西方文化概论

西方文化概论 判断 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释: 1. Pax Romana 答:In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答:?1)Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. ?? 2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题: 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 答:1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. ?? A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. ?? B. The establishment of democracy. ?? C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found. 5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece. 2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? 答:?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. ??1) Spirit of innovation ??The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. ??2) Supreme Achievement The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc. ??3) Lasting effect A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答:1) similarities: A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly. ??B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused. C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family. 2) differences: A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated. ??B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities. 4. What is the Rome historical background? 答:1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. ??2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean. ??3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions. ??4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana. ??5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. ??6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. ?? A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul). ?? B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West ?? C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. ?? D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 第二章 填空题: 1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity 2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament 3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ 4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark. 5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew 6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper. 7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff. 名词解释: 1. The Old Testament The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man. 2. Pentateuch The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 3. Genesis Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. 4. Exodus Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan. 5. The Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon. 论述简答题: 1. What are the beliefs of Christianity? 答:?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1)One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. ?2)The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. 2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible? 答:1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament. 2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world. 3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. 4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources. 5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry ? in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work. 6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages. 7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. 8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible. 3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible? 答:1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. 2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible. 第一章 希腊、罗马文化 第一节 希腊文化 Greek Culture I. 必背细节 1. European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C. This was marked by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the century, the establishment of democracy and the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 公元前5世纪初希腊人成功挫败了波斯人的入侵，希腊民主的建立以及哲学、科学、文学艺 术等在雅典的空前繁荣标志着希腊文化的发展在5世纪达到了巅峰。 [历年经典(选择题)] Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C. ? . A. * Greek Culture B. Roman Culture C. Egyptian Culture D. Chinese Culture 3. In the second half of the 4th century B. C. , all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon. 在公元前4世纪后半叶，整个希腊在马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的统治之下。 4. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece. 公元前146年，罗马征服希腊。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] In the Romans conquered Greece. A. 1200 B. C. B. 700 B. C. C. * 146 B. C. D. the 5th century 5. The Greeks loved sports. Once every 4 years the Greeks had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. Thus began the Olympic Games. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition. 希腊人热爱运动。每隔4个希腊人都会在奥林匹斯山举行盛大的体育比赛，这就是奥运会 的开端。1896年重新盛行的奥运会已成为全球最重大的体育赛事。 [2001年自考真题——对错辨析题第1题] Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of the Olympic Games. (F): 本题的错误在于Once every five years 应为 Once every four years. 6. Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700 B. C. Two such epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, have survived. They are not about events of Homer’s own time, but about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B. C. 