞，严重时可致猝死。 (5)心室膨胀瘤:又称室壁瘤,这里的“瘤”字不是说长了一个瘤子，而是向外鼓出一块来，主要见于左心室,发生率5%,20%。其形成是由于心肌坏死以后形成瘢痕，瘢痕组织薄弱，在心内压力作用下容易鼓出来，形成室壁瘤。瘤内容易形成血栓，脱落后造成器官栓塞。室壁瘤可行手术切除。 (6)心肌梗死后综合征:发生率约10%，在心肌梗塞后数周至数月内出现。可反复发生,表现为心包炎、肺炎或胸膜炎、有发热、胸痛等症状，可能为机体对坏死物质的过敏反应所致。 (7)肩手综合征:主要表现为左侧肩臂强直，活动受限并疼痛可能是心肌梗死后肩、臂不活动所致、发生于起病后数周、可持续数日至 [4]数周，此症并不多见。 并发症的处理 (1)游离壁破裂时应绝对卧床休息，镇静，控制高血压，可给予B受体阻滞药减低室壁张力。有心脏压塞征象时，立即心包引流，补充血容量。同时准备手术修补，但死亡率极高。 (2)室间隔穿孔、乳头肌断裂或严重功能不劝你引起急性左侧心力衰竭时不宜单纯应用强心药，否则会增加室间隔分流或二尖瓣反流。可同时应用扩血管药如硝普钠或硝酸甘油减低心脏负荷达到减轻肺淤血和室间隔分流或二尖瓣反流之效。待病情稳定后施行修补术或二尖瓣置换术，但室间隔穿孔导致心源性休克者须紧急修补治疗。 (3)室壁瘤引起心功能不全或严重心律失常者应手术切除，同时可进行冠状动脉旁路移植术。有附壁血栓者应抗凝治疗。 (4)并发栓塞在72h以内者，可给予尿激酶或链激酶溶栓和肝素抗凝治疗;栓塞超过72h者予以抗凝治疗。 (5)心肌梗死后综合征可短期内应用糖皮质激素，疼痛明显者给予阿司匹林。 编辑本段预防 一级预防措施 (1)健康教育:对整个人群进行健康知识教育，提高公民的自我保健意识，避免或改变不良习惯，如戒烟、注意合理饮食、适当运动、保持心理平衡等，从而减少疾病的发生。 (2)控制高危因素:针对该病的高危人群，如高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、肥胖、吸烟以及有家族史等情况，给予积极处理。当然，这些危险因素中有些是可以控制的，如高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、肥胖、吸烟、少活动的生活方式等;而有些是无法改变的，如冠心病家族史、年龄、性别等。处理方法包括选用适当药物持续控制血压、纠正血脂代谢异常、戒烟限酒、适当体力活动、控制体重、控制糖尿病等。 二级预防措施 该病患者的二级预防内容也包括两个方面，第一方面包含了一级预防的内容，也即要控制好各种冠心病的危险因素;第二方面，采用已经验证过有效的药物，预防该病的复发和病情加重。 (1)抗血小板药:已有多项临床试验结果证实了阿司匹林可减少心肌梗塞的发生和再梗死率，急性心肌梗塞后应用阿司匹林可使再梗死率下降大约25%;如有阿司匹林不能耐受或过敏者，可选用氯吡格雷。 (2)β受体阻滞药:只要无禁忌证(如重度心力衰竭、严重心动过缓或呼吸系统疾病等)，该病患者均应使用β受体阻滞药，尤其在发生过急性冠状动脉事件后;有资料显示急性心肌梗塞后患者应用β受体阻滞药，可使病死率和再梗死率降低20%,25%。可采用的药物有美托洛尔、普奈洛尔、噻吗洛尔等。 (3)ACEI:多应用于伴有左心室功能严重受损或心力衰竭者。已有许多临床试验(如SAVE、AIRE、SMILE以及TRACE等)结果证实了ACEI降低急性心肌梗死后的病死率;因此急性心肌梗死后，射血分 数<40%或室壁运动指数?1.2，且无禁忌证的患者，均应使用ACEI。常用的有卡托普利、依那普利、贝那普利和福辛普利等。 (4)他汀类降脂药:从4S、CARE以及新近的HPS等研究的结果显示出冠心病患者的长期调脂治疗，不但使总病死率降低，生存率提高;而且需要行冠脉介入治疗或CABG的患者数量减少。