英语国家概况社会文化入门简答题上册答案

unit71(1)WhatarethepurposesoftheBritisheducationsystem(2)Pleasecommentonthesepurposes.(3)WhatarethemainpurposesoftheChineseeducationsystem(4)Arethereanydifferencesorsimilaritiesintheeducationofthetwonations答：(1)ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystemistoteachchildrenpracticalskillsandsocializethem.(2)Childrenlearnpracticalskills,andtherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,andtocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomy.(3)ThepurposeoftheChineseeducationistoprovidechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsociety.(4)Inchina,peoplethinkschoolisjustaboutteachingchildrenwhatareoftencalled”thethreeR’s---“reading,writingand‘arithmetic”(reading,writingandarithmetic).2.HowdoestheBritisheducationreflectsocialclassBritisheducationreflectthedeeperdivisionsinBritishsocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant:classinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationpolicy.What’smore,theenduringfeatureofBritisheducationisthecontinuingdebateoverhow“equal”educationalopportunityshouldbe.InBritish,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschool(orcollege)tieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Evenoninformaloccasionsyouwillsometimesseemenwearingtheirschooltiesasbeltstoholduptheirtrousers–proudlydisplayingtheirattendanceatacertainschool.InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisveryimportanttoyoufuture.3whatarethemajorchangesthathavetakenplacesinceWorldwar2IsBritisheducationmovingtowardsmoreprogressormoreequalityPickupsomeexamplesfromthetexttoillustrateyourpoints.OthermajorchangestotheBritisheducationsystemwerecausedbyworldwarⅡ。Thistime,thenewsystemwouldemphasizeequality.Theresultwasthe1944EducationActwhichmadeentrytosecondaryschoolsanduniversities”meritocratic”.Childrenwouldbeabilitiestheydisplayed.Allchildrenweregiventherighttoafreesecondaryeducationandthemainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.Inthe1960s,comprehensiveschoolswereintroducedalloverthecountry,whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschools----wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity----andvocationalschoolwherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearnallowedtoletchildren"compete"forplaces.4.WhydoestheauthorsaythatuniversitiesinBritainhavebeenratherelitist答：Moststudentswerefromthemiddleclasses,attendedgoodschools,performedwellintheirA-levelsandreceivedafully-fundedplaceinauniversity.Inrecentyears,greateffortshavebeenmadetoincreasethenumbersofandkindsofpeoplethatpursuehighereducation.AccessformaturestudentsandstudentswithouttraditionalA-levelqualificationsiswidening.5.(1)whatistheOpenUniversityinBritain(2)Whatdoyouthinkofthissystem(1)TheOpenUniversityoffersanon-traditionalrouteforpeopletotakeuniversitylevelcoursesandreceiveauniversitydegree.Peoplecanfollowuniversitycoursesthroughtextbooks,TVandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,videos,residentialschoolsandanetworkofstudycentre.(2)ItwastheOpenUniversitywhichprovidedtheinspirationforthefoundingofChina’sTVandRadioUniversity.Unit8BritishForeignRelationsandhowdidtheBritishempireendHowdidtheBritishreacttothisrealityHowdidtheendofBritishimperialisminfluencethepsychologyoftheBritishandthemakingofBritain'sforeignpolicy(1)TheendofthegreatBritishempirewassurprisinglyrapid.In1946,Jordan,intheMiddleEast,wasgrantedindependence.Thefollowingyear,IndiaandPakistanfollowedsuit.In1948,BurmaandCeylon(nowSriLanka)weregrantedindependenceandlefttheCommonwealthaswell,refusingtorecognisetheBritishmonarchastheheadoftheirnewstates.Throughoutthenextfewdecades,theprocessofdecolonisationcontinuedasotherterritoriesandpossessionsreceivedtheirindependenceorwerereturnedtotheirrightfulrulers.