专八大纲样题及答案

专八大纲样题及 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS GRADE EIGHT (SAMPLE TEST) TIME LIMIT: 185 MIN. PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN.] SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now listen to the mini-lecture. In Sections B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet. SECTION B INTERVIEW Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 1. According to Janet, the factor that would most affect negotiations is _________ A. English language proficiency B. different cultural practices C. different negotiation tasks D. the international Americanized style 2. Janet's attitude towards the Americanized style as a model for business negotiations is_________. A. supportive B. negative C. ambiguous D. cautious 3. Which of the following can NOT be seen as a difference between Brazilian and American negotiators? A. Americans prepare more points before negotiations. B. Americans are more straightforward during negotiations. C. Brazilians prefer more eye contact during negotiations. D. Brazilians seek more background information. 4. Which group of people seems to be the most straightforward? A. The British. B. Germans. 1 C. Americans. D. Not mentioned. 5. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Japanese negotiators? A. Reserved. B. Prejudiced. C. Polite. D. Prudent. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. 6. According to the UN Human Development Report, which is the best place for women in the world? A. Canada. B. The US. C. Australia. D. Scandinavia. 7. _________ is in the 12th place in overall ranking. A. Britain B. France C. Finland D. Switzerland 8. According to the UN report, the least developed country is _________. A. Ethiopia B. Mali C. Sierra Leon D. Central African Republic Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. 9. The French President's visit to Japan aims at _________. A. making more investments in Japan B. stimulating Japanese businesses in France C. helping boost the Japanese economy D. launching a film festival in Japan 10. This is Jacques Chirac's _________ visit to Japan. A. second B. fourteenth C. fortieth D. forty-first 2 PART II READING COMPREHENSION [30 MIN.] In this section there are several reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet. TEXT A The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes it- self as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-day's flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example. Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travellers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgot- ten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbour, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher. Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, al- though it has been far more serious than most in promo- ting its image abroad. Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners. More than 150 000 people are directly involved in Chile's tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US $ 950 million each year. The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a worldwide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile. Chile's great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5 000km long. With the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services. But the trump card is the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour's drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the region's rivers. However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts and pistes as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most deter- mined travellers see the best of the national parks. Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chile's two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the United States and Europe, while services to Asia are al- most 3 non-existent. Internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. Nor is development being restricted to the Andes. Easter Island and Chile's Antarctic Territory are also on the list of areas where the Government believes it can create tourist markets. But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they be- come over-developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexico and European resorts. The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing Santiago's territorial claim over part of Antarctica. The Chilean Government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism to these are- as. But there are immense commercial pressures to exploit the country's tourism potential. The Government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of Chile's natural riches. 11. Chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by _________. A. geographical location B. guerrilla warfare C. political instability D. street crime 12. Many of Chile's tourists used to come from EXCEPT _________. A. the United States. B. the Far East C. Western Europe D. her neighbours 13. According to the author, Chile's greatest attraction is _________. A, the unspoilt beaches B. the dry and hot desert C. the famous mountain range D. the high standard of services 14. According to the passage, in which area improvement is already under way? A. Facilities in the ski resorts. B. Domestic transport system. C. Air services to Asia. D. Road network in the south. 