古希腊人认为生活在公元前700年左右的荷马是他们史诗的作者。两部史诗《伊利亚特》 和《奥德赛》讲述的不是荷马所在时代的事情，而是关于大约在公元前1200~1100年间的英 雄和战争。 7. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against they city of Troy? . A. Oedipus the king B. * Iliad C. Odyssey D. Antigone 8. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan War to his home, island of Ithaca. 《奥德赛》讲述了奥德修斯在特洛伊战争后，经历了长长的航海冒险返回他在伊塔刻岛的 家的故事。 9. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. 古希腊抒情诗人中，萨福和品达至今仍被人们广泛赞赏。 10. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. 萨福被认为是古希腊最重要的抒情诗人，品达因在中歌颂奥林匹克运动会而非常有名。 11. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece? . A. * Aristophanes B. Euripides C. Sophocles D. Aeschylus 12. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry. 埃斯库罗斯因其鲜活的人物描写和大气磅礴的戏剧诗而闻名遐迩，他的代作品有《被缚 的普罗米修斯》、《波斯人》和《阿迦门侬》。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus? . A. * Antigone B. Agamemnon C. Persians D. Prometheus Bound 13. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the king, Electra, and Antigone He contributed greatly to tragic art. He added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. 索福克勒斯对悲剧艺术做出了重要贡献，代表作有《俄狄浦斯王》、《厄勒克特拉》和《安 提戈涅》。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles? . A. Electra B. Antigone C. * Trojan Woman D. Oedipus the king 14. Sophocles has had a strong impact on European literature. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex” was derived from Sophocles’s play. 索福克勒斯对欧洲文学影响深远。著名的奥地利精神病学家、精神分析创始人弗洛伊德的 专业术语“恋母情节”的就源于索福克勒斯的戏剧。 15. Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than Aeschylus and Sophocles, concerned with conflicts. His characters are less heroic, more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays”. [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? . A. Antigone B. Persians C. Electra D. * Medea 16. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. 公元前5世纪，古希腊喜剧也空前繁荣。阿里斯托芬被认为是最著名的古典讽刺戏剧作家， 他有11部优秀戏剧留给后世，其中包括《蛙》、《云》、《峰》和《鸟》等。 17. Herodotus is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. He had a keen eye for drama and pathos. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. 希罗多德被称为“历史之父”，著有《希波战争史》。他的著作因充满奇闻轶事、生花妙 笔和鲜活的对话被广泛流传。 18. Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the island of Sicily. Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived”. 修昔底德被著名历史学家麦考利称为“最伟大的历史学家”，他著有《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》， 描写了雅典与斯巴达、雅典与锡拉库扎间的战争。 19. Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was the founder of scientific mathematics. 毕达哥拉斯是个大胆的思想家，是数学学科的奠基人，他认为“数”是万物之源。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? . A. Heracleitus B. Aristotle C. Socrates D. * Pythagoras 20. Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the university, out of which everything else had arisen. To him, “all is flux, nothing is stationary.” He also said: “You cannot step twice into the same river.” 赫拉克利特相信“火”是宇宙第一元素，是万物之源。对于他来说，“世间的一切都是运 动的，没有什么是静止的”。“人不能两次踏入同一条河流”是他的名言。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river.” ? . A. Pythagoras B. * Heracleitue C. Democritus D. Aristotle 21. The greatest names is European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 5th and 4th century B. C. 苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德是于公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪活跃于雅典的三大欧洲 哲学巨匠。 [2001年自考真题——对错辨析题第2题] The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6th century A. D. (F): 本题的错误在于in the 6th century A. D. 应为in the 5th and 4th century B. C.。 22. Socrates was the founder of the dialectical method. Plato’s important works Dialogues was not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was: happiness. 苏格拉底是辩证法的创始人。柏拉图的重要著作《对话录》不仅是部哲学著作，而且也是 想象力丰富的文学著作。柏拉图的哲学被称为“理想主义”。亚里士多德对“人活着的目的 是什么,”一问的答案为:追求幸福。 23. In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics. The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. The Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest good in life. To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”. 公元前四世纪，西方哲学四大流派相互争鸣。这四大流派为:犬儒主义学派、怀疑论学派、 享乐主义学派和斯多葛学派。cynic 这个词在希腊语中“狗”的意思。享乐主义者认为“快 乐”是人生的最大追求。对于斯多葛学派来说，人生最重要的事不是“快乐”，而是“责任”。 [2001年自考真题——选择题第2题] Believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. * Epicureans 24. Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. 欧几里德是古希腊著名数学家，是《几何原本》的作者。 25. To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.” “给我一个支点，我能撬动整个地球”是阿基米德的名言。 [2001年自考真题——选择题第2题] is said to have told the king :”Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.” A. * Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 26. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style. 古希腊建筑有三大风格;陶立克式、爱奥尼亚式和科林斯式。 27. The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2,000 years. 雅典卫城和帕台侬神庙是2000多年里希腊建筑与雕刻艺术完美结合的最好典范。 II. 必背解释 1. Aeschylus He was regarded as one of the three tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. He wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry. 2. Plato He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology, Symposium and the Republic. