中国古代的科技发展（The development of science and technology in ancient China）

中国古代的科技发展（The development of science and technology in ancient China） 中国古代的科技发展(The development of science and technology in ancient China) 1, China ancient science and technology development: (1) the four great inventions of ancient Chinese and rumor. Papermaking: China is the earliest invention of paper of the countries in the world. In the early Han Dynasty have been made of paper, Gansu Tianshui Ma Tan unearthed hit off with a map of the paper, is currently the world's earliest known paper; 105 years, Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty with cheap raw materials to improve papermaking, "Cai Houzhi said". The invention and improvement of papermaking is not only a great revolution of writing material, is also a major revolution in the history of the development of world civilization. From fourth Century onwards, papermaking spread eastward into North Korea, Vietnam, Japan, eighth Century westward to Central Asia, and Arabia spread to Africa and Europe, and made great contributions to the development of human culture. Printing, gunpowder and the compass: China is the world's first invention of printing, gunpowder, the compass of the country. A guide for people to use characteristics of the Warring States period, the invention of "Ian"; Sui and Tang dynasties have engraved Buddhist calendar, books; middle Tang "really Yuanmiao road chamber" is first mentioned in the book of gunpowder, at the end of the Tang Dynasty gunpowder began for the military, the rocket is the earliest gunpowder weapons. Due to the Song Dynasty, printing, gunpowder, the compass, the three great inventions to complete development: the Northern Song Dynasty civilian Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, has made outstanding contributions to the development of world civilization, printing eastward to Korea and Japan, West Europe and spread to Egypt; and widely used with the development of the Song Dynasty compass the shipping industry, and spread to Arabia and Europe in thirteenth Century, the world economic and cultural exchanges in Europe and America and realize the navigator found sailing around the world provides an important condition; gunpowder in the Song Dynasty has been widely used in military, specializes in the manufacture of gunpowder and firearms of the Northern Song Dynasty of the Southern Song Dynasty, invented the "sudden gun tube firearm" open a new human war history, in mid thirteenth Century, gunpowder and gunpowder weapons into Arabia, and then spread to Europe, Europe. The middle class to overthrow the feudal system of the powerful weapon. (2) China ancient astronomical calendar With the development of China ancient agriculture, astronomy has also been rapid development. Xia and Shang Dynasties: the method of "Xia Xiaozheng" with each month of the year in the sky, meteorology, phenology, and farming and so on; a maximum when the world is the continuation of the longest day Ji method (Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches Ji day law) at the same time, Xia and Shang dynasties also retains the earliest solar eclipse and lunar eclipse China's record of these later produced huge influence. The spring and Autumn Period: during the spring and Autumn period has left the world of Halley's comet on the first record; the spring and autumn calendar also has formed its own fixed system, basically nineteen years seven leap to determine the principle of; the world's oldest astronomical works "Ganjing" during the Warring States period. Qin and Han Dynasties: the Western Han Dynasty when astronomers developed a relatively complete Almanac "the first Chinese tachu calendar" begins with the first day of Rosh Hashanah, at the same time, the Western Han Dynasty also left the world recognized on the earliest record of sunspot; Eastern Han Dynasty scientist Zhang Heng invented it, and made a scientific explanation of the eclipse of the earliest. Sui and Tang Dynasties: the Tang Dynasty astronomers Sangha established "premium calendar", more accurately reflects the Sun rules, he is also the world with scientific method of measuring the length of the founder of the earth's meridian. The song and Yuan Dynasties: Northern Song Dynasty Shen Kuo created a simpler and more conducive to the arrangement of the "Twelve farming calendar"; Yuan Dynasty dedicated Taishi bureau to prepare the new calendar, astronomer Guo Shoujing created a simple and high scale astronomical observation instrument, and the preparation of the "calendar time", the one year period and the current calendar is basically the same but, 300 years earlier than the Gregorian calendar. (3) Chinese ancient architectural achievements Chinese ancient the Great Wall: the Great Wall of Qin west of Lintao, east to Liaodong; Ming Long East of the Yalu River, West to Jiayuguan. The Great Wall is built according to the terrain, contours1, construction scale, unique architectural style, the magnificent architectural complex, Chinese embodies the wisdom of the ancient people, is one of the architectural history of the world. Protect the Central Plains agricultural production to a certain extent, become a dividing line Chinese ancient agricultural civilization and nomadic civilization, protecting the ecological environment in northern china. It also increased the burden on the people, to a certain extent, blocking the communication with the Central Plains ethnic minorities of the north. Sui and Tang Dynasties: this period is the mature period of ancient architecture Chinese. The famous architect