工程硕士研究生英语基础教程

工程硕士研究生英语基础教程英汉语言对比肖小芳了解英语英语语法1,onepartofspeech:Verb2.twomainmembersofsentence:subjectandpredicatePayattentiontowordorder,inversion,ellipsis,andagreementbetweensubjectandpredicate.3.threetypesofnon-finiteverbs:Infinitive,Gerund,andParticiple;Threecomplexsentences:Noun,Adjectival(attributive)andAdverbialClauses.4.FourkindsofNounclauses:Object,subject,predicativeandappositive.5.Fivekindsofsimplesentence:S+V(subject+intransitiveverb)S+V+OS+V+P(subject+Linkverb+predicative)S+V+in.O+directobjectS+V+O+O.C(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)6.Sixkindsofattributiveplacedafterthemodifiedword（后置定语）:attributiveclause,participlephrases,infinitive,prepositionalphrases,adverb,andadjectivesafterindefinitepronouns.1)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.ThisisthecompanywhereIworkedtwoyearsago.Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastautumn.2)Thewomantalkingwithourmonitorisournewphysicsteacher.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Haveyouanythingtosayonthisquestion?4)Theladywiththefanisanactress.5)Theyliveintheroomabove.Doyouseethebigdamthere?6)Thereissomethingwrongwithhim.IthinkI’dcomeandseeiftheyhadanythingnew.7.Sevenmembersofsentence:subject,predicate,object,predicative,objectcomplement,attributiveandadverbial8.Eightkindsofpronoun1)personalpron.2)possessive3)reflexive4)indefinite5)demonstrative6)reciprocal7)interrogative8)relative9.Ninedifferentkindsofadverbialclause:10.Tenpartsofspeech:thenoun,thepronoun,thenumeral,theadjective,theverb,theadverb,thearticle,thepreposition,theconjunction,theinterjection感叹词.九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthatif,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providingalthough,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or；地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词结果状语从句sothat,so…that,such…thatsothat,incase,forfearthat,lesthow,as,asif/asthoughthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比较级…,the+比较级…目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句IdentifythetypesoftheAdverbialClauses.1.WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.（）4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.()时间地点原因目的结果条件让步方式英汉句式结构对比英语句型结构1,SvEg.Ironrusts.Theguestshavearrived.2,SvoEg.Liverpoolwonthegame.3,SVC（S+link.v+P主系表）Eg.Sheisingoodhealth.Theflowerssmellfragrant.4,SvoO间接直接Davidshowedmetheway.Marylentmehercar.5,SVOC主谓+宾语+宾补Thedirectorappointedhimsalesmanager.Wealthmakesmanypeopleselfish.中文句式结构I.主谓结构（S+V）1)他没来。（S+V）2）全家人都在看电视。（S+V+O）3）我们看到很多人站在广场上。(S+V+O+O.C)4）你能递给我那本书吗？SvoO5）你看上去很失望。（S+link.v+P主系表）1.Hedidn’tcome.2.ThefamilyarewatchingTV.3.Wesawmanypeoplestandingonthesquare.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?5.Helooksdisappointed.话题结构与主谓结构主语本质上是语法化了的话题相比之下，在语法方面，英语选择了主语，汉语选了话题，以及“把”字结构和“被”字结构。“典型的主语既是主题也是施事。”