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism. 3. The Cynics The Cynics got their name because Diogenes, one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. Diogenes rejected all conventions and advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life. III. 必背问答 1. What were the main features of ancient Greek Society? ? In Greek society, women, children, foreigners and slaves had no rights, only adult male citizens had real power and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. ? The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. ? Slaves worked on farms and in workshops and mines owned by their masters. ? There was harsh exploitation in Greek society. ? The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contest of sports. 2. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write? ? Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. ?Aristophanes was the greatest comedic dramatist of ancient Greece. ?Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. ?Sophocles wrote such plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone. ?Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. ? Aristophanes has left eleven plays, including: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. 3. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist? ? Plato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. ?Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. ? Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. ? For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist. 4. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature. Greek culture exerted the enormous influence on English literature, for example: ?Pindar had imitators, such as the 17th century English poet John Dryden. ?The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex” was derived from Sophocles’s play. ? In the 19th century, the English poetess Elizabeth Browning called Euripides “Euripides human”. ? In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode On a Grecian Urn. ? In the 20th century, three are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 第二节 罗马文化 Roman Culture I. 必背细节 1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire. From this time on, Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half. 公元前146年，古希腊奴隶制城邦科林斯的烧毁标志着罗马征服了希腊，科林斯也就成为 了罗马帝国的一个省。从此以后，拉丁语为罗马帝国西半部语言，希腊语为东半部语言。 2. The Roman writer Horace said, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.” 古罗马诗人贺马斯曾说:“被征服的希腊征服了它的征服者。” [历年经典试题(选择题)] Who wrote “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”? . A. Sappho B. Plato C. Virgil D. * Horace 3. The year 27 B. C. divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. 公元前27年是罗马历史的一个分界线，在这之前，罗马一直是个共和制国家。也是在这一 年，屋大维称帝，号称“奥古斯都”，创建罗马帝国。 4. The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as Romana. 罗马经历了长达两个世纪的科平，史学家将这个现象称之为“罗马和平”。 5. The Roman Empire began to decline in the 3rd century. In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul). 罗马帝国在3世纪开始衰落。在4世纪时(公元395年，罗马帝国分裂为东、西两部分)， 君士坦丁大帝将帝国首都从罗马搬到拜占庭，将其命名为君士坦丁堡(即现在的伊士坦布尔)， 这就是东罗马帝国的开始。 6. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths and marked the end of the West Roman Empire. 476，西罗马帝国的最后一位皇帝被哥特人废黜，标志着西罗马帝国的死亡。 [2001年自考真题——选择题第3题] Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in . A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. * 476 (注:罗马帝国是历年考试的重点，在有关罗马帝国的时间问题上，广大考生要掌握如下四 个时间:公元前27年，罗马帝国建立;公元395年，罗马帝国分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝 国;公元476年，西罗马帝国灭亡;公元1453年，东罗马帝国灭亡。) 7. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 1453年，在土耳其人攻陷君士坦丁堡后，东罗马帝国灭亡。 8. Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin. “I came, I saw, I conquered” is Caesar’s famous saying which is still remembered today. 恺撒把他在参加各种战役中的所做所见汇编成有名的《高卢战记》，这部传世之作是简明拉 丁语的应用典范。“吾来，吾见，吾征服”是恺撒的的一句名言。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Who wrote “I came, I saw, I conquered”? . A. Horace B. * Julius Caesar C. Virgil D. Marcus Tullius Cicero 9. Lucretius was a very famous poet who wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things. In his works he ever said “Nothing can be created out of nothing.” And “Matter is eternal.” 卢克莱修是古罗马著名诗人，著有哲理诗《物性论》。在他的作品中，卢克莱修认为“世间 没有无本之物”，并且“物质是永恒的”。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is . A. Virgil B. Julius Caesar C. Horace D. * Lucretius 10. Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 维吉尔是最伟大的拉丁诗人，著有伟大的史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》。 11. The Panthenon is the greatest and the best-preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. and reconstructed in the 2nd century A. D. Pont du Gard and the Colosseum also are very famous masterpieces of Roman architecture. 建立于公元前27年并于公元2世纪重建的罗马万神殿是最伟大、保存最好的罗马神殿。 罗马建筑的代表作还有加尔河上的引水渠和古罗马圆形大剧场(能容纳5000多名观众)。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following is not Roman architecture? . A. The Colosseum B. The Panthenon C. *The Parthenon D. Pont du Gard 12. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome. 古罗马著名的雕刻“女狼”展示了建立罗马的传奇色彩。 II. 必背解释 1. Julius Caesar He was a successful general who became dictator in Roman for a few years until he was assassinated. He recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns in the work Commentaries, which are models of succinct Latin. 