Yuwen Kai built on the basis of Daxing Town, Tang for the expansion of Changan City, reflect the superb technology of city building construction; Sui craftsman Li Chun Zhaozhou stone arch bridge design, bridge occupies an important position in the world history. The song and Yuan Dynasties: Architectural Technology in this period has a significant development. The Northern Song Dynasty Li Jie written "create a French" is China's architectural history Yijie out of work. Other such as the Liao Dynasty famous Chinese wooden architecture (Hebei Jixian County dule temple, Shanxi Yingxian Wood Tower), the Lugou Bridge, Dadu are in China's architectural history occupies a very important position. The Ming Dynasty Yongle: Construction Based on Yuandadu on Beijing city building, the magnificent ancient city construction in China's masterpiece. (4) Chinese ancient medical achievements Xia and Shang Dynasties: there have been more extensive medical knowledge, and the disease division, there are some stone medical devices. The spring and Autumn Period: Chinese medicine has made great achievements: during the Warring States period is the later doctors regarded as "the case of pulse" by Bian Que "four diagnostic methods", become traditional diagnosis methods of Chinese medicine for two thousand years. The famous medical works "Yellow Emperor" also appeared in this period. Qin and Han Dynasties: the rapid development of medical doctors in the Western Han Dynasty: the "Yellow Emperor" laid the Chinese medical theory basis; the "Shen Nong's herbal classic", is China's first complete pharmacology work; the Eastern Han Dynasty was known as the "doctor" Hua Tuo invented for surgical anesthesia anesthesia "San", was known as the "medical" Zhang Zhongjing wrote later Chinese as the classic "Shanghanzabinglun". Sui and Tang Dynasties: the Tang Dynasty called "King" Sun Simiao is the author of "Qian", occupies an important position in the history of Chinese medicine; and Tibetan doctor yuan, Dangong "four code", has an important influence at home and abroad; Tang Emperor series "Tang Materia Medica" is one of the world's earliest, by the state the enactment of the pharmacopoeia. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties: the late Ming Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica", a comprehensive summary of the China medicine since sixteenth Century, known as the "Oriental Medicine giant code". (5) Chinese ancient mathematics achievement In the Eastern Han Dynasty: "nine chapters of arithmetic" applied mathematics is the most advanced in the world, it marks the emergence of China formed a complete system of ancient mathematics. In the southern and Northern Dynasties period: Wei mathematician Liu Hui using the limit theory, puts forward a correct method to calculate pi; Southern Dynasties Zu more accurately calculate pi in 3.1415926 ~ 3.1415927 between 1000, earlier than foreign, he also wrote a book "zhuishu", have made outstanding contributions to the development of mathematics. The song and Yuan Dynasties: the Song Dynasty probably invented the abacus abacus has been quite popular in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ming "orthodox" is edited by mathematicians, using all of the use of Pearl algorithm, which reflects the business level of mathematics in the Ming Dynasty, the abacus also soon spread to Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia; the Qing Dynasty Mongolian mathematician Ming Antu launched a "nine round cut for PI Shu", and organized into a "secret circle cut the rate of Czech law" of a book. (6) Chinese other ancient achievements in science and technology Physics, geography, biology, geography and biology achievements of the Shang and Zhou dynasties have a wealth of knowledge. During the Warring States period "Mojing" optical eight reflects great achievement at the time of physics in china. Jin Pei Xiu is the outstanding ancient map of my car, he drew "Yugong geographical map" also put forward the principle of drawing. The Northern Wei Dynasty geographer Li Daoyuan's "shuijingzhu" is a comprehensive Geographic book of history, geography, literature value is very high. The Ming Dynasty Xu Xiake's "Xu Xiake travel" is a geography book, The lime karst notes and observations, two centuries earlier than in europe. Chinese other ancient famous works of science and technology: Agricultural work: the earliest agricultural book "China" and "four people BOM win the book order" when the Han Dynasty; Jia Sixie "Minshu" Chinese is the earliest and the most complete agricultural book; the Song Dynasty agronomist Chen Fu's "agricultural book"; "to the nation issued" Nongsang. To the late Ming "; Xu Guangqi's" agricultural policy book "established a relatively complete system of agriculture. Comprehensive book: the Northern Song Dynasty scientist Shen Kuo summed up the "Meng Xi Bi Tan" in ancient China is mainly in the Northern Song Dynasty a lot of achievements in science and technology, "the history of science Chinese milepost"; late Ming song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations" summarizes the Ming Dynasty agriculture and handicraft production technology, is known as the "Encyclopedia of foreign technology China seventeenth Century". know China ancient science and technology in sixteenth Century (before the Ming Dynasty) has been leading in the world, the main reason is: the establishment of China ancient feudal relations of production to promote the rapid development of social productivity, which creates conditions for the advancement of science and technology; the establishment