这得益于他汀类药物降脂作用以外的改善内皮功能、抗炎作用、影响平滑肌细胞增殖以及干扰血小板聚集、凝血、纤溶过程等功能。辛伐他汀、普伐 [5]他汀、氟伐他汀以及阿托伐他汀等均有此作用。 编辑本段护理 1.心理治疗:平时病人精神上要保持舒畅愉快，应消除紧张恐惧心情，注意控制自己的情绪，不要激动。并避免过度劳累及受凉感冒等。因这些因素都可诱发心绞痛和心肌梗塞。 2.饮食宜清淡:要吃易消化、产气少，含适量维生素的食物如青菜、水果和豆制品等，每天保持必需的热量和营养，少食多餐，避免因过饱而加重心脏负担，忌烟、酒。少吃含胆固醇高的食物，如动物内脏、肥肉和巧克力等，有心功能不全和高血压者应限制钠盐的摄入。同时正确记录出入水量。 3.心绞痛和心肌梗塞一旦发生，首先庆让病人安静平卧或坐着休息，不要再走动，更不要慌忙搬动病人。如给平内舌下含硝酸甘油片不见效而痛未减轻时，应观察病人脉搏是否规律，若有出冷汗、面色苍白和烦躁不安加重的情况，应安慰病人使之镇静，去枕平卧，有血压表的可以测量血压。然后可请卫生站或地段医院医师出诊，初步处理平稳后再转送医院治疗。如病人发生心脏突然停跳，可在其胸骨下 [6]段用拳头叩击，进行胸外挤压及人工呼吸。 编辑本段急救措施 1.急性心肌梗塞发作时，应让病人绝对卧床休息。就地抢救，松解领口，室内保持安静和空气流通，不可搀扶病人走动或乱加搬动以免加重病情。有条件可立即吸氧。 2.含服硝酸甘油片0.3—0.6毫克或用消心痛/冠心苏合丸一粒、速效救心丸10粒含服等，有条件可肌注杜冷丁50—100毫克，以缓解疼痛，同时立即呼叫急救中心。 3.如病人发生休克，应把病人头放低，足稍抬高，以增加头部血流。烦躁不安时可服用安定等镇静止痛药。暂不给吃食物，少饮水，要保暖。 4.如病人突然意识丧失、脉搏消失，应立即进行人工呼吸和胸外 [7]按压，等病情好转稳定后，安全转送到医院救治。 急性心肌梗塞的最初表现 目前诊断急性心肌梗塞大多强调心电图和心肌酶学的检查，但是世界卫生组织在制定的心肌梗塞诊断标准中却将病人的症状和体征置于首位，作者芬姆海特(英国)认为有其重要的实用意义，因为有利于在各种简陋和不利的条件下迅速作出对急性心肌梗塞的判断( 急性心肌梗塞的体征可多可少，主要取决于它的并发症是否存在和严重程度(急性心肌梗塞患者的发病之初常有如下表现:面色苍白、大汗淋漓、呼吸困难，烦躁不安，用一只手紧握拳头或抓住自己的胸部，部分病人则安静地躺着，但仍有恐怖不安的面容(起病初期，动脉压可升高，但也见于正常或下降者，当胸痛不止或者病人忧虑不安时，血压可明显上升(心肌梗塞的数天，大多数病人的血压逐渐下降，部分原有高血压的人可能从此不再升高(病人的心率(或脉搏)常增快，但也见于心跳过缓者，后者多表明梗塞发生在心脏的后壁或者发生了传导阻滞(如每分钟心率超过100次以上，则提示心脏受到了严重损害，并发症很可能随之发生(休克，心力衰竭，乳头肌功能不全、心律失常等)(急性心肌梗塞的初期，室性早搏是很常见的，并且易引起严重的心律紊乱，导致病人死亡。病人的体温多为正常，若梗塞范围较大的病人，可导致体温升高，但一般不超过38?，否则需考虑是否有合并其它部位的感染。 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 糖尿病酮症酸中毒(diabetic ketoacidosis，DKA)是糖尿病最常见的急性并发症之一，是体内胰岛素严重缺乏引起的高血糖、高血酮、酸中毒的一组临床综合征。最常发生于1型糖尿病患者，2型糖尿病患者在某些情况下亦可发生。临床表现以发病急、病情重、变化快为其特点。