(Comrie1981)英语是主谓结构(subject-predicatestructure)的语言。中国语言学家赵元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“汉语句子中主语和谓语的语法意义是主题(topic)和述题(comment),而不是动作者(actor)和动作(action)。”Li和Thompson(1975)在其SubjectandTopic一书中提出:“语言有四种基本类型:1)注重主语(Subject-prominent)的语言;2)注重主题(Topic-prominent)的语言;3)主语和主题都注重的语言;4)主语与主题都不注重的语言。”他提出英语属于注重主语(简称SP)的语言,而汉语则属于注重主题(简称TP)的语言。话题(topic),又称主题。II.汉语的主题—评述句（Topic+Comment/Theme+Rheme）1）大象，鼻子长。2）吃，武汉很方便。3）成百万原来享受免费医疗的城市居民，今后的医疗费用要自己承担一部分。4）搞西洋画的，生活环境也应该洋一点。5）楼上住着一个女工。6）今晚开会吗？7）中国幅员辽阔，人口众多，物产资源丰富。1.Theelephanthasalongnose.2.VariousrestaurantsareavailableinWuhan./ItiseasytofindvariousrestaurantsinWuhan.3.Millionsofurbanresidentswhowereentitledtofreemedicalcarewillhavetopaypartoftheirmedicalexpenses.4.ThosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldliveinanenvironmentofWesternstyles./thosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldhavealivingenvironmentofWesternstyles.5.Therelivesawomanworkerupstairs./Awomanworkerlivesupstairs.6.Chinaboastsvastland,alargepopulationandabundantresources.III.无主句（Zero–subjectStructure）在海拔3000米的高空采集到了这种空气样本。Thisairsamplehasbeencollectedatthealtitudeof3,000meters.违反法律，就必须受到法律的惩罚。Thosewhobreakthelawsmustbepunishedbylaws.只有改革创新，才能促进经济的快速发展。Onlythroughreformandinnovationcanwepromotetherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandsociety.学这一套，不如去学照相。Itisbettertolearnphotographingthantolearnthisstuff.英汉句法对比意合与形合形合hypotaxis，指语言中的词与词，句与句的结合主要凭借词形变化，关系词、连接词等显性手段。意合parataxis，指语言中的词与词，句与句的结合主要依靠语义上的关系和联想达成，这种结合在外部形态上没有明显的标志，交际双方根据语境和语感对语句作出正确的解码。①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以表达，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。（梁实秋《学问与趣味》）①Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,②brightanddiligent,③doexceedinglywellinstudies,④buttheyareratherweakinChinese,⑤evencan’twriteasmoothChineseletter.⑥Whenaskedwhy,they’llsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellinheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.冬天，在四周围都是山地的这里，看见太阳的日子真是太少了。今天，难得雾这么稀薄，空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。Inwinter,sunnydayswerescarcehere,asitwassurroundedbyhillsallaround.Today,however,thefogwaswonderfullythinandtheairwasfilteredthroughwithgoldensunlightthattintedeverythingonthegroundwithajoyfulhue.词义多样性（polysemy）：指称意义，言内意义，语用意义。“红”为例：英汉语义的对比dishpreparingweddingsandfuneralshonorrollredpaperbagofrewardblackteatheworldofmortalseggspaintedredforthewholefamilytosharewhenachildisbornveryinfluentialone’sfaceglowingwithhealth;inruddyhealthflourishing红案红白喜事红榜红包红茶红尘红蛋红得发紫红光满面红火老树又长出了许多嫩叶。Manynewleaveshavegrownontheoldtree.别看他是个大小伙子，脸皮可特别嫩。Thoughheisatallguy,heisshy.孩子的皮肤嫩了点，不要用碘酒外敷。Babies’skinisdelicate,sodon’tuseiodineonit.这黄瓜很嫩。Thecucumberisquitefreshandtender新来的老师还嫩了点。Thenewteacherisyoungandinexperienced.她穿一件嫩绿的毛衣。Shewearsalightgreensweater词义对比语境选词，如：“嫩”kill1，黑死病是一种夺取过千百万人生命的疾病。