15. The objection to the development of Chile's tourism might be all EXCEPT that it _________. A. is ambitious and unrealistic B. is politically sensitive C. will bring harm to culture D. will cause pollution in the area 4 TEXT B Fred Cooke of Salford turned 90 two days ago and the world has been beating a path to his door. If you haven't noticed, the backstreet boy educated at Black- pool grammar styles himself more grandly as Alastair Cooke, broadcaster extraordinaire. An honorable KBE, he would be Sir Aiastair if he had not taken American citizenship more than half a century ago. If it sounds snobbish to draw attention to his humble origins, it should be reflected that the real snob is Cooke himself, who has spent a lifetime disguising them. But the fact that he opted to renounce his British passport in 1941 m just when his country needed all the wartime help it could get -- is hardly a matter for congratulation. Cooke has made a fortune out of his love affair with America, entrancing listeners with a weekly monologue that has won Radio 4 many devoted adherents. Part of the pull is the developed drawl. This is the man who gave the world "midatlantic", the language of the disc jockey and public relations man. He sounds American to us and English to them, while in reality he has for decades belonged to neither. Cooke's world is an America that exists largely in the imagination. He took ages to acknowledge the disaster that was Vietnam and even longer to wake up to Water- gate. His politics have drifted to the right with age, and most of his opinions have been acquired on the golf course with fellow celebrities. He chased after stars on arrival in America, fixing up an interview with Charlie Chaplin and briefly becoming his friend. He told Cooke he could turn him into a fine light co- median; instead he is an impressionist's dream. Cooke liked the sound of his first wife's name al- most as much as he admired her good looks. But he found bringing up baby difficult and left her for the wife of his landlord. Women listeners were unimpressed when, in 1996, he declared on air that the fact that 4% of women in the American armed forces were raped showed remarkable self-restraint on the part of Uncle Sam's soldiers. His arrogance in not allowing BBC editors to see his script in advance worked, not for the first time, to his detriment. His defenders said he could not help living with the 1930s values he had acquired and somewhat dubiously went on to cite "gallantry" as chief among them. Cooke's raconteur style encouraged a whole generation of BBC men to think of themselves as more important than the story. His treacly tones were the model for the regular World Service reports From Our Own Correspondent, known as FOOCs in the business. They may yet be his epitaph. 16. At the beginning of the passage the writer sounds critical of _________. A. Cooke's obscure origins B. Cooke's broadcasting style C. Cooke's American citizenship D. Cooke's fondness of America 17. The following adjectives can be suitably applied to Cooke EXCEPT _________. A. old-fashioned B. sincere C. arrogant D. popular 18. The writer comments on Cooke's life and career in a slightly _________ tone. A. ironic 5 B. detached C. scathing D. indifferent TEXT C Mr. Duffy raised his eyes from the paper and gazed out of his window on the cheerless evening landscape. The river lay quiet beside the empty distillery and from time to time a light appeared in some house on Lucan Road. What an end! The whole narrative of her death revolted him and it revolted him to think that he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred. The cautious words of a reporter won over to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death attacked his stomach. Not merely had she degraded herself; she had degraded him. His soul's companion! He thought of the hobbling wretches whom he had seen carrying cans and bottles to be filled by the barman. Just God, what an end! Evidently she had been unfit to live, without any strength of purpose, an easy prey to habits, one of the wrecks on which civilization has been reared. But that she could have sunk so low! Was it possible he had deceived himself so utterly about her? He remembered her outburst of that night and interpreted it in a harsher sense than he had ever done. He had no difficulty now in approving of the course he had taken. As the light failed and his memory began to wander he thought her hand touched his. The shock which had first attacked his stomach was now attacking his nerves. He put on his overcoat and hat quickly and went out. The cold air met him on the threshold; it crept into the sleeves of his coat. When he came to the public-house at Chapel Bridge he went in and ordered a hot punch. The proprietor served him obsequiously but did not venture to talk. There were five or six working-men in the shop discussing the value of a gentleman's estate in County Kildare. They drank at intervals from their huge pint tumblers, and smoked, spitting often on the floor and sometimes dragging the sawdust over their heavy boots. Mr. Duffy sat on his stool and gazed at them, without seeing or hearing them. After a while they went out and he called for another punch. He sat a long time over it. The shop was very quiet. The proprietor sprawled on the counter reading the newspaper and yawning. Now and again a tram was heard swishing along the lonely road outside. As he sat there, living over his life with her and evoking alternately the two images on which he now conceived her, he realized that she was dead, that she had ceased to exist, that she had become a memory. He began to feel ill at ease. He asked himself what else could he have done. He could not have lived with her openly. He had done what seemed to him best. How was he to blame? Now that she was gone he understood how lonely her life must have been, sitting night after night alone in that room. His life would be lonely too until he, too, died, ceased to exist, became a memory -- if anyone remembered him. 19. Mr. Duffy's immediate reaction to the report of the woman's death was that of __ A. disgust B. guilt C. grief D. compassion 20. It can be inferred from the passage that the reporter wrote about the woman's death in a _________ manner. 6 A. detailed B. provocative C. discreet D. sensational 21. We can infer from the last paragraph that Mr. Duffy was in a(n) _________ mood. A. angry B. fretful C. irritable D. remorseful 22. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Mr. Duffy once confided in the woman. B. Mr. Duffy felt an intense sense of shame. C. The woman wanted to end the relationship. D. They became estranged probably after a quarrel. TEXT D Pundits who want to sound judicious are fond of warning against generalizing. Each country is different, they say, and no one story fits all of Asia. This is, of course, silly, all of these economies plunged into economic crisis within a few months of each other, so they must have had something in common. In fact, the logic of catastrophe was pretty much the same in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea. (Japan is a very different story. ) In each case investors- mainly, but not entirely, foreign banks who had made short-term loans -- all tried to pull their money out at the same time. The result was a combined banking and currency crisis: a banking crisis because no bank can convert all its assets into cash on short notice; a currency crisis because panicked investors were trying not only to convert long-term assets into cash, but to convert baht or rupiah into dollars. In the face of the stampede, governments had no good options. If they let their currencies plunge, inflation would soar and companies that had borrowed in dollars would go bankrupt; if they tried to support their currencies by pushing up interest rates, the same firms would probably go bust from the combination of debt burden and recession. In practice, countries split the difference -- and paid a heavy price regardless. Was the crisis a punishment for bad economic management? Like most cliches, the catchphrase "crony capitalism'' has prospered because it gets at something real: excessively cozy relationships between government and business really did lead to a lot, of bad investments. The still primitive financial structure of Asian business also made the economies peculiarly vulnerable to a loss of confidence. But the punishment was surely disproportionate to the crime, and many investments that look foolish in retrospect seemed sensible at the time. Given that there were no good policy options, was the policy response mainly on the right track? There was frantic blame-shifting when everything in Asia seemed to be going wrong; now there is a race to claim credit when some things have started to go right. The International Monetary Fund points to Korea's recovery -- and more generally to the fact that the sky didn't fall after all -- as proof that its policy recommendations were right. Never mind that other IMF clients have done far worse, and that the economy of Malaysia -- which refused IMF help, and horrified respectable opinion by imposing cap- ital controls -- also seems to be on the mend. Malaysia's 7 Prime Minister, by contrast, claims full credit for any good news -- even though neighbouring economies also seem to have bottomed out. The truth is that an observer without any axe to grind would probably conclude that none of the policies adopted either on or in defiance of the IMF's advice made much difference either way. Budget policies, interest rate policies, banking reform -- whatever countries tried, just about all the capital that could flee, did. And when there was no more money to run, the natural recuperative powers of the economies finally began to prevail. At best, the money doctors who purported to offer cures provided a helpful bedside manner; at worst, they were like medieval physicians who prescribed bleeding as a remedy for all ills. Will the patients stage a full recovery.? It depends on exactly what you mean by “full”. South Korea's industrial production is already above its pre-crisis level; but in the spring of 1997 anyone who had predicted zero growth in Korean industry over the next two years would have been regarded as a reckless doomsayer. So if by recovery you mean not just a return to growth, but one that brings the region's performance back to something like what people used to regard as the Asian norm, they have a long way to go. 23. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the writer's opinion? A. Countries paid a heavy price for whichever measure taken. B. Countries all found themselves in an economic dilemma. C. Withdrawal of foreign capital resulted in the crisis. D. Most governments chose one of the two options. 24. The writer thinks that those Asian countries _________. A. well deserved the punishment B. invested in a senseless way at the time C. were unduly punished in the crisis D. had bad relationships between government and business 25. It can be inferred from the passage that IMF policy recommendations _________. A. were far from a panacea in all cases B. were feasible in their recipient countries C. failed to work in their recipient countries D. were rejected unanimously by Asian countries 26. At the end of the passage, the writer seems to think that a full recovery of the Asian economy is _________. A. due B. remote C. imaginative D. unpredictable TEXT E Harry Truman didn't think his successor had the right training to be president. "Poor Ike - it won't be a bit like the Army," he said. "He'll sit there all day saying 'do this, do that,' and nothing will happen." Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance - you didn't tell Winston Churchill what to do - in a massive, chaotic war. He was used to politics. But Truman's insight could well be applied to another, even more venerated Washington figure: the 8 CEO-turned cabinet secretary. A 20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses, so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O'Neill. Here are two highly regarded businessmen, obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs. Actually, we shouldn't be surprised. Rumsfeld and O'Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it. The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment. In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin, it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government. Why is this? Well, first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO, the president. But even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out. The secretary might think he's in charge of his agency. But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same. In his famous study "Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents," Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is "the power to persuade." Take