GRE 历年真题91年10月

GRE 国 内 题 90 – 94 COPYLEFT TONGLEI 91 年 10 月 SECTION 1 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity, science often operates through error, happy accidents, ______ and persistence in spite of mistakes. (A) facts (B) controls (C) hunches (D) deductions (E) calculations 2. The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era is viewed by most art historians as a ____ , because, instead of an increasingly ______ pictorial art, we find degeneration. (A) milestone.. debased (B) consolidation.. diverse (C) calamity.. aberrant (D) regression.. sophisticated (E) continuation.. improved 3. Salazar’s presence in the group was so _____ the others that they lost most of their earlier ______; failure, for them, became all but unthinkable. (A) reassuring to .. trepidation (B) unnoticed by.. curiosity (C) unusual to.. harmony (D) endearing to.. confidence (E) unexpected by.. exhilaration 4. The eradication of pollution is not merely a matter of ___, though the majestic beauty of nature is indeed an important consideration. (A) economics (B) legislation (C) cleanliness (D) aesthetics (E) cleanliness 5. Despite an agreement between labor and management to keep the print and electronic media ______ developments, the details of the negotiations were ______ all but a few journalists from the major metropolitan newspapers. (A) abreast of.. disclosed to (B) involved in.. leaded to (C) apprised of.. withheld from (D) speculating about.. denied to (E) ignorant of .. suppressed by 6. Word order in a sentence was much freer in Old French than it is in French today, this _______disappeared as the French language gradually lost its case distinctions. (A) restriction (B) license (C) similarity (D) rigidity (E) imperative 7.Whereas biologists must maintain a _____attitude toward the subjects of their research, social scientists must, paradoxically, combine personal involvement and scholarly _____. (A) scrupulous.. sympathy (B) careful.. abandon (C) casual.. precision (D) passive.. passion (E) disinterested.. detachment 8. FLAG: COUNTRY:: (A) dialect: region (B) handshake: greeting (C) trademark: company (D) patent: product (E) souvenir: vacation 9. IRON: METAL:: (A) granite: rock (B) fragment: block (C) mine: one (D) shale: petroleum (E) glacier: mountain 10. STENCIL: LETTERING:: (A) skillet: heating (B) pattern: Sewing (C) plow: farming (D) music: singing (E) hammer: building 11. SWILL: SIP: (A) orate: listen (B) gobble: nibble (C) strut: walk (D) wink: glance (E) say: whisper 12. GLADE: FOREST:: (A) river: bank (B) summit: valley (C) shore: lake (D) oasis: desert (E) field: furrow 13. EXULT: SATISFACTION:: (A) crave: longing (B) banter: conversation (C) emote: affectation (D) venture: rashness (E) bore: weariness 14. INDUSTRIOUSNESS: ACTIVITY:: (A) kindliness: animosity (B) anxiousness: apathy (C) boldness: strength (D) purposefulness: enthusiasm (E) fastidiousness: selectivity 15. TRUCULENT: GENTLENESS:: (A) gullible: belief (B) fervent: zeal (C) forthright: trust (D) gluttonous: appetite (E) unregenerate: remorse 16. STRIDENCY: SOUND:: (A) fluidity: liquid (B) graininess texture (C) garishness: appearance (D) variegation: color (E) aroma: odor 　　　Aided by the recent ability to analyze 　　samples of air trapped in glaciers, 　　scientists now have a clearer idea of 　　the relationship between atmospheric (5) composition and global temperature 　　change over the past 160,000 years. In 　　particular, determination of atmospheric 　　composition during periods of glacial 　　expansion and retreat (cooling and (10) warming) is possible using data from the 　　2,000 meter Vostok ice core drilled in 　　Antarctica. The technique involved is 　　similar to that used in analyzing cores 　　of marine sediments, where the ratio of (15) the two common isotopes of oxygen, 12O 　　and 16O, accurately reflects past 　　temperature changes. Isotopic analysis 　　of oxygen in the Vostok core suggests 　　mean global temperature fluctuations (20) of up to 10 degrees centigrade over the 　　past 160,000 years. 　　　Data from the Vostok core also 　　indicate that the amount of carbon 　　dioxide has fluctuated with tempera- (25) ture over the same period: the higher 　　the temperature, the higher the 　　concentration of carbon dioxide and the 　　lower the temperature, the lower the 　　concentration. Although change in carbon (30) dioxide content closely follows change 　　in temperature during periods of deglaci 　　ation it apparently lags behind 　　temperature during periods of cooling. 　　The correlation of carbon dioxide with (35) temperature, of course, does not 　　establish whether changes in atmospheric 　　composition caused the warming and 　　cooling trends or were caused by their. 　　　