and development of the feudal autocratic centralization system of the consolidation and development of a unified multi national provides good conditions for continuity and diversity for the development of science and technology, the science and technology in ancient China on the basis of their achievement through the national collective wisdom has been continuously progress; the government has also made Chinese ancient technology has a leading position in the world for attention and support to consolidate the rule of the need for science and technology the development of China; ancient education, talent lay the foundation for the development of science and technology; the development of ancient China foreign exchanges also make Chinese can absorb the ancient science and technology Other countries receive people's wisdom, to further development; the ancient Chinese people accumulated in the long struggle with nature in the rich knowledge and experience, become the source of ancient science and technology development; and China some famous ancient scientists personal efforts and unremitting exploration spirit is the subjective factors of the development of ancient science and technology Chinese. These are the Chinese of ancient science and technology before sixteenth Century (before Ming Dynasty) has been leading the world in the world before sixteenth Century, accounting for more than 57% of these important scientific and technological achievements, not only for the development of Chinese economy, especially provides the conditions for the development of agricultural economy, have made outstanding contributions to the development of the world civilization. China ancient science and technology development also has some of its own characteristics: the science and technology content, strong application, explore the law of development of things is not enough; the research method mainly adopts the traditional classics collation and summary experience; need to use on the development of science and technology in the main service in the feudal agricultural economy, curb the technology effectively into the productivity and become a driving force for the further development of science and technology, such as the different effects can be Chinese four ancient inventions in the West proved. So China ancient science and technology from sixteenth Century to an irreversible decline. Chinese ancient science and technology from an irreversible decline after sixteenth Century: self-sufficient feudal economy occupies a dominant position, limit the development of productive forces, the development of science and technology lack of power; the feudal rulers carried out the policy of restraining commerce and the "closed door" policy, further restrict the development of China ancient science and technology education; with more and more ancient by Confucianism Chinese cruel cultural despotism to China ancient science and technology in the lack of sufficient attention and talent. After all is the result of the feudal system of ancient China increasingly decadent resulted in China ancient science and technology in sixteenth Century after declining. 2, China ancient literary and artistic achievements (1) Chinese ancient literary achievements China ancient poetry: During the spring and Autumn period according to legend by Confucius editor of "Book of Songs" is China's first collection of poetry, collected from the west to the middle of spring and Autumn Period The 305 poems, its humanistic spirit and realistic attitude toward writing has important influence on the later literature; In the Warring States period, China's great poet Qu Yuan created a new genre of poetry, "Chu Ci" which is the longest in ancient China The lyric "Lisao" is the most famous; The Han Dynasty poetry to "Yuefu" as the representative of the "fifteen army" sign, "Mo Shang sang" is the representative of; Northern and Southern Dynasties, is the essential characteristics of poetry. With his son Cao Cao as the representative of the "literary" in Poetry As in the "real" Hao strong flavor, rich sentiment, on behalf of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems in the "peach blossom spring, fresh and natural, simple style and performance of the dark reality of discontent, landscape poems in this period flourished. With the further development of this period of national integration, a new Yuefu songs popular in the South and North, South and North "folk songs" Sang folk songs "folk song" "Mulan" is his masterpiece. The Tang Dynasty is the golden age Chinese: classical poetry. Chen Ziang is a pioneer in early Tang reform; and the biggest achievement in poetry of the Tang Dynasty, the "immortal" and "Saint Li Bai" the highest achievements of Du Fu, Li Bai's "Sichuan Road" at the Mount Lu "waterfall", Du Fu's "Sanli" "Sanbie", is in the poetry of pastoral poet Meng Haoran poetic masterpiece through the ages, at the same time, Wang Wei, frontier poets Gao Shi and Cen Shen also left many excellent poems; Tang Bai Juyi's allegorical poem "new Yuefu" 50 poems reflected the social reality; the poet Du Mu and Li Shangyin's poems touching. The five generation of the song and Yuan Dynasties: the main achievements in this period is the word "". The five dynasties after the Lord Li Yu is the most outstanding poet; the word entered the boom in the Song Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty haofangpa CI founder and chief representative Su Shi to word into a strong vitality, with outstanding contributions to the development of Ci, the representative of "stories of Chibi", "nostalgia" when