Rumsfeld's attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future. It's innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington. The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress, the budget office or the White House. As a result, the idea is collapsing. Second, what power you have, you must use carefully. For example, O'Neill's position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority. Unlike Finance ministers around the world, Treasury does not control the budget. But it has symbolic power. The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and, if he plays it right, the chief economic adviser for the president. O'Neill's has been publicly critical of the IMF's bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil. As a result, he has gotten the worst of both worlds. The bailouts continue, but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism. Perhaps the government doesn't do bailouts well. But that leads to a third role: you can't just quit. Jack Welch's famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category, or else get out of that business. But if the government isn't doing a particular job at peak level, it doesn't always have the option of relieving itself of that function. The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money. But it can't get out of the national-security business. The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin's success may have been that he fully under- stands that business and government are, in his words, "necessarily and properly very different.'' In a recent speech he explained, "Business functions around one predominate organizing principle, profitability ... Government, on the other hand, deals with a vast number, of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives - for example, energy production versus environmental protection, or safety regulations versus productivity." Rubin's example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate, serious endeavor. But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery, it's difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn, particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens, politicians, bureaucrats and the media. And even if he knows 9 it intellectually, he just can’s live with it. 27. For a CEO to be successful in government, he has to ________ A. regard the president as the CEO. B. take absolute control of his department. C. exercise more power than the congressional committee. D. become acquainted with its power structure. 28. In commenting on O'Neill's record as Treasury Secretary, the passage seems to indicate that ________ A. O'Neill has failed to use his power well. B. O'Neill's policies were well received. C. O'Neill has been consistent in his policies. D. O'Neill is uncertain about the package he's approved. 29. According to the passage, the differences between government and business lie in the following areas EXCEPT________ A. nature of activity. B. option of withdrawal. C. legitimacy of activity. D. power distribution. 30. The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials ________ A. are able to fit into their new roles. B. are unlikely to adapt to their new roles. C. can respond to new situations intelligently. D. may feel uncertain in their new posts. PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE [10 MIN.] There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet. 31. Where is Edinburgh'?. A. In Wales. B. In Scotland. C. In Northern Ireland. D. In Ireland. 32. Which of the following is NOT a U.S. news and cable network? A. ABC. B. CNN. C. CBS. D. BBC. 33. The capital of Australia is _________. A. Sydney B. Melbourne C. Canberra D. Perth 34. Which degree is offered in community colleges in the United States? 10 A. Master's degree. B. Doctor's degree. C. Bachelor's degree. D. Associate degree. 35. George Bernard Shaw was a(n) _________. A. playwright B. poet C. novelist D. essayist 36. John Galsworthy was most famous for _________. A~ Heart of Darkness B. Ulysses C. The Forsyte Saga D. A Passage to India 37. The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by _________. A. Henry James B. O. Henry C. Harriet Beecher Stower D. Mark Twain 38. The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _________. A. morphology B. general linguistics C. phonology D. semantics 39. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A. Landlady. B. Greenhouse. C. Uplift. D. Unacceptable. 40. The word holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies any day on which we don't have to work. This is an example of _________. A. meaning shift B. widening of meaning C. narrowing of meaning D. loss of meaning PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION [15 MIN.] Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed. PART V TRANSLATION [60 MIN.] SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE. 11 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地 依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿．酒和 饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和 唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传 了下来。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE. In his classic novel, The Pioneers, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where? Why everywhere!" he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being." PART VI WRITING [45 MIN.] All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society, we university students have to possess certain personal qualities that can enable us to realize our aim. What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university student? Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic: THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSONAL QUALITY OF A UNIVERSITY STUDENT In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR. , THE END – 12 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS GRADE EIGHT (SAMPLE TEST) ANSWER SHEET ONE PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE [10 MIN.] Marslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which can be arranged in order of importance. Physiological needs: the most ___( 1 )___ ones (1) __________ for survival. They include such needs as food, water, etc. And there is usually one way to satisfy these needs. Safety needs: needs for a) physical security b) ___(2)___ (2) __________ The former means no illness or injury, while the latter is concerned with freedom from worries, misfortunes, etc. These needs can be met through a variety of means, e.g. job security, ___(3)___ plans, and safe working conditions. (3) __________ ___(4)___: human requirements (4) __________ for a) love and affection b) ___(5)___ (5) __________ There are two ways to satisfy these needs: a) formation of relationships at workplace b) formation of relationships outside workplace Esteem needs: a) self-esteem i.e. one's sense of achievement b) esteem of others, i.e. others' respect as a result of one's ___(6)___ (6) __________ These needs can be fulfilled by achievement, promotion, honours, etc. ____(7)__: need to realize one's potential. (7) __________ Ways to realize these needs are individually different. Features of the hierarchy of needs: a) Social, esteem and self-realization needs are exclusively ___(8)___ needs. (8) __________ b) Needs are satisfied in ___(9)___ from the bottom (9) __________ 13 up. c) Motivation for needs comes from the lowest un-met level. d) Different levels of needs may ____ (10)__ when (10) __________ they come into play. Please move onto Section B Interview. ANSWER SHEET TWO PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION [15 MIN.] Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed. The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way: For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “?” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line. For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. EXAMPLE When ? art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never them on the wall. When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often (3) exhibit build it. The grammatical words which play so large a part in English gram- mar are for the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is (1) _____________ that grammatical words have "less meaning", but in fact some grammari- (2) _____________ ans have called them "empty" words as opposed in the "full" words of vocabu- (3) _____________ lary. But this is a rather misl6d way of (4) _____________ 14 expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name of some- thing as man is, it is very far away (5) _____________ from being meaningless; there is a sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this (6) _____________ difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of (7) _____________ meaning they have, even in the lexical sense. Another name for the gram- matical words has been “little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion (8) _____________ for distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, (9) _____________ man, say, car. Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity (10) _____________ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines. 15 KEY TO THE SAMPLE TEST Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION Section A MINI-LECTURE 这是一篇关于马斯洛需求层次理论的简介。由于演讲者在开始就明确提出了需求层次 这一概念，并且指出这是一个与心理学有关的话题，因此我们只要充分利用自己的心理学知 识，并紧紧抓住这个关键，就可以获得演讲中的大部分信息。根据一般常识，要想了解 一个层次系统，我们至少要明白各个层次的名称、内容以及各层次之间的关系。因此，在记 笔记时，我们只要记下这些内容，就基本上可以回答试卷中提出的问题了。 Language points: , hierarchy: system or structure with components at different levels , esteem: admiration and respect you feel towards somebody else , self-esteem: how you feel about yourself. , vary greatly with the individual: be very different for different people 1. basic/fundamental 2. Safety 3. emotional 4. worries 5. pension 6. work 7. variable/different/dependent 8. human 9. motivation 10. coexist/exist simultaneously Section B INTERVIEW 本访谈的主题是不同国家的商人在国际商务谈判中所现出来的共同点和不同点，基本结构 如下： I. Common features of international business negotiation (conducted in English) A. English proficiency not very important B. Negotiators with different cultural traditions C. International Americanized style not very important II. Difference in negotiators from different countries A. American businessmen: Direct self-explanatory way 1. Point-making 2. Not necessarily the best way B. Brazilian businessmen: Indirect way 1. Looking at people straight in the eyes 2. Spending time on background information C. German businessmen: direct and uncompromising D. Japanese businessmen 1. Extremely polite 16 2. Very reserved III. Conclusion: Importance to remember that different people behave and negotiate in different ways. Language points: , level out: 本义为make something flat，在此可以理解为minimize the difference （减少区 别）。 , generalize that to national characteristics and stereotypes: regard that behaviour as national characteristics or typical examples of people in certain country. Generalize something to something的意思是“把某物概括为某物”。 1. B J认为language proficiency对谈判的影响并不大，因为影响更大的是文化传统 （negotiations between business partners from different countries …belong to distinct cultural traditions.）。 2. D 在谈到美式英语是否会对其他各种英语有影响时，J说Maybe it has, maybe it hasn’t。这说明她是非常谨慎的。 3. A 本题必须用排除法。J提到美国人和古巴人谈判时，the American negotiators make their points in a direct self-explanatory way，所以B正确；Brazilian importers look at … straight in the eyes a lot，所以C正确；（Brazilian importers）spend time on … background information，所以D正确。 4. C 本访谈似乎是从英国人的角度出发的。被访者J认为在英国人眼中，德国人很直 接，而美国人比德国人更直接，所以可以认定答案为C。 5. B 本题也要使用排除法。文中提到Many Europeans note the extreme politeness of their Japanese counterparts (C)、They are also very reserved (A) 以及 average Japanese business person does choose his or… her words very carefully (D)，所以只 能选B。 SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST 6. D 新闻中说，尽管加拿大总体评分很高，but if you’re a woman, you are better off in Scandinavia，所以答案为D。 7. B 根据Finland is in the eleventh place, followed by France，可断定答案为B。 8. C 根据from the bottom up, are war-devastated Sierra Leon…，可以断定Sierra Leon 为最后一名。 9. C 新闻第一句通常非常重要。只要你抓住is to discuss the efforts to stimulate the Japanese economy during a visit to Japan…，就能确定答案。 