??????????,??????。????????。??????????,???????????????。????(??)?????????????,??????????,?????????????。??????,??????,??????,????????。???,????(505?),?????????????????????????,??????????。?????,????????,????,???????至,?????????????????。?????,???????????,?????????。???????????,???????????,????????。1971???????,?????????,??????????????,?????“????”。????????40??????????,????。???????,???????。???????????????????。?????,80%????????????。????????、???????????,??????????。???2?400????,1976?10??12?,??340??????????。??????????。??????、??,???。?????????????,??????????????,??????。(????????《??????》1978?6?30?)?????“??”?〔?〕??????????5????????,?????????????????????????。????????????????,?????????,?????????,??????、??????????????。?????????????????,???????。????????,?????????????。????,???????????????????。??????(Sehei)???“??”(juni?????,?????)??????????????。??,???????????????,?????????、???。?????????????????????,??????????、??、??????????????至???(??????)。????,?????????????????????????????(??????????,???????????????????),?????????????。???????????????????。???,????????????、????????????。???“??”????????。“??”??????????。??????????????。?????,?????????1728?,?????????“??”????,??“?????????????”?“??”????,??_;???????????????。??,??????????????????,??“?????”????,????“???”??????。??,??“??”???????:?????????“??”(???????????????);????“?????”?(Albiori???,????????????1870?);????“????”?(Cu?Qnii?????,??1877??????,???????????????),????“???”?(Rosiorii????,????????????),??????????(???????????,???1922??????);????“????”?(Dorobanti??????????,?1924?????)。??????????????“????”????。?????????????,????“??”?????????????,?:???、???、???、??????????。????????????????,??“??”????“??”????????。??????150??。??????????????。???“?????”???,?9??。??????3?????4???????,?????4.4??????????,???????????3?。???,???????????????。“??”???????,??????????????。“??”????????????,???????????????????,????????????,??????。????“??”???????,??????????、????????。??,??????????????????????????????。??,?“??”????????????????????????12??????o-?????,???????,“??”?????????(??????????)????????????。??,“??”???????????,?????????,?????????“??”????????。??,“??”????????????,???,?????????。??????????????,????????5???。???????????,“??”?????????????????????????????,????。?????????????????,???????????????(??1393?)???????。??????????????????????????,?1594???。1735?1755??,????????,??????????????。????68?,?8.5?,????????????????。??????????????????(1827?1892?)???。???????“??”????????????。???“??”??????????,????????????。????????????,“??”????,????????。??,?????????????????????????,??????????????????。???,“??”???????????(??1545?)??????(????—????),??,?????????????(??1827?1828?)?????。??????????缭??,??????????????????“??”????????。???“??”?????致,????????????????。????“??”???????????,???????????。??,????????????????????。????????????,??????????,????,??????????????。????,????????,???????,???????????????????。“??”???????????—“????。”????????????????,??????,?????????1600??????????????????????????????,???????????????????????。“??”??????????,????????。??,???????????????致????。??????????????????“??”??????????????,?????1837?。??,????????????:????、?????????????,?????????????????????,????????????????。????????????????,???????。???“??”???????,????????????????,???????????????????。??????????????????。????????????,“??”???????,???????????????,???????????????。?????????????????,???????????。???????:???????????????,??????。?????????????,???????。????,“??”???、?????????????????????。?????????、?????????,“??”?????????。??,??????????,???????????。????“??”???????????,??????,???????????????,??“??”????。??????????,?????????????????????,???????????。(?????《??????》??,1984??148?)????????“???”(Moors)???????,????????????????????????。??????????????????????????????,?????????????????。??,??????????????????????,???????????,?????50?150?。?????????????????,???????????,????????“??”(Ba?),?“??”,??????;????“??”(SudQuls),?“??”,?????????、????、????、????????????。????,???????????。??,????????????????????,??????。?????????????(?????????)?????????,???????。??,??????,??????????????,???????????????。??????????????。??ids