(2)Ontheonehand,theBritishcouldnolongeraffordtomaintainitsempire;whileBritainhadwonthewar,ithadpaidaterriblepriceintermsoflivesandintermsofeconomicdestruction.Ontheotherhand,theBritishrealizedthatcountriesshouldbegrantedtheindependenceandlefttoruntheirownaffairs.PeopleandterritoryshouldnotjustbetreatedasasourceofeconomicresourcesfortherulingcentresofcommerceinEurope.(3)BecausetheendoftheBritishempireissocomparativelyrecent,manypeoplearestillalivewhocanrememberwhenBritainwasoneofthemostpowerfulandrichnationsonearth.ThecontemporaryforeignpolicyoftheUKisgreatinfluencedbyitsimperialhistory.BecauseBritainlostitsempiresorecently,Britishpolicy-makersfrequentlyforgetthatBritainisnotasinfluentialasitusedtobeinworldaffairs.HistoriansarguethattheBritishforeignpolicy-makersretainveryconservativeandtraditionalviewsofBritain'sroleasaworldpowerandpointtomanymajorforeignpolicydecisionsasexamples.2.WhatarethefoundationsofBritain'sforeignpolicyThecontemporaryforeignpolicyoftheUKisgreatlyinfluencedbyitsimperialhistoryandalsobyitsgeopoliticaltraits.PerhapsthemostimportantsinglefactorwhichinfluencesBritishpolicy-makersisitshistory.3.HowisBritain'sforeignpolicymadeDoesthegovernment'sforeignpolicyrepresentthedesiresofBritishcitizens(1)ThePrimeMinisterandCabinetdecideonthegeneraldirectionofBritain'sforeignpolicy.ThemaingovernmentdepartmentinvolvedisofcoursetheForeignandCommonwealthOffice(FCO),butmanyothergovernmentministriesalsoplayapartinformulatingandexecutingthegovernment'sdecisions.(2)SinceBritainisaparliamentarydemocracy,thegovernment'sforeignpolicyintheoryrepresentsthedesiresofitselectorate,butinfactBritishcitizensaremoreconcernedaboutissuesclosertohome.Onthewhole,theyarenotveryinclinedtotrytoinfluencethedirectionofBritain'sforeignpolicy.4.WhydoestheauthorsaythatthedecisiontojointheECwasandremainscontroversialinBritain1)ThedecisiontojointheEECwasverycontroversial;andtoday,Britain'sparticipationintheEuropeanUnion,asitisnowcalled,remainscontroversial.AtthecentreofthecontroversyisthefactthatitisnotclearwhattheEuropeanUnion(EU)isandwhatitwillbecome.TheUKhasalwaysbeenveryinterestedinencouragingfreetradebetweencountriesandisthereforeverysupportiveoftheEUasafreetradearea.2)However,theUKhasalwaysbeenlessenthusiasticaboutgivingupitsnationalsovereignty(thatis,itscontrolovernationaldecision-making)toaEuropeangovernment.5.WhydoestheauthorthinkthatBritainhasthe"specialrelationship"withtheUnitedStatesDoesthisrelationshipstillexistAnothermajorfactorwhichinfluencesBritishforeignpolicyisitsrelationshipwiththeUnitedStates.Thiswasquitenatural,asthetwowerecloselyalliedduringWorldWarII,andcontinuedtoworktogethercloselyinthepostwaryearsbecausetheysharedmanyofthesameworriesabouttheSovietUnion.Eventoday,inmanyrespectsBritishandAmericanpolicy-makersagreegenerallyon,forexample,howtheglobaleconomyshouldbemanaged,howawarlikestateshouldbedealtwith,issuesaboutarmscontrolandsoon.wasthepurposeofestablishingtheNATOintheauthor'sopinionDoyouagreewithhimExplainyourpoint.1)ThepurposeofNATOistoprotectmemberstatesagainstaggression,toprovideafoundationforsecurityinEurope,andtoprovideaformfortransatlanticdefencecooperation.2)Wedisagreewiththeopinion.Actually,theUnitedStatesisstrivingtoleadanddominateNATOandusingitasameanstomaterializeitsglobalhegemondream.Unit9TheBritishMedia1.Theauthorsaysthat“themedia”arecentraltoBritishleisureculture”,whydoestheauthorsaysoWhataresomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesintermsofthefunctionbetweentheBritishmediaandtheChinesemedia(1)Onanaverageday,90percentofBritonsovertheageof15readanationalorlocalpaper.Andintheevening,mostBritonssettledowntowatchsometelevision:96percentofthepopulationwatchTVatleastonceaweek,makingitBritain'smostpopularleisureactivity.Thethirdmostpopularpastime,afterwatchingtellyandreadingnewspapers,islisteningtotheradio,anactivityinwhich73percentofthepopulationengagesinonaweeklybasis.Itisobvious,then,thatthemediaarecentraltoBritishleisureculture.(2)InnorthAmerica,thereareliterallyscoresofdifferentchannels,towatch,fromhomeshoppingchanelsto24hoursnewschannels,tochannelsthatspecialiseinoldcomedyshows.Britain,incontrast,stillhasafairlyconservativetelevisionculture.Therearestillonlyalimitednumberoftelevisionchannels,andsatelliteTVisstillnotaspopularoraswidelyavailableasintheUnitedStates.thislimitednumberoftelevisionchannels,andstatecontrolofownershipofsuchchannels,helpstounifytheentirecountry.Thebroadcastingactisdesignedtokeepownershiptobroadcastmediawidelyspreadsotherearenoconcentrationsofmediapowerinthehandsofafew,andforeignownership(thatisownershipoutsideEU)ismainlyprohibited.thesamelegislationalsocontainssafeguardstomaintaincertainstandardsofdecency,taste,accuracyandbalance.aresomeofthecharacteristicsofBritishnewspapercultureInwhatwayisitdifferentfromtheUnitedStates1)Britishnewspapercultureisunusualintheextenttowhichclassandeducationaldifferencesarereflectedinthenewspaperspeopleread.2)IntheUnitedStates,newspaperreadingisamainlymiddle-classhabit,butinBritainthe"lowerclasses"arealsoregularreaders.3.IstheBritishpressfreefromthegovernmentcontrolandcensorshipWhatistherelationshipbetweentheBritishpressandpoliticsorbusinessTheBritishpressisnotfreefromthegovernmentcontrolandcensorship.Theyinfluenceeachothermutually.1)TheBritishpressactsasawatchdogonpolitics,whiletherearesomepoliticallaws(suchaslawsoflibelanddefamationandtheOfficialSecretsAct)whichlimitthefreedomofpressaswell.2)Therevenuefrombusiness(likead)makesupthebulkofmostnewspapers'income,andnewspaperisaneffectivetoolofpromotingthebusiness.Theybringprofitstoeachother.4.HowdoestheBBCoperateHowisitdifferentfromAmericanbroadcastingsystemsvUnit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritainsomeexamplesfromthetexttodemonstratehowChristianchurchhasinfluencedthesportsandleisureactivitiesoftheBritishOneveryobviousexampleishowSunday—thedayoftheweekwheneveryonetraditionallywenttochurch–isstillthedaythemostpeoplehaveoffintheUK.iscricketveryEnglishWhydoestheauthorbelievethatcricketwasassociatedwithasetofEnglishvalues1)CricketwasoneoftheveryfirstteamsportsinBritaintohaveorganizedrulesandtobeplayedaccordingtothesamerulesnationally.2)AsgenerationsofpublicboysgrewuptobecomethecivilservantsandrulersoftheUKanditscolony,cricketsbecameassociatedwithasetofmoralvalues,inparticulartheideaof“fairplay”whichcharacterizedBritishgovernment.dotheBritishcelebrateChristmasInwhatwaydoesthisholidayandthewaysofcelebrationinBritainreflectWesternculturaltraditioningeneralandBritishtraditionsinparticular.TherearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:oneistheChristmasPantomime,anotheristoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessage,andthethirdoneisBoxingDay.（第二小问找不到。）