10. D 新闻中说He’s visited the country 40 times before，据此可以确定答案。 Part II READING COMPREHENSION TEXT A 本文分析了智利旅游业发展的问题。作者首先指出它最主要的问题是地理位置过 于偏僻，随后指出智利的旅游业发展已经有所成就，并分析了原因（政局稳定和政府努力）。 在此之后，作者客观地对比了智利发展旅游所面临的优势（地理多样性和安第斯山）和劣势 （基础设施落后和国际航线不足）。最后作者讨论了智利发展旅游业面临的压力（环境保护、 传统文化保护以及政治影响），并对政府提出了一些建议。 Language points: , to be reckoned with: to deserve serious consideration（值得认真对待） , trump card: something that can give you advantage over others （能带来优势的东西，王牌） 17 , salmon: 鲑鱼 , trout: 真鳟（鲑鱼的一种） , piste: a track of firm snow for skiing on （滑雪用的滑道） 11. A 文章第一句：The biggest problem facing Chile… is that it is at the end of the earth. 12. B 第二段说it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East，可见以前来自远东的游客很 少。 13. C 第六段第一句说The trump card is the Andes mountain range。 14. B 第九段中作者指出，internal transport links are being improved。 15. A 本题可用排除法。文中提及the policy of opening up Antarctica … is also politically sensitive (B)、indigenous and environmental groups say that many parts of Andes will suffer (D)以及there is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction（C），所以选A。 TEXT B 本文主要评价了BBC的一位记者。作者从出身、脱离国籍、观点立场、对女性 的态度等方面对他进行了批评。我们要注意体会作者的语气。 Language points: , beat the path to one’s door: 短语to beat a path表示“踩出一条路来”，所以beat a path to one’s door就可以表示经常去拜访某人，或者引申为经常提及某人。 , entrance: v. complete attract （使深深着迷） , drawl: speaking in a slow and not very clearly way （用低沉的音调说话） , raconteur: one who tells story in an interesting or amusing way （善于讲故事的人） , treacly: thick, sweet, or sticky like honey （像蜜一样甜或者粘的） 16. C 作者在第二段中说Cooke真正虚伪指出在于掩盖自己的身世，即他本是英国人， 却在祖国需要他的时候脱离了国籍，这件事is hardly a matter for congratulation。 17. B 这一题需要排除法。在第三段中，作者说他为Radio 4赢得了大量的devoted adherents，因此说他很受欢迎（D）。在最后一段，作者说his arrogance in not allowing BBC editors to see his script …（C）和he could not help living with the 1930s values（A）。 18. A 通读全文，可以看出作者对Cooke充满了冷嘲热讽。 TEXT C 本文主要了一个男子Mr. Duffy在一名女子死后的心理活动。他先是为女子的所 作所为感到羞耻，后来出门到一家酒吧中借酒浇愁，在喝酒中他不断在心中为自己开脱，但 这实际上正显示出他对自己的自责。阅读本文时，必须从心理活动中找到现实世界中事件的 线索。 Language points: , soul’s companion: 常作soul mate，表示“知己、密友”。 , obsequiously: eager to help or agree someone more important （巴结、讨好） , ill at ease: uncomfortable, anxious, worried （紧张、焦虑、不安） 19. A 文章开始说The whole narrative of her death revolted him and it revolted him to think … he held sacred，以此可以判断他对关于女子死亡的报道感到反感。 20. C 因为作者说记者对该女子死亡的描述是the cautious words … to conceal the details of a commonplace vulgar death。 18 21. D 最后一段中尽管Mr. Duffy为自己找了很多借口，但是提到He began to feel ill at ease，即他开始感到不安起来，所以选D。 22. C 本题适用排除法。作者在第一段说he had ever spoken to her of what he held sacred，后面Duffy又把该女子称为his soul’s companion，由此可见两人关系密 切，所以A不对。Duffy对该女子的死的最初反应是Not merely had she degraded herself; she had degraded him，可见他也感到有些羞耻，所以B不对。同样在第 一段作者提到he remembered her outburst of night，表明两人曾有过争吵，所以D 不对。 TEXT D 这是一篇关于亚洲金融危机的评论。作者首先分析了危机产生的原因，随后探讨了形势 好转的原因，最后对亚洲经济前景作了简单的预测。文中有很多经济术语，对于没有任何经 济学基础的人可能会有些困难。 Language points: , pundit: a person who knows a lot about a subject and is often asked for opinion （权威） , go bust: lose so much money as to be forced to close down, bankrupt （破产） , split the difference: compromise （妥协） , bottom out: (of a situation, price, etc.) stop getting worse or lower, usually before getting better again （到达低谷、到达最低点） , without any ax to grind: 如果我们说某人has an ax to grind，我们在暗示he or she is doing something for selfish reasons。文中说an observer without any ax to grind应该是指 an objective observer。 , bedside manner (of a doctor): the way a doctor talks to his/her patient （体现医生对病人态 度的）谈话方式 23. D 本题可以使用排除法。作者在第一段说all of these economies…of each other，所 以说B不能选。在第二段中，作者在分析危机原因时说investors … all try to pull their money out at the same time，因此C不能选。在第二段最后一句中，作者说 counties paid a heavy price，因此A不能选。D之所以不对，是因为split the difference表示“妥协”，而不是在两个方法中任选一个。 24. C 作者在第三段中指出the punishment was surely disproportionate to the crime，意思 是尽管亚洲国家有些错误，但是不应该受到如此严重的惩罚。 25. A 在第四段中，作者指出IMF的对韩国很有效，但是也提到other IMF clients have done far worse，然后又提到马来西亚没有接受IMF的指导，但经济上也很 有起色，因此选A。panacea指“万能药”。 26. B 文章最后，作者认为if by recovery…they have a long way to go，所以亚洲的真正 复兴还为时尚早。 TEXT E 本文主要是在对比公司管理和政府管理的基础上，分析几位政府要员的工作情况。作 者先提出it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government，然后分析原因：first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO; second, what power you have, you must use carefully。作者还用Robert Rubin作反例，分析他为什么比较成功。 Language points: , Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. 公司中的权力集中而 且垂直分配。 , Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out. （华盛顿权力分散，而且水 19 平分布。） 这里指的是政府的权力是分散于各部门之间的，各部门相互制衡，没有 任何一个部门拥有绝对的权力。 , transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future. （把冷战时期的军队转变 为面向未来的军队）Gear作动词，可以表示“调整”，本文中是与for 连用，但实 际上更常见的是和to或者towards连用。 27. D 在第三段中，作者指出CEO在政府中失败的第一个原因就是未能意识到公司中的 权力结构和政府中权力结构的区别，因此其他几个选项都是不对的。 28. A 作者提到The bailouts continue, but their effect in bolstering investor confidence … because the market are rattled by his skeptism。所以可以看出，他对市场带来了负面 影响。 29. C 本题可用排除法。第七段指出business and government are necessarily and properly very different，因此A不能选。第六段指出，公司可以从某一活动中推出，但政府 不能，所以B不能选。另外，作者在前面第三段中早已解释了公司和政府权力结 构的不同，所以D不能选。 30. D 这是一道推理题。作者在结尾时说Having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery, it’s difficult … And even if he knows it intellectually, he just can’t live with it. 这里暗示了作者的担心。 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C 21. D 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30.D Part III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. B Part IV PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION 1. seem the most obvious: delete the OR: seem ? as the 2. but: and 3. in: to 4. misled: misleading 5. far away: delete away 6. sin~. sole/only 7. as A the amount: to OR. as ? in 8. mean: means 9. as: like OR: such ? as 10. number: deal Translation 詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库柏在其经典小说《拓荒者》中，记述了主人公—— 一 位土地开发商——带着表妹游览一座他将要建造的城市的情景。他向表妹描绘了 宽阔的街道，成排的房屋，俨然一座熙熙攘攘的大都市。然而，表妹环顾四周， 20 却深表困惑，她所见到的只是一片森林。她问：“你要给我看的美景和改观在哪 里？”他很惊讶她竟然看不到。他回答道，“哪里？！到处都是嘛！”因为尽管他 还没有把它们真正地建成，他早已在脑海里构想好了，它们对他来说是如此地具 体真实仿佛它们早已建成。 库柏在这里揭示了一种美国人独有的特征，超前意识：他们能够站在未来的 高度来看现在的一切；摆脱过去束缚而更加亲近未来。正如埃尔伯特?爱因斯坦 曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是进取，而非守成。” 