the moon is Prelude To Water Melody other famous poet, and mainly reflects the public life of Liu Yong, living in two song, CI has a strong flavor of life in the Southern Song Dynasty poetess Li Qingzhao, bold faction writers Xin Qiji and Lu You also left many passionate patriotic ci. China Ancient Prose: Pre Qin prose is the precious wealth in the history of Chinese literature. Mencius prose is known as the debate on Chuang-tzu's prose text move among force and soft, beautiful, rich imagination, full of wit is litterateurs among all the sons, "carefree" is the representative of the Tang and Song Dynasties; with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Wang Anshi, Su Xun mainly carried out "the ancient Prose Movement", further development of the Chinese ancient prose, later known they are "eight of Tang and song dynasties". Chinese: Ancient Fu Fu is a cross between poetry and prose, both poetry and prose of the stylistic characteristics of ancient China, is a common and important style. Han Fu is the orthodox literature in the Han dynasty. Han Fu momentum, long length, the representative of Sima Xiangru's "Rhapsody of imaginary" written "Shanglin Fu", a strong sense of the reality of Han Fu, short, the representative of Ban Gu's "Liangdu"; to the Southern Dynasties, and for the development of parallel prose fu. China ancient novels: the northern and Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty Novels began to rise, Liu Yiqing's "Shishuoxinyu" in note form reflects the social features; the two song words become a new form of the Song Dynasty literature catered to ordinary citizens, can be divided into three categories: one is the history, such as the "New Five Dynasties", "Song Xuan and heritage" so, two said, such as "Tang Ji" from the Tripitaka master, three novels, such as "Beijing", "the popular novels of this vernacular"; the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese classical novels flourish, produced many excellent novels and short stories, such as China's earliest novels the novel "Three Kingdoms" in ancient China, the most outstanding novel "dream of Red Mansions", ancient Chinese outstanding classical Chinese short story "Strange Tales from Liaozhai" etc.. Chinese ancient drama: the main literary achievements of the Yuan Dynasty is the Yuan Dynasty, it is called the Yuan Zaju and Sanqu is melting, music, singing and dancing, performances, art in a furnace, the unique national style comprehensive stage art, the most outstanding representatives of Guan Hanqing, the tragedy of "dou" is his masterpiece; Ming Dynasty legend is the Yuan Dynasty and that the form of drama, which represents as Tang Xianzu's "Peony Pavilion"; The Qing Dynasty along with the development of drama, opera began to form, its sign is the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty four huiban performers. (2) the development of Chinese ancient writing and calligraphy art The emergence and development of ancient Chinese Chinese characters: twenty or thirty symbols inscribed on pottery unearthed in Banpo clan period, may be the earliest origin of the original text; and the text really is about early in the late primitive society to slave society, according to legend, Huang Di ordered to the Shang and Zhou dynasties, CHANGJEI creation; Shang Oracle is a success the text, it already has a pictographs, self explanatory, understanding, Zhuanzhu, under the guise of "six" word structure rules, basically the same as today's Chinese characters, another form of the word "inscription" in the same period also shows that the ancient Chinese characters mature; Qin unified China, the emperor ordered uniform text Xiaozhuan. Then there was more simple script. Chinese ancient calligraphy: the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy as an art, a famous scholar Cai Yong was a famous calligrapher; northern and Southern Dynasties: the art of calligraphy styles, Cao Wei Zhong you flowers blooming like a piece of brocade, began to put the script into regular script; known as "the Eastern Jin Dynasty calligrapher's book" Wang Xizhi and the body, his representative as a "Lanting Pavilion" preface "Huang Ting Jing", his son Wang Xianzhi's calligraphy is also very high attainments in calligraphy calligraphy of Sui and Tang Dynasties; integration of the beautiful and the calligraphy vigorous, appeared to Ouyang Xun as the representative of the three masters of the early Tang Dynasty, Tang Dynasty Yan Zhenqing's "Yan", "Liu" in the Tang Dynasty Liu Gongquan, also of the Tang Dynasty cursive everyone "Cao Sheng" Zhang Xu and Huai Su; Song Dynasty called "four song" Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Cai Xiang, Zhao Mengtiao; Yuan Dynasty calligraphy skill deep Thick, vigorous and powerful. (3) China ancient painting art The spring and Autumn period, painting has become an independent art, Changsha Chu unearthed from the site of the "women's" Dragon Phoenix map "map", is China's oldest extant paintings; Han painting art is rich and colorful, tomb murals, paintings, woodcuts, which unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb Changsha color painting. The Han Dynasty art treasures, the Han Dynasty stone and brick carving is strong; and often religious in southern and Northern Dynasties, the Three Kingdoms, Caobuxing Ancestor Buddha painting in China, and as a good figure painting of the Eastern Jin Gu Kaizi is one of the most famous artists of this period, the representative of "the history of women Fazhen map" and "Lo River map"; the Sui and Tang Dynasties painting style, colorful, has the breath of