The correlation between carbon dioxide (40) and temperature throughout the Vostok 　　record is consistent and predictable. 　　The absolute temperature changes, 　　however, are from 5 to 14 times greater 　　than would be expected on the basis of (45) carbon dioxide's own ability to absorb 　　infrared radiation, or radiant heat. 　　This reaction suggests that, quite aside 　　from changes in heat-trapping gases, 　　commonly known as greenhouse gases, (50) certain positive feedbacks are also 　　amplifying the temperature change. Such 　　feedbacks might involve ice on land and 　　sea, clouds, or water vapor, which also 　　absorb radiant heat. (55) 　Other data from the Vostok core show 　　that methane gas also correlates closely 　　with temperature and carbon dioxide. 　　The methane concentration nearly 　　doubled,for example, between the peak (60) of the penultimate glacial period and 　　the following interglacial period. Within 　　the present interglacial period it has 　　more than doubled in just the past 300 　　years and is rising rapidly. Although (65) the concentration of atmospheric methane 　　is more than two orders of magnitude 　　lower than that of carbon dioxide, it 　　cannot be ignored: the radiative 　　properties of methane make it 20 times (70) more effective, molecule for molecule, 　　than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant 　　heat. On the basis of a simulation model 　　that climatological researchers have 　　developed, methane appears to have (75) been about 25 percent as important as 　　carbon dioxide in the warming that took 　　place during the most recent glacial retreat 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. 17. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) interpret data (B) explain research methodology (C) evaluate a conclusion (D) suggest a new technique（A） (E) attack a theory 18. According to the passage, which of the following statements about methane is true? (A) Methane is found in marine sediments. (B) Methane is more effective than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat. (C) The Earth’s atmosphere now contains more than twice as much methane as it does carbon dioxide. (D) The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere, the lower the concentration of methane.（B） (E) Most of the global warming that has occurred during the past 10 years has been associated with increased methane concentration. 19. According to the passage, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between carbon dioxide and global temperature? (A) Carbon dioxide levels change immediately in response to changes in temperature. (B) Carbon dioxide levels correlate with global temperature during cooling periods only. (C) Once carbon dioxide levels increase, they remain high regardless of changes in global temperature. (D) Carbon dioxide levels increase more quickly than global temperature does.（E） (E) During cooling periods, carbon dioxide levels initially remain high and then decline. 20. The author mentions “certain positive feedbacks” (lines 35-36) in order to indicate that (A) increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere is responsible for global temperature increase (B) some climate simulation models have produced useful information (C) greenhouse gases alone do not account for global temperature increase (D) variables that benefit life are causing global temperature to increase（C） (E) beneficial substances that are not heat-trapping gases and that contribute to global temperature increase have been found in the Vostok ice core 21. It can be inferred from the passage that a long-term decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere would (A) increase methane concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere (B) accompany a period of glaciation (C) encourage the formation of more oxygen isotopes in the Earth’s atmosphere (D) promote the formation of more water in the Earth’s global environment（B） (E) increase the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere 22. The passage suggests that when the methane concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere decreases, which of the following also happens? (A) Glaciers melt faster. (B) The concentration of carbon dioxide increases. (C) The mean global temperature decreases. (D) Carbon dioxide absorbs more radiant beat.（C） (E) More clouds form in the Earth’s atmosphere. 