21 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS GRADE EIGHT (SAMPLE TEST) TAPESCRIPT OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-IECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now listen to the mini-lecture. Good morning, everybody. Today's lecture is about Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This seems like a psychological topic. Actually, it is something psychological. Abraham Maslow is a psychologist, and he’s especially known for his theory of human needs. OK, first of all, what is a need? Here, we can simply define it as a personal requirement. Maslow believed that humans are "wanting" beings who seek to fulfill a variety of needs. According to his theory, these needs can be arranged in an order according to their importance. It is this order that has become known as Maslow's hierarchy of needs. In this hierarchy of needs, at the most basic level are physiological needs. Fundamentally, humans are just one species of animal. We need to keep ourselves alive. Physiological needs are what we require for survival. These needs include food and water, shelter, and sleep. At this level, for us humans, Maslow also includes the need for clothing. How are these needs usually satisfied? It is mainly through adequate wages. Then, what is the next level of needs? At the next level are safety needs, the things we require for physical and emotional security. Physical security is easy to understand. Everybody needs to keep his body safe from injury, illness, etc. Then, what is emotional security? Well, that's maybe the point in this hierarchy of needs where humans begin to differ from other animals. We are thinking animals. We have worries. What if I lost my job? What if I were struck down by a severe disease? Besides physical security, we need to think we are safe from misfortunes both now and in the foreseeable future. How can these needs be met then? According to Maslow, safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans, and safe working conditions. After this stage come the levels of needs that are particular to human beings. The immediately following level are the social needs. Under this category, Maslow puts our requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging. We need to be loved. We need to belong to a group, not just a family, in which we can share with others a common interest. In Maslow's view, these needs can be satisfied through the work environment and some informal 22 organizations. Certainly, we also need social relationships beyond the workplace, for example, with family and friends. Next, the level of esteem needs. What are esteem needs then? They include both the need of self-esteem and the need of esteem of others. Self-esteem is a sense of our own achievements and worth. We need to believe that we are successful, we are no worse, if no better, than others. The esteem of others is the respect and recognition we gain from other people, either through our work or our activities in other social groups. The ways to satisfy esteem needs include personal achievements, promotion to more responsible jobs, various honors and awards, and other forms of recognition. What follows is the top level of this hierarchy of needs. These are the self-realization needs. In other words, they are the needs to grow and develop as people, the needs to become all that we are capable of being. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy. Whether one can achieve this level or not perhaps deter- mines whether one can be a great man or just an ordinary man. Of course, it depends on different people. The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs. Well for other people, it could be becoming "the best there is" in certain areas~ it could be becoming the President of the IBM. Anyway, being "great" or ordinary is what others think, while self-realization is largely individual. Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy their physiological needs first, then their safety needs, and so on up the "needs ladder". In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest level that remain unsatisfied. However, needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come in- to play. If the majority of a person's physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that person will be motivated primarily by social needs. But any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role. Ok, that's the general picture of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Just to sum up, I've briefly introduced to you Marslow's theory. Marslow thinks there are five kinds of human needs, with each one being more important than the preceding one. I hope that you've found ,his ideas interesting, and in our next lecture we'll mainly discuss the practical implications of his theory. Now, you have 2 minutes to check your notes, and then complete the gap-filling task on Answer Sheet One in 10 minutes. (a 12-minute interval) In Sections B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet. SECTION B INTERVIEW Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. I: I'm talking to Janet Holmes who has spent many years negotiating for several well-known national and multinational companies. Hello, Janet. 