2. The Pax Romana [2001年自考真题——名词解释题第1题] In the year 27 B. C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana. III. 必背问答 What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them? ? The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland. ?There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire: the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated. 第二章 《圣经》与基督教 (注:由于本章内容较为简单，核心考点不算很多，故合为一节编写。) I. 必背细节 1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 到目前为止，基督教仍然是西方国家最有影响力的宗教。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West? . A. Buddism B. Islamism C. * Christianity D. Judaism 2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas. 无论是犹太教还是基督教都发源于巴勒斯坦。 3. Some 3,800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews—the Hebrews—wandered through the deserts of the Middle East. 大约3800年前，犹太人的祖先希伯莱人就穿越了中东的许多沙漠。 4. About 1,300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. 大约在1300年前，希伯莱人就定居在巴勒斯坦并建立了一些小的王国。那个时候巴勒斯坦 被称为迦南。 5. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The word “Testament” means “agreement” —namely, the agreement between God and Man. 《圣经》由《旧约全书》和《新约全书》两部分组成。“约”意为“上帝与人之间的契约”。 6. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. 《旧约全书》由39部书组成，其中最古老、最重要的五部称之为“摩西五书”。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called . A. Exodus B. Commandments C. Amos D. * Pentateuch 7. Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus. At the ago of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist. Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation. 拿撒勒的耶稣生活在罗马第一个皇帝奥古斯都统治时代，他在30岁时接受了传道者约翰的 洗礼。耶稣的大半生在加利利度过，在那里，他创造了许多奇迹。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of . A. St. Peter B. St. Paul C. * John Baptist D. John Wycliff 8. In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. 公元313年，君士坦丁一世发布了“米兰赦令”，宣布人人有信教自由，并宣布基督教是 合法的(本细节为本章重点中的重点，注意掌握)。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? . A. Augustus I B. Thedosius I C. Nero I D. * Constantine I 9. In 392 A. D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. 公元392年，狄奥多西一世宣布基督教为罗马国教，其他宗教皆不合法(本细节为本章重 点中的重点，注意掌握)。 [历年经典试题(选择)] Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions in 392 A. D. ? . A. * Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar 10. After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the Mediterranean regions. 耶稣死后，他的两个信徒圣彼得和圣保罗继续在地中海地区传教。 11. Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek. 12. By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in 228 languages and parts into 974 languages — a total of 1202 including tribal tongues. 截止到1963年，整本《圣经》已被翻译成228种语言，并且部分《圣经》翻译成974种 语言——共计1202种语言(包括部落语言)。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in languages. A. * 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 154 13. When printing was invented in the 1500’s the Latin Bible was the first complete work printed. 16世纪印刷术发明时，拉丁文《圣经》是第一部印刷的全书。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the Bible was the first complete work printed. A. English B. * Latin C. Aramaic D. Hebrew 14. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. 第一部完整的英文版本《圣经》是于1382年由拉丁文《圣经》翻译过来的。当时， 由约 翰?威克利夫率领的宗教改革者们用手抄写的复本。 15. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. But the most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or King James’ version, first published in 1611. And the standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in 1901. 现存最古老的《圣经》希腊文译本称为Septuagint，但最重要、最有影响的英文《圣经》 是于1611年首版的“《圣经》钦定英译本”或称之“詹姆斯国王译本”。而的美国版《圣 经》修订本是于1901年出版的。 [历年经典试题(选择题)] The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as . A. the Latin Vulgate B. the Aristeas C. the “Authorized” D. * the Septuagint When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? . A. 1885 B. 1611 C. * 1901 D. 1979 II. 必背解释 1. The Bible The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 2. The Pentateuch (摩西五书) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books including Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These five books are called Pentateuch. 3. Ten Commandments (摩西十戒) When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments which are ten rules Moses commends all Israel to obey in the name of God. 4. The Edict of Milan (米兰赦令) A very important edict issued by Constantine I in 313. It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal. III. 必背问答 How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change? ? At the beginning Christianity was regarded as a rebellious and disintegrating movement and was subjected to frequent persecution. Jesus Christ rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer. ? Both St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A. D. ? The Romans blamed and punished the Christians for all kinds of disasters such as plagues and famines. ? In 64 A. D. when half of Roman was burned to the ground, Nero illuminated his garden wit a public display of burning Christians. ? By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religions. ? When Constantine I won the throne from his rivals, in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. ?In 392 A. D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and outlawed all other religions. ? Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.