2，太多的蒜破坏了肉的味道。3，他给树浇了太多的水，把树浇死了。4，他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。5，那次错误毁掉了他的机会。6，他的笑话真是笑死人。7，委员会提出那个提案，他们就把它否决了。1，TheBlackDeathwasadiseasethatkilledmillions.2,Toomuchgarlickilledthetasteofthemeat.3,Hekilledthetreebysprayingittooheavily.4,Hekillstimeeverydayatthepark.5,Thatmistakekilledhischances.6,Hisjokenearlykilledme.7,Theykilledthemotionwhenitcamefromthecommittee.Theoutstandingfinalkilledtheaudience.ChinesecabbagePasswordmobilephonetofightafirepuppyloveAcneinstantnoodlesJeanscontactlenses假朋友(falsefriend)生搬硬套字面意义(以下错误)白菜whitecabbage密码secretcode手机handphone救火tosaveafire早恋earlylove青春痘youthspot方便面convenientnoodle牛仔裤cowboytrousers隐形眼镜invisibleglasses流动资金circulatingcapitalworkingcapital新闻自由freedomofnewsfreedomofpress买一赠一Buyone，presentoneBuyone,getonefree省吃俭用tosavefoodandexpensestolivefrugally冷餐会coldfoodget-togethersbuffetmeal高等教育higheducationhighereducation洗牌towashtheplayingcardstoshuffletheplayingcards课堂测验classroomexampop-quiz大片Bigmovieblockbuster英汉思维差异英语：抽象思维，重逻辑；由内向外，由小到大，由远到近，由具体到抽象。汉语：形象思维，重具体；由外向内，由大到小，由近到远，由抽象到具体。如：世界著名室内设计师克里斯托夫.德卡本特利应邀对装饰进行了设计。ChristopheDecarpentrie,theworld-famousinteriordesigner,wascommissionedtodesignthedécor.逻辑与审美…andIfellintoanexhaustedsleep于是，我坠入了疲惫的睡眠。…Ofsuchpitifulsmallthingslifeisaparttobemade人生常是由这种可叹的小事组成的。Solittlehappens;theblackdogcrackinghisfleasinthehotsunishistory.很少发生什么事；黑狗在烈日下咬跳蚤就算是历史事件。1）于是，在精疲力竭中，我坠入了梦乡2）琐屑不就是人生么。3）诸事宁和，黑狗在烈日下啃身上的跳蚤大概算得上历史事件了。英汉文化差异中英文中比喻联想意义不同的动物。中英文称谓系统中英文人称指示语的差别寒暄语的差异中英文中比喻联想意义不同的动物河狸与beaverEagerbeaver鹤与crane龙与dragon“likeadragon”猫与cat“sheisacat”狗与dog“luckdog”Owl与猫头鹰Aswiseasanowl1牛与马（horse）Asstrongasahorse力大如牛Worklikeahorse老黄牛Stubbornness,strong-willed牛脾气Talkhorse吹牛drinklikeafish牛饮2虎与狮lionHeroasbraveasalion虎胆英雄Ofstrongbuild虎背熊腰Daretoconfrontthegreatestdanger/beardthelioninhisden虎口拔牙虎视眈眈toeyewithhostility/castagreedyeyeonitsprey.Makealionof捧红某人,greatlion名人、名流,lion-hearted非常勇敢的背景补充新中国成立以来SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949AdeadleaffellinSoapy’slap.ThatwasJackFrost’scard.一片枯叶落在苏比的膝头。那是杰克.弗罗斯特的名片。（杰克.弗罗斯特（JackFrost）是“寒霜”的拟人说法）为了拍摄这张照片，我忘了拣做晚饭的牛粪。Inordertotakethisphoto,Iforgottocollectyakdungforcookingsupper.改译：Inordertotakethisphoto,Iforgottocollectyakdungasfuelforsupper.下象棋我只会马走日，象走田。IonlyknowthemostbasicmovesoftheChinesechess这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。Thisyoungcoupleisnotwellmatched;oneisaXIShi–-afamousChinesebeauty,whiletheotherisaZhangFei–-awell-knownill-temperedgeneral.ConclusionAvoidChineseinfluenceinEnglishlearning.救火让孩子们多出去晒晒太阳。1)DifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishinexpression.2)Misunderstandingofthedeepmeaningoftheexpression.3)EnglishisdifferentfromChineseinculturalload.4)EnglishandChinesearedifferentinthinkingpatterns.properwordsChoice,propercollocation,properrhetoricalexpression.