23 J: Hello. I: Now Janet, you've experienced and observed the negotiation strategics used by people from different countries and speakers of different languages. So, before we come on to the differences, could I ask you to comment first of all on what such encounters have in common? J: OK, well, I'm just going to focus on the situations where people speak English in international business situations. I: I see. Now not everyone speaks English to the same degree of proficiency. So maybe that affects the situation? J: Yes, perhaps. But that's not always so significant. Well, because, I mean, negotiations between business partners from different countries normally mean that we have negotiations between individuals who belong to distinct cultural traditions. I: Oh, I see. J: Well, every individual has a different way of performing various tasks in everyday life. I: Yes, but, but isn't it the case that in a business negotiation they must come together and work together, to a certain extent? I mean, doesn't that level out the style of, … the style of differences somewhat? J: Oh, I'm not so sure. I mean, there are people in the so-called Western world who say that in the course of the past 30 or 40 years that a lot of things have changed a great deal globally. And that as a consequence national differences have diminished or have got fewer, giving way to some sort of international Americanized style. I: Yeah, I've heard of that. Now some people say that this Americanized style has acted as a model for local patterns. J: Maybe it has, maybe it hasn't. Because, on the one hand, there does appear to be a fairly unified, even uniform style of doing business, with certain basic principles and preferences -- you know, like "time is money", that sort of thing. But at the same time it's very important to remember that we all retain aspects of our national characteristics --but it is actually behaviour that we're talking about here. We shouldn't be too quick to generalize that to national characteristics and stereotypes. It doesn't help much. I: Yeah, you mentioned Americanized style. What is particular about the American style of business bargaining or negotiating? J: Well, I've noticed that, for example, when Americans negotiate with people from Brazil, the American negotiators make their points in a direct self-explanatory way. I: I see. J: While the Brazilians make their points in a more indirect way. I: How? J: Let me give you an example. Brazilian importers look the people they're talking to straight in the eyes a lot. They spend time on what for some people seems to be background information. They seem to be more indirect. I: Then, what about the American negotiators? J: An American style of negotiating, on the other hand, is far more like that of point-making: first point, second point, third point, and so on. Now of course, this isn’t the only way in which one can negotiate. And there's absolutely no reason why this should be considered the best way to negotiate. I: Right. Americans seem to have a different style, say, even from the British, don't they? J: Exactly. Which just shows how careful you must be about generalizing. I mean, how else can 24 you explain how American negotiators are seen as informal and sometimes much too open? For in British eyes Americans are direct --- even blunt. I: Is that so? J. Yeah, and at the same time, for the British too, German negotiators can appear direct and uncompromising in negotiations. And yet if you experience Germans and Americans negotiating together it's often the Americans who are being too blunt for the German negotiators. I: Fascinating. So people from different European countries use a different style, don't they? J: N...That's right. I: OK …so... what about the Japanese then? I mean, is their style different from Americans and Europeans? J: Oh well, yes, of course. Many Europeans note the extreme politeness of their Japanese counterparts. The way they avoid giving the slightest offence, you know. They're also very reserved towards people they don't know well. At the first meetings, American colleagues have difficulties in finding the right approach sometimes. But then, when you meet the Japanese negotiators again, this initial impression tends to disappear. But it is perhaps true to say that your average Japanese business person does choose his, or, more rarely, her words very carefully. I: So can we say whatever nationalities you're dealing with, you need to remember that different nationalities negotiate in different ways. J: Well, it's perhaps more helpful to bear in mind that different people behave and negotiate in different ways -- and you shouldn't assume that everyone will behave in the same way that you do. I. Right. This is definitely a very useful tip for our businessmen who often negotiate with their overseas partners. OK, Janet, thank you very much for talking with us. J: Pleasure. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given lO seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. Canada, for the seventh consecutive year, ranks as the best place to live in the world. But if you are a woman, you are better off in Scandinavia, says the UN Human Development Report 2000, released yesterday. Norway is in second place in overall ranking, followed by the United States, Australia, Iceland, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Japan and Britain. Finland is in the llth place, followed by France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Luxembourg, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. At the other end of the scale, the 10 least-developed countries that provide the fewest services to their people, from the bottom up are. war-devastated Sierra Leone, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Chad, Central African Republic and Mali. Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. 25 The French President, Jacques Chirac, is to discuss the efforts to stimulate the Japanese economy during a visit to Japan which begins today. The French President is no stranger to Japan. He's visited the country 40 times before and this will be his second visit as President. Mr. Chirac will hold summit talks with the Japanese Prime Minister next Monday. He is expected to discuss efforts to boost the Japanese economy as well as investments by Japanese companies in France. He'll also meet the emperor and the empress at a lunch on Tuesday. But perhaps the event that will draw most attention is the launch of a year-long festival of French Arts and Culture in Japan. A replica of the Arch de Triumph that usually stands in Paris has been transported to Tokyo Bay for the festival and Mr. Chirac will unveil it. The festival includes films, theatrical performances, dance and exhibitions as well as promotions for French food and wine, both of which are very popular in Japan. This is the end of listening comprehension Please proceed to the next part. 26