23. In the fourth paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with (A) restating the main idea of the passage (B) using research findings to develop a simulation model (C) outlining the direction of future reserves (D) providing an additional example of a phenomenon（D） (E) introducing a conflicting hypothesis 　　In The Women of Mexico City,1796-1857, 　　Sylvia Marina Arrom argues that the 　　status on women in Mexico City improved 　　during the nineteenth century.According (5) to Arrom, households headed by females 　　and instances of women working outside 　　the home were much more common than 　　scholars have estimated; efforts by 　　the Mexican government to encourage (10) female education resulted in increased 　　female literacy; and influential male 　　writers wrote pieces advocating 　　education, employment, and increased 　　family responsibilities for women, while (15) deploring women's political and marital 　　inequality. Mention of the fact that the 　　civil codes of 1870 and 1884 　　significantly advanced women's rights 　　would have further strengthened Arrom's (20) argument. 　　　Arrom does not discuss whether 　　women's improved status counteracted 　　the effects on women of instability in the 　　Mexican economy during the nineteenth (25) century.However, this is not so much a 　　weakness in her work as it is the inevi- 　　table result of scholars' neglect of this 　　period. Indeed, such gaps in Mexican 　　history are precisely what make Arrom's (30) pioneering study an important addition 　　to Latin American women's history. 24. The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following? (A) Reviewing a historical study of the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth century (B) Analyzing the effects of economic instability on the status of women in Mexico during the nineteenth century (C) Advancing a thesis explaining why women’s status in Mexico City improved during the nineteenth century (D) Rejecting the thesis that the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth century actually improved（A） (E) Praising an author for a pioneering attempt to bridge significant gaps in Mexico’s economic history prior to 1790 25. According to the author of the passage, Arrom’s study can be characterized as “an important addition to Latin American women’s history” (lines 21-22) because it (A) offers a radical thesis concerning the status of women’s civil rights in Mexican society during the nineteenth century (B) relies on a new method of historical analysis that has not previously been applied to Latin American history (C) focuses only on the status of women in Mexican society (D) addresses a period in Mexican history that scholars have to some extent (to some extent: 某种程度上, (多少)有一点) neglected（D） (E) is the first study to recognize the role of the Mexican government in encouraging women’s education 26. It can be inferred from the passage that Arrom would agree with which of the following assertions? (A) Efforts by the Mexican government to encourage education for women during the nineteenth century were hampered by the economic instability of that period. (B) The most significant advances in the rights of Mexican women during the nineteenth century occurred prior to 1857. (C) Improvements in the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth century were accompanied by similar improvements in the status of women in other large Latin American cities. (D) Scholars have in the past accorded the most significance to nineteenth-century Mexican literature that supported the status quo in women’s political and marital rights.（E） (E) Scholars have in the past underestimated the number of households headed by females in Mexico City. 27. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Arrom’s work? (A) Uncritical approval (B) Enthusiasm tempered by minor reservations (C) Praise for her thesis, despite skepticism regarding the sources of her evidence (D) Reluctant acceptance, despite lingering doubts regarding the accuracy of her thesis（B） (E) Rejection, despite admiration for her attempt to break new ground in a hitherto neglected field 28. INVARIANCE: (A) deficiency (B) inequality (C) outcome (D) fluctuation (E) minority 29. INTRINSIC: (A) exceptional (B) exemplary (C) extraneous (D) inopportune (E) indefinite (A) 30. EXUDE: (B) absorb (C) ignite (D) infest (E) depress (F) agitate 31. AFFINITY: (A) displeasure (B) aversion (C) moroseness (D) bad luck (E) unacceptable behavior 32. POTABLE: (A) dissolved (B) crystallized (C) undrinkable (D) carbonated (E) diluted 33. EXTEMPORIZE: (A) create order (B) assist others (C) act timidly (D) remain on time (E) follow a script 34. CURSORY: (A) overestimated (B) irrevocable (C) immediately effective (D) slow and thorough (E) large and unwieldy 35. INDURATE: (A) incandescence (B) impede (C) soften (D) deflect (E) inspire 36. PERTURBATION: (A) amity (B) altruism (C) felicity (D) equanimity (E) generosity 37. INIMICAL: (A) histrionic (B) joyful (C) ordinary (D) friendly (E) naive 38. DISSEMBLING: (A) proficient (B) candid (C) expressive (D) defiant (E) outgoing SECTION 2 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. Read’s apology to Heflin was not exactly abject and did little to _____their decades-long quarrel, which had been as _____ as the academic etiquette of scholarly journals permitted. (A) encourage.. sporadic (B) dampen.. courteous (C) obscure.. ceremonious (D) resolve.. acrimonious (E) blur.. sarcastic 2. Certain weeds that flourish among rice crops resist detection until maturity by ______ the seedling stage in the rice plant’s life cycle, thereby remaining indistinguishable from the rice crop until the flowering stage. (A) deterring (B) displacing (C) augmenting (D) imitating (E) nurturing 3. Although the architect’s concept at first sounded too _____ to be ____ , his careful analysis of every aspect of the project convinced the panel that the proposed building was indeed, structurally feasible. (A) mundane.. attractive (B) eclectic.. appealing (C) grandiose.. affordable (D) innovative.. ignored (E) visionary.. practicable 4. Gould claimed to ______ knowledge of linguistics, but only a hobbyist’s interest in language. (A) manifest (B) plausible (C) technical (D) rudimentary (E) insignificant 5. An obvious style, easily identified by some superficial quirk, is properly_____ as a mere mannerism, whereas a complex and subtle style_____ reduction to a formula. (A) avoided.. risks (B) decried.. resists (C) prized.. withstands (D) identified ..consists of (E) cultivated.. demands 6. If efficacious new medicines have side effects that are commonly observed and ____, such medicines are too often considered _____, even when laboratory tests suggest caution. (A) unremarkable.. safe (B) unpredictable.. reliable (C) frequent.. outdated (D) salutary.. experimental (E) complicated.. useful 7. Although a few delegates gave the opposition’s suggestions a ______ response, most greeted the statement of a counterposition with ______. (A) favorable.. approval (B) dispirited.. reluctance (C) surly.. resentment (D) halfhearted.. composure (E) vitriolic.. civility 8. BALLAST: STABILITY:: (A) girder: support (B) camouflage: location (C) buoy: channel (D) hinge: door (E) staircase: banister 9. SMUGGLER: TARIFF:: (A) embezzler: funds (B) burglar: entry (C) stowaway: fare (D) impersonator: credentials (E) shoplifter: prosecution 10. LIMBER: FLEXIBILITY:: (A) mutable: uniformity (B) spindly: frailty (C) jagged: regularity (D) decrepit: vitality (E) truncated: continuity 11. FOIBLE: FLAW:: (A) example: generalization (B) quibble: objection (C) fever: delirium (D) dinner: banquet (E) agreement: treaty 13. EXTRAVAGANCE: EXPENDITURE:: (A) bias: judgment (B) exaggeration: deception (C) inducement: invitation (D) loquaciousness: talk (E) distortion: paraphrase 14. SEQUESTER: SECLUSION:: (A) shun: infamy (B) persuade: coercion (C) endow: gratitude (D) admonish: instruction (E) endanger: jeopardy 15. OBSEQUIOUS: FAWN:: (A) unsuccessful: achieve (B) conscientious: shirk (C) compliant: yield (D) staid: laugh (E) amenable: argue 16. ELLIPSIS: WORD (A) apostrophe: fetter (B) period: sentence (C) asterisk: footnote (D) noun: adjective (E) syllable: vowel 17. TACITURN: CHATTER: (A) covert: detect (B) profligate: exhaust (C) secretive: examine (D) insufferable: tolerate (E) magnanimous: begrudge 　　　Present-day philosophers usually 　　envision their discipline as an 　　endeavor that has been, since antiquity, 　　distinct from and superior to any (5) particular intellectual discipline, such 　　as theology or science. Such philosoph- 　　ical concerns as the mind-body problem 　　or, more generally, the nature of 　　human knowledge they believe, are basic (10) human questions whose tentative 　　philosophical solutions have served as 　　the necessary foundations on which all 　　other intellectual speculation has 　　rested. (15) 　The basis for this view, however, lies 　　in a serious misinterpretation of the 　　past, a projection of modern concerns 　　onto past events. The idea of an 　　autonomous discipline called (20) "philosophy," distinct from and sitting 　　in judgment on such pursuits as theology 　　and science turns out, on close 　　examination, to be of quite recent 　　origin. When, in the seventeenth (25) century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected 　　medieval philosophy, they did not think 　　of themselves, as modern philosophers 　　do, as proposing a new and better 　　philosophy, but rather as furthering (30) "the warfare between science and 　　theology." They were fighting, albeit 　　discreetly, to open the intellectual 　　world to the new science and to liberate 　　intellectual life from ecclesiastical (35) philosophy and envisioned their work as 　　contributing to the growth, not of 　　philosophy, but of research in 　　mathematics and physics. This link 　　between philosophical interests and (40) scientific practice persisted until 　　the nineteenth century, when decline in 　　ecclesiastical power over scholarship 　　and changes in the nature of science 　　provoked the final separation of (45) philosophy from both. 　　　