本症主要是由于糖代谢紊乱，体内酮体产生过多，导致血中HCO3-浓度减少，失代偿时，则血液pH下降，引起酸中毒症。据国外统计，本病的发病率约占住院病人1型糖尿病患者的14%，国内为14.6%。随着糖尿病知识的普及和胰岛素的广泛应用，DKA的发病率已明显下降。 严重失水 严重高血糖、高血酮和各种酸性代谢产物引起渗透压性利尿，大量酮体从肺排出又带走大量水分，厌食、恶心、呕吐使水分人量减少，从而引起细胞外失水;血浆渗透压增加，水从细胞内向细胞外转移引起细胞内失水。 电解质平衡紊乱 渗透性利尿同时使钠、钾、氯、磷酸根等大量丢失，厌食、恶心、呕吐使电解质摄入减少，引起电解质代谢紊乱。胰岛素作用不足，物质分解增加、合成减少，钾离子(K+)从细胞内逸出导致细胞内失钾。由于血液浓缩、肾功能减退时钾滞留以及钾从细胞内转移到细胞外，因此血钾浓度可正常甚或增高，掩盖体内严重缺钾。随着治疗过程中补充血容量(稀释作用)，尿量增加，钾排出增加，以及纠正酸中毒及 应用胰岛素使钾转入细胞内，可发生严重低血钾，诱发心律失常，甚至心脏骤停。 携带氧系统失常 红细胞向组织供氧的能力与血红蛋白和氧的亲和力有关，可由血氧离解曲线来反映。DKA时红细胞糖化血红蛋白(GHb)增加以及2,3二磷酸甘油酸(2,3-DPG)减少，使血红蛋白与氧亲和力增高，血氧离解曲线左移。酸中毒时，血氧离解曲线右移，释放氧增加(Bohr效应)，起代偿作用。若纠正酸中毒过快，失去这一代偿作用，而血GHb仍高，2，3-DPG仍低，可使组织缺氧加重，引起脏器功能紊乱，尤以脑缺氧加重、导致脑水肿最为重要。 周围循环衰竭和肾功能障碍 严重失水，血容量减少和微循环障碍未能及时纠正，可导致低血容量性休克。肾灌注量减少引起少尿或无尿，严重者发生急性肾衰竭。 中枢神经功能障碍 严重酸中毒、失水、缺氧、体循环及微循环障碍可导致脑细胞失水或水肿、中枢神经功能障碍。此外，治疗不当如纠正酸中毒时给予碳酸氢钠不当导致反常性脑脊液酸中毒加重，血糖下降过快或输液过多过快、渗透压不平衡可引起继发性脑水肿并加重中枢神经功能障碍。 编辑本段临床表现 极度烦渴、尿多，明显脱水、极度乏力、恶心、呕吐、食欲低下，少数患者表现为全腹不固定疼痛，有时较剧烈，似外科急腹症，但无腹肌紧张和仅有轻压痛，头痛。精神萎靡或烦躁、神志渐恍惚，最后 嗜睡、昏迷;严重酸中毒时出现深大呼吸，频率不快，也无呼吸困难感，呼气有烂苹果味。脱水程度不一，双眼球凹陷，皮肤弹性差，脉快，血压低或偏低，舌干程度是脱水程度估计的重要而敏感的体征;此外，尚有诱因本身的症候群，如感染、心脑血管病变的症状和体征。[1] 编辑本段诊断鉴别 实验室检查 血糖、尿糖过高 血糖多为16.7~33.3mmol/L，有时可达55mmol/L以上。 酮体 血酮体>4mmol/L。尿酮体阳性。丙酮无肾阈，若酮体产生过多而肾功能无障碍时，尿酮虽然阳性，但血酮并不高，临床上无酮血症。换言之，糖尿病酮症酸中毒时肾功能多数都降低。 血浆CO2结合力降低30容积，或90%以下，血浆pH<7.35。 血气分析 标准碳酸氢、缓冲碱低于正常，碱剩余负值增大，阴离子隙>16。 诊断与鉴别诊断 早期诊断是决定治疗成败的关键，临床上对以原因不明的恶心呕吐、酸中毒、失水、休克、昏迷的患者，尤其是呼吸有烂苹果味、血压低而尿量多者，无论有无糖尿病史，均应想到此症。 鉴别诊断包括:(1)其他类型的糖尿病昏迷:低血糖昏迷，高血糖高渗状态，乳酸性酸中毒。(2)其他疾病所致昏迷:脑膜炎、尿毒症、脑血管意外等。部分患者以DKA作为糖尿病的首发表现，某些病例因其他疾病或诱发因素为主诉，有些患者DKA与尿毒症或脑卒 [2]中共存等使病情更为复杂，应注意辨别。 编辑本段疾病治疗 尽快补液以恢复血容量。纠正失水状态，降低血糖，纠正电解质及酸碱平衡失调，同时积极寻找和消除诱因，防治并发症，降低病死率。 (一)补液:对重症DKA尤为重要，不但有利于脱水的纠正，且有助于血糖的下降和酮体的消除。 (1)补液总量:一般按病人体重(kg)的10%估算，成人DKA一般失水4,6L。 (2)补液种类:开始以生理盐水为主，若开始输液时血糖不是严重升高或治疗后血糖下降至13.9mmol/L后，应输入5%葡萄糖或糖盐水，以利消除酮症。 (3)补液速度:按先快后慢为原则。原则上前4h输入总失水量的1/3,1/2，在前12h内输入量4000ml左右，达输液总量的2/3。其余部分于24,28h内补足。 (二)胰岛素治疗 小剂量胰岛素疗法，输注胰岛素0.1U/(kg?h)，血中浓度可达120μU /ml，该浓度即可对酮体生成产生最大的抑制效应，并能有效的降低血。用药过程中要严密监测血糖若血糖不降或下降不明显，尤其是合并感染或原有胰岛素抵抗的患者。 (三)纠正电解质及酸碱平衡失调 一般经输液和胰岛素治疗后，酮体水平下降酸中毒可自行纠正，一般不必补碱。补碱指征为血PH<7.1，HCO3-<5mmol/L。应采用等渗碳酸氢钠溶液，补碱不宜过多过快。 补钾应根据血钾和尿量:治疗前血钾低于正常，立即开始补钾，头2~4小时通过静脉输液每小时补钾约13~20mmol/L;血钾正常、尿量>40ml/h，也立即开始补钾;血钾正常。尿量小于30ml.h，暂缓补钾，待尿量增加后再开始补钾;血钾高于正常，暂缓补钾。治疗过程中定时检测血钾和尿量，调整补钾量和速度。病情恢复后仍应继续口服钾盐数天。 (四)对症治疗:针对感染、心衰、心律失常等的治疗。 此外，治疗中应注意 1.治疗中胰岛素剂量较大，易造成血糖下降速度过快，导致血浆渗透压骤然降低，而细胞内尚处于高渗状态，造2.成细胞内、外渗透压差悬殊。引起水分子向细胞内急速扩散，造成细胞水肿，不利于细胞功能恢复。 3.密切观察治疗中病情的变化，定时检测生命指标和血糖、渗透压、CO2结合力的变化，并做到及时处理。 4.患者昏迷期要加强临床护理。防治意外并发症的发生。 [3] 5.根据病人全身状况与血象，适时给予抗感染治疗。 编辑本段疾病预后 DKA经过及时的抢救治疗，其预后多属良好，1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒要特别慎重，要积极采取治疗措施。倘若并发肾衰、心衰或多系统多器官衰竭，其预后将根据衰竭的器官数目而定。衰竭的器官数越多，预后越不佳。如果酮症酸中毒不予及时治疗，其预后多属不良。 编辑本段疾病预防 1.糖尿病治疗要合理，防治血糖骤升。速降的变化，维持血糖在11.20mmol/L以下。 2.糖尿病患者饮食要有规律，防止暴饮暴食，按糖尿病饮食标准控制好饮食。 3.注意心理平衡，避免精神、情绪过分激动。 4.防止各种感染，保持体力，避免疲劳。 5.根据体力情况适当进行体育活动。 编辑本段疾病护理 良好的护理是抢救DKA的重要环节。应按时清洁口腔、皮肤，预防压疮和继发性感染。细致观察病情变化，准确记录神志状态，瞳孔大小和反应、生命体征、出入水量等。每1~2小时测血糖，4~6小 时复查酮体、肌酐、电解质和酸碱平衡指标等。 编辑本段并发症 休克 如休克严重且经快速输液后仍不能纠正，应详细检查并分析原因。 严重感染 是本症常见诱因，也可激发于本症后。因DKA引起低体温和血白细胞数升高，故不能以有无发热或血象改变来判断，应积极处理。 心力衰竭、心律失常年老过合并冠状动脉病变，补液过多可导致心力衰竭和肺水肿，应注意预防。 肾衰竭 是本病主要死亡原因之一，与有无肾病变、失水和休克程度、有无延误治疗有关。 