life of religious paintings, pay attention to the performance of the characters look with lines of figure painting boutique Fen chen, Landscape and flower and bird has become the theme of the painting, famous painter Sui Chan tzu-ch'ien, Yan Liben of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty Wu Daozi; with the development of City Industrial and commercial, custom painting is increasing, one of Zhang Zeduan's "Qingming Festival" is China's art history immortal works; yuan Dynasty painting is Zhao Mengtiao called "Shenpin"; landscape, flower and bird painting dominated during the Ming Dynasty, in Suzhou in the "Wu School" (Shen Zhou, Wen Zhengming, painter Tang Yin, Chou Ying) the poem, calligraphy and painting together, formed its own unique style; the Qing Dynasty Shi Tao, Zhu Da's painting is quite distinctive, mid Qing Dynasty the most famous is the "Eight Wonders of Yangzhou", which Zheng Banqiao painted blue, bamboo has a reputation. (4) Chinese ancient music and dance art During the Warring States period music art reached a very high level, the proof is a full set of bells unearthed in Hubei Suizhou of the tomb of Ceng Houyi; Qin and Han Dynasty Chu Chu dance come into fashion when the emperor of the western regions, the pipa, the thrill of musical instruments such as the central plains; Northern and Southern Dynasties, the ethnic fusion development, traditional music to innovation, such as in southern popular "qingshangyue" basically is a mixture of ancient and Chinese HULO, in addition to abroad Gao Lile, Tianzhu music etc.. But the dance of this period is divided into two branches, one is two is sixteen Jin and the Southern Dynasties, the Northern Dynasties system. Sui and Tang Dynasties influenced by western regions and neighboring countries have varied in style, magnificent jubilant flourishing characteristic, Sui Tang nine music expanded to ten music, The famous music code of the battle array. "". The dance is divided into dancing and soft dance, the creation of Tang Xuanzong's "feather dress dance" is the most famous. (5) Chinese ancient sculpture art Advanced production technology level of jade of the Dawenkou Culture is quite high, polishing and carving technique, called Jade culture. Bronze sculpture and art Xia and Shang Dynasties reached a peak, Shang Dynasty bronzes appeared flat carving and reliefs of two kinds of technology, the representative of the Simuwu great tripod and four sheep square statue. The Shang Dynasty Jade level is quite high. The Shang Dynasty bronze art has developed greatly, the Sichuan Guanghan Sanxingdui archaeological discovery of a large bronze statue is the masterpiece. Bronze is the biggest feature is the large number of bronze inscriptions. The spring and Autumn Period unearthed in Sichuan inlaid brass bronze that rewards luxury decoration from the past pattern for the development of a complete picture, showing superb artistic skills. Qin and Han Dynasty sculpture achievements. Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Terracotta Army is China fine pottery sculpture art treasures. Chengdu acrobatics figurines rap figurines with Luoyang during the Eastern Han Dynasty, lively and vivid style. Tile brick, Qin and Han Dynasties are of great artistic value. Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism was widely spread in this period of rapid development of Shanxi grotto art, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Henan Luoyang Longmen Grottoes is a world-famous art treasure. Sui and Tang Dynasties, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is one of the largest and the art of the world, the mountain cliff it is located in Gansu Dunhuang, also known as "Cheonbuldong", which accounted for six or seven of the Sui and Tang Dynasties Grottoes is the most exquisite murals and statues, mostly in the Sui and Tang Dynasties works. Understanding: In ancient China, splendid literary and artistic achievements of the people of all nationalities in ancient China condensed the wisdom of ancient writers and artists to innovate in the previous achievements on the basis of the results, but also reflects the economic and political Chinese in the ancient feudal ideology. It not only enriches the Chinese people's spiritual life, and create brilliant Chinese civilization, has laid a solid foundation for the development of Chinese modern culture, but also made great contributions to the development of world culture and the progress of human civilization, especially in East Asia civilization plays a great role in promoting the development of. The special review target Science and technology and culture, the ancient China 1 (1) overview of the ancient Chinese scientific achievements and understanding Chinese science and technology invention development's contribution to world civilization. (2) an overview of the origin, evolution, Chinese characters painting process, understand the basic characteristics and development of Chinese painting. (3) know Book of Songs, Chu, Han, Tang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties Novels and literary achievements, understand the literary characteristics of China in different period of time. 2, Chinese representative of historical and cultural heritage (1) understand the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Terracotta Army, feel the ancient China (2) superb technology, art and other aspects. (3) building the the Great Wall unique architectural style, complex and huge construction scale, understanding of the role of the Great Wall in the process of historical development and the influence of China.