The demarcation of philosophy from 　　science was facilitated by the 　　development in the early nineteenth 　　century of a new notion, that (50) philosophy's core interest should be 　　epistemology, the general explanation of 　　what it means to know something. Modern 　　philosophers now trace that notion 　　back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, (55) but it was not explicitly articulated 　　until the late eighteenth century, by 　　Kant, and did not become built into the 　　structure of academic institutions and 　　the standard self-descriptions of (60) philosophy professors until the late 　　nineteenth century. Without the idea of 　　epistemology, the survival of philosophy 　　in an age of modern science is hard to 　　imagine. Metaphysics, philosophy's (65) traditional core-considered as the most 　　general description of how the heavens 　　and the earth are put together-had been 　　rendered almost completely meaningless 　　by the spectacular progress of physics. (70) Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on 　　the problem of knowledge, managed to 　　replace metaphysics with epistemology, 　　and thus to transform the notion of 　　philosophy as "queen of sciences" into (75) the new notion of philosophy as a 　　separate, foundational discipline. 　　Philosophy became "primary" no longer in 　　the sense of "highest" but in the sense 　　of "underlying". After Kant, (80) philosophers were able to reinterpret 　　seventeenth-and eighteenth-century 　　thinkers as attempting to discover "How 　　is our knowledge possible?" and to 　　project this question back even on the (85) ancients. 17. Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point? (A) Philosophy’s overriding interest in basic human questions is a legacy primarily of the work of Kant. (B) Philosophy was deeply involved in the seventeenth-century warfare between science and religion. (C) The set of problems of primary importance to philosophers has remained relatively constant since antiquity. (D) The status of philosophy as an independent intellectual pursuit is a relatively recent development.（D） (E) The role of philosophy in guiding intellectual speculation has gradually been usurped by science. 18. According to the passage, present-day philosophers believe that the mind-body problem is an issue that (A) has implications primarily for philosophers (B) may be affected by recent advances in science (C) has shaped recent work in epistemology (D) has little relevance to present-day philosophy（E） (E) has served as a basis for intellectual speculation since antiquity 19. According to the author, philosophy became distinct from science and theology during the (A) ancient period (B) medieval period (C) seventeenth century (D) nineteenth century（D） (E) twentieth century 20. The author suggests that Descartes’ support for the new science of the seventeenth century can be characterized as (A) pragmatic and hypocritical (B) cautious and inconsistent (C) daring and opportunistic (D) intense but fleeting（E） (E) strong but prudent 21. The author of the passage implies which of the following in discussing the development of philosophy during the nineteenth century? (A) Nineteenth-century philosophy took science as its model for understanding the bases of knowledge. (B) The role of academic institutions in shaping metaphysical philosophy grew enormously during the nineteenth century. (C) Nineteenth-century philosophers carried out a program of investigation explicitly laid out by Descartes and Spinoza. (D) Kant had an overwhelming impact on the direction of nineteenth-century philosophy.（D） (E) Nineteenth-century philosophy made major advances in understanding the nature of knowledge. 22. With which of the following statements concerning the writing of history would the author of the passage be most likely to agree? (A) History should not emphasize the role played by ideas over the role played by individuals. (B) History should not be distorted by attributing present-day consciousness to historical figures. (C) History should not be focused primarily on those past events most relevant to the present. (D) History should be concerned with describing those aspects of the past that differ most from those of the present.