脑水肿 如经质量后，血糖有所下降，酸中毒改善，但昏迷反而加重，或虽然一度清醒，但烦躁、心率快、血压偏高、肌张力增高，应警惕脑水肿的可能。 胃肠道表现 因酸中毒引起呕吐或伴有急性胃扩张者，可用1、 [4]25%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃，清除残留食物，预防吸入性肺炎。 2护理 2.1心理护理:首先使患者情绪安定，消除顾虑、了解病情及发病机理，才能很好地配合治疗护理。多数病人对治疗的依从性好，能密切与医护人员配合，希望更多的得到医护人员的关心帮助。让患者掌握应有的知识，使患者认识到糖尿病酮症酸中毒是糖尿病的一种严重并发症，平时如能积极治疗，坚持糖尿病个体化饮食疗法，定时做血糖、血清钾、钠等检查，及时发现问题，及时对症治疗，是完全可以避免并发症发生，耐心疏导病人的心理障碍，消除恐惧心理，保持开朗乐观的心情，树立战胜疾病的信 心。 2.2药物治疗期间的护理 2.2.2正确执行医嘱，密切观察病情变化，输液量及输液速度的掌握:患者均表现有不同程度的脱水及电解质紊乱，如不及时有效补充体液或补 液不当都会造成严重后果。补液原则:视病情而定，如患者已进入中重度脱水阶段，无心肺功能不全者，必须立即快速输入生理盐水1000,2000ml，在2小时内输完。在24小时内需达总量3000,6000ml，如患者合并心功能不全，神志不清者应减慢速度，并插胃管灌液，方能减轻心肺过重负荷，避免心力衰竭及肺水肿的发生，神志清者鼓励饮水，能有效地改善脱水症 状。 2.2.2按医嘱准确足量使用胰岛素，抢救糖尿病酮症酸中毒病人，使用中量胰岛素与及时补充应液体是非常重要的同步措施。入院立即建立两条静脉通道，(最好在同一侧上下肢另侧便于测血压及采集血清检查标本)两管输液分别用于:一管为快速输注生理盐水，另一管慢滴小剂量胰岛素6,8U加生理盐水100ml内均匀滴注1小时，定时检查血糖如下降至于14mmo1/L以下时，而应及时改变滴液为用5%GS500ml加入胰岛素8U持 续慢滴补液，如有不适应及时医生。 2.2.3化验检查，按时采集血标本，为准确补充液体，及时纠正水电解质、酸碱失衡提供数据，及时调整各种治疗方案，杜绝无根据的盲目用药， 避免给病人增加痛苦及延误病情。 2.2.4严密观察病情的变化，定时测量血压、脉搏、呼吸、观察意识、瞳孔等生命体征的变化，准确记录尿量及出入量。观察患者的皮肤、粘膜、声调等，如发现患者不能平卧，而需要高枕或半卧位时，应警惕有可能发生心力衰竭。如出现心率明显加快至140,160次/分钟，呼吸加快加深，这说明酮症酸中毒症状仍未改善，应及时调整输液速度。如脱水严重者会出现皮肤粘膜干燥，观察以上唇及舌体较明显，由于唾液分泌减少会出现 口干、声嘶、语调低沉，准确纪录尿量为治疗用药提供依据。 2.2.5预防感染:加糖尿病患者，易出现各种感染并发症，如合并肺部感染，泌尿系感染，皮肤、口腔感染等时有发生。就先预防为主，在按医院使用抗生素的同时，护理人员应帮助重病者翻身，拍背、皮肤保持清洁 及注意口腔、会阴部的清洁护理。 2.3饮食疗法护理:饮食疗法是糖尿病整体治疗的基础，是一种行之有效最基本的措施。患者进院后给予严格科学的饮食管理及饮食指导，一律由营养室专职护士按要求制订出个体化饮食方案，合理餐次安排，均衡的饮食结构，合理控制总热能、蛋白质、脂肪碳水化合物三大营养物质比例适当，无机盐和维生素应满足机体需要，保证充足的食物纤维等。使患者提高对饮食治疗与药物治疗之间的相互关系及重要性的认识，自学配合治 疗。患者出院给予个体化饮食处方，并明确列出饮食必须注意事项。说明 定时复查血糖、尿糖对指导饮食及用药的重要性。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.