whatwayaretheWelshpeopledifferentfromEngland,Scotland,,,andNorthernIrelandincelebratingtheirholidaysItisinthelocalfestivalsofEngland,Wales,NorthernIrelandandScotlandthatthedistinctiveculturalandpoliticalidentitiesofthefournationsoftheUnitedKingdomcanbeseen.Manyfestivalsandcustomshavebeeninvented,adoptedandusedtoservepoliticalorreligiousfunctionsintimesofconflict.ForexamplethehistoricbattlesbetweentheProtestants新教徒andCatholicsinthe17thnturyarecommemorated,oftenwithsymbolicorevenrealviolence,innglandandNorthernIreland.SpecialdaysinScotlandandWalesdemonstratetheirnationalprideintheiruniquelanguagesandculturesandmindusthatthereismuchmoretotheUKthan"theEnglish"and"England".unit71.(l)WhatarethepurposesoftheBritisheducationsystem{2)Pleasecommentonthesepurposes.(3)WhatarethemainpurposesoftheChineseeducationsystem(4)Arethereanydifferencesorsimilaritiesintheeducationofthetwonations（l)ThepurposeoftheBritisheducationsystemistoteachchildrenpracticalskillsandsocializethem.(2)Childrenlearnpracticalskills,andtherulesandvaluestheyneedtobecomegoodcitizens,toparticipateinthecommunity,andtocontributetotheeconomicprosperityofanadvancedindustrialeconomy.(3)ThepurposeoftheChineseeducationistoprovidechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsociety.(4)Inchina,peoplethinkschoolisjustaboutteachingchildrenwhatareoftencalled”thethreeR’s－－”reading,writingand’arithmetic’＇（reading,writingandarithmetic).2.HowdoestheBritisheducationreflectsocialclassBritisheducationreflectthedeeperdivisionsinBritishsocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimpo内ant:classinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationpolicy.What’smore,theenduringfeatureofBritisheducationisthecontinuingdebateoverhow"equal”educationalopportunityshouldbe.InBritish,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschool(orcollege)tieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Evenoninformaloccasionsyouwillsometimesseemenwearingtheirschooltiesasbeltstoholduptheirtrousers-proudlydisplayingtheirattendanceatacertainschool.InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisveryimportanttoyoufuture.3whatarethemajorchangesthathavetakenplacesinceWorldwar2IsBritisheducationmovingtowardsmoreprogressormoreequalityPickupsomeexamplesfromthetexttoillustrateyourpoints.OthermajorchangestotheBritisheducationsystemwerecausedbyworldwarE。Thistime,thenewsystemwouldemphasizeequality.TheresL』Itwasthe1944EducationActwhichmadeentrytosecondaryschoolsanduniversities"meritocratic”.Childrenwouldbeabilitiestheydisplayed.Allchildrenweregiventherighttoafreesecondaryeducationandthemainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.Inthe1960s,comprehensiveschoolswereintroducedalloverthecount时，whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschools…－wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity---andvocationalschoolwherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearnallowedtoletchildren”compete”forplaces.4.WhydoestheauthorsaythatuniversitiesinBritainhavebeenratherelitistMoststudentswerefromthemiddleclasses,attendedgoodschools,performedwellintheirAlevelsandreceivedafully-fundedplaceinauniversity.Inrecentyears,greateffortshavebeenmadetoincreasethenumbersofandkindsofpeoplethatpursuehighereducation.AccessformaturestudentsandstudentswithouttraditionalA-levelqualificationsiswidening.5.(1)whatistheOpenUniversityinBritain(2}Whatdoyouthinkofthissystem(l)TheOpenUniversityo仔ersanon-traditi。nalrouteforpeopletotakeuniversitylevelcoursesandreceiveauniversitydegree.Peoplecanfollowuniversitycou陀esthroughtextbooks,TVandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,videos,residentialschoolsandanetworkofstudycentre.(2)1twastheOpenUniversitywhichprovidedtheinspirationforthefoundingofChina’sTVandRadioUniversity.