（B） (E) History should be examined for the lessons it can provide in understanding current problems. 23. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to (A) compare two competing models (B) analyze a difficult theory (C) present new evidence for a theory (D) correct an erroneous belief by describing its origins（D） (E) resolve a long-standing theoretical controversy 　　Biologists have long maintained that 　　two groups of pinnipeds, sea lions and 　　walruses, are descended from a 　　terrestrial bear like animal, whereas the (5) remaining group, seals, shares an 　　ancestor with weasels. But the recent 　　discovery of detailed similarities in 　　the skeletal structure of the flippers 　　in all three groups undermines the (10) attempt to explain away superficial 　　resemblance as due to convergent 　　evolution-the independent development 　　of similarities between unrelated groups 　　in response to similar environmental (15) pressures. Flippers may indeed be a 　　necessary response to aquatic life, 　　turtles, whales, and dugongs also have 　　them. But the common detailed design 　　found among the pinnipeds probably (20) indicates a common ancestor. Moreover, 　　walruses and seals drive themselves 　　through the water with thrusts of their 　　hind flippers, but sea lions use their 　　front flippers. If anatomical similarity (25) in the flippers resulted from similar 　　environmental pressures, as posited by 　　the convergent-evolution theory, one 　　would expect walruses and seals, but not 　　seals and sea lions, to have similar (30) flippers. 24. According to the passage, it has been recently discovered that (A) there are detailed skeletal similarities in the flippers of pinnipeds (B) sea lions, seals, and walruses are all pinnipeds (C) pinnipeds are descended from animals that once lived on land (D) animals without common ancestors sometimes evolve in similar ways（A） (E) animals that have flippers do not all use them in the same way 25. The author implies that which of the following was part of the long-standing view concerning pinnipeds? (A) Pinnipeds are all descended from a terrestrial bear like animal. (B) Pinnipeds share a common ancestor with turtles, whales, and dugongs. (C) Similarities among pinnipeds are due to their all having had to adapt to aquatic life. (D) There are detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all pinnipeds.（C） (E) Convergent evolution cannot account for the similarities among pinnipeds. 26. The author implies which of the following about the fact that turtles, whales, and dugongs all have flippers? (A) It can be explained by the hypothesis that turtles, whales, and dugongs are very closely related. (B) It can be explained by the idea of convergent evolution. (C) It suggests that turtles, whales, and dugongs evolved in separate parts of the world. (D) It undermines the view that turtles, whales, and dugongs are all descended from terrestrial ancestors.（B） (E) It is the primary difference between turtles, whales, and dugongs, on the one hand, and pinnipeds, on the other. 27. In presenting the argument in the passage, the author does which of the following? (A) Contends that key terms in an opposing view have been improperly used. (B) Contends that opponents have purposely obscured important evidence. (C) Shows that two theories thought to be in conflict are actually complementary. (D) Shows that advocates of a theory have not always stated their view in the same manner.（E） (E) Shows that an implication of a theory is contradicted by the facts. 28. GARGANTUAN: (A) lackadaisical (B) minuscule (C) unconvivial (D) illusory (E) unconcerned 29. EXCAVATE: (A) fill in (B) spill over (C) move through (D) slide down (E) pass over 30. DEBUT: (A) retrospective (B) rehearsal (C) soliloquy (D) cameo role (E) farewell performance 31. EXONERATE: (A) prove guilty (B) hamper progress (C) place inside (D) recommend (E) reinstate 32. DELICACY: (A) disparity (B) flamboyance (C) crudity (D) simplicity (E) expansiveness 33. ARCANE: (A) controversial (B) avid (C) romantic (D) well-known (E) all-consuming 34. INSENTIENT: (A) perceiving (B) plant (C) inconsistent (D) innate (E) lethargic 35. EVINCE: (A) complain (B) irritate (C) misinterpret (D) keep hidden (E) keep separate 36. SOLICITUDE: (A) indifference (B) resignation (C) perversity (D) mortification (E) recalcitrance 37. ACCRETE: (A) wear away (B) slip off (C) fall down (D) seep out (E) dry out 38. PATINA: (A) recent implementation (B) partial completion (C) chance occurrence (D) essential quality (E) incidental observation PAGE 6