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2005年疯狂考研英语冲刺 考试中心模拟之(5) 摘自考试中心之2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试参考（非英语专业）☆☆☆☆ *********************************************************** Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In his 1979 book, The Sinking Ark, biologist Norman Myers estimated that 1 of more than 100 human-caused extinctions occur each day, and that one million species 2 lost by the century's end. Yet there is little evidence of 3 that number of extinctions. For example, only seven species on the 4 .species list have become extinct 5 the list was created in 1973. Bio- 6 is an important value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed 7 extinction rates bandied about are achieved by multiplying unknowns by 8 to get imponderables. Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a "species-area 9 ”which predicts that twice as many species will be found on 100 square miles 10 on ten square miles. The problem is that species are distributed 11 , so which parts of a forest are destroyed may be as important as 12 . 13 ,says Ariel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico, "Biologists who predict high extinction rates 14 the resiliency of nature". One of the main causes of extinctions is 15 . According to the consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, what destroys 16 trees is not commercial logging, but "poor farmers who have no other 17 for feeding their families than slashing and burning a 18 of forest". In countries that practice modern 19 agriculture, forests are in no danger. In 1920, U.S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million. Forests in Europe 20 from 361 million to 482 million acres between 1950 and 1990. 1. [A] a figure [B] a total [C] an amount [D] an average 2. [A] would be [B] would have [C] will be [D] will have 3. [A] anything like [B] anywhere from [C] anywhere near [D] anything but 4. [A] jeopardized [B] threatened [C] risked [D] endangered 5. [A] thought [B] when [C] since [D] unless 6. [A] variety [B] diversity [C] polarization [D] differentiation 7. [A] throng [B] quantity [C] cluster [D] mass 8. [A] unsuitables[B] improbables [C] unpropers[D] inappropriates 9. [A] equation [B] formula [C] coordination [D] correspondence 10. [A] when [B] like [C] though [D] as 11. [A] orderly [B] widespreadly [C] randomly [D] densely 12. [A] which place [B] how many [C] which time [D] how much 13. [A] What is more [B] However [C] Nonetheless [D] Therefore 14.[A]undermine [B]underestimate[C]understate [D] undercalculate 15. [A] deplantation [B]reforestation[C]deforestation [D] replantation 16. [A] tropical [B] territorial [C] atmospheric [D] environmental 17. [A] capacity [B] occupation [C] opportunity [D] option 18. [A] stack [B] patch [C] field [D] plot 19. [A] high-quality [B]high-speed [C]high-yield [D] high-level 20. [A] expanded [B] extended [C] enhanced [D] improved Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 If information technology is lifting America's rate of growth, surely that justifies the current lofty heights of share prices? Sadly, no. Wall street still looks dangerously high relative to likely future profits. Every previous technological revolution has recreated a speculative bubble, and there is no reason why IT should be different. New-economy fanatics argue that in this new world of rapid technological change, old methods of share valuation have become irrelevant. Profits are for wimps. But both economic theory and history suggest otherwise. In his book Irrational Exuberance, Robert Shiller, an economist at Yale University, tracks the p-e ratio of America's S&P 500 (share price index) over 120 years, a period that covers huge technological change: America's railway boom, electricity, telephones, radio and cars. With each wave of technology, share prices soared and later fell. Ominously, though, prices now are higher in relation to profits than they have ever been before. The inventions of the late 19th century drove p-e ratios to a peak in 1901, the year of the first transatlantic radio transmission. By 1920, share prices had dropped by 70% in real terms. The roaring twenties were also seen as a "new era": share prices soared as electricity boosted efficiency and car ownership spread. After peaking in 1929, real share prices tumbled by 80% over the next three years. There are many similarities between the Internet today and Britain's railway mania in the 1840s. Would-be rail millionaires raised vast sums of money on the stock market to finance proposed lines. Most railway companies never paid a penny to shareholders, and many went broke. Largely because over-investment created excess capacity. The Great Western Railway was for decades the most admired railway company in Britain, yet anyone who had bought shares at its launch in 1835 and held them until 1931 would have seen an annual return of only 5%. Even so the railways brought huge economic benefits to the economy long after share prices crashed. The lesson is that although IT may be causing a bubble, it may still produce long-term economic gains. But investors could lose their shirts. Current valuations of dot. Com shares seem to assume that they are going to grab a huge chunk of market share from existing firms. Yet history suggests that the gains from technological revolutions often go to unexpected quarters. The biggest winners from American railway boom were small firms and farmers who benefited from the opening up of the continent: It is a sobering thought that 99% of the 5, 000 railway companies that once existed in America are no longer around. The Same is true of 2, 000 car firms. And according to a study by Goldman Sachs, profits and share prices of the early electricity firms were disappearing, despite the industry's profound effect on the economy. 1. In the first two paragraphs, the author seems to suggest that IT revolution [A] has made old economic rules and laws irrelevant. [B] is different from previous technological revolutions. [C] created relatively high share prices in the stock market. [D] represents the biggest technological change in history. 2. The new-economy fanatics challenged the criticism of "speculative bubble" (Line 4, Paragraph 1) by [A] questioning the method of' share evaluation. [B] affirming the high rate of growth. [C] citing economic theory and history. [D] referring to the eventual balance of share prices. 3. By "p-e ratio", the author probably means the relation between [A] share price and eamings. [B] share price and evaluation. [C] share profits and the economic growth. [D] share profits and its efficiency. 4. What does the example of Britain's railway mania in the 1840s illustrate? [A] Railway companies over-invested in stock market. [B] The investors were the ultimate losers. [C] Long-term economic benefits were created. [D] Excess capacity was the cause of its share crash. 5. The author seems to suggest that the biggest winners of the IT revolution will be [A] IT companies. [B] small firms and farmers. [C] national economy. [D] unexpected markets. Text 2 That Oxford is losing its pre-eminence both among British universities and internationally is becoming a truism. The evidence for this decline is piecemeal, but cumulatively powerful. Oxford has slipped down the various league tables of British universities, falling behind not only Cambridge, but also the buoyant London colleges, Imperial and University. In the latest official assessment of universities, the History Department at Oxford Brookes University.... until recently a mere polytechnic ---- rated higher than that of its ancient neighbor. There is much anecdotal evidence of big brains being drained away to the money pots in American universities. Money is certainly part of Oxford's problem. Pembroke College, according to Reverend Platt, former chaplain of the college, is "poor as shit'-although many other British universities would be more grateful for the income of ￡662, 434 that it derived from its endowment last year. But the wealth of even the richer colleges is small compared with that of Harvard and the other top American institutions with which Oxford now competes. In part, this relative poverty is due to the historical stinginess of British students, who have tended to regard their education as a state-funded right. By contrast, even though Harvard students pay enormous fees ($34, 269 this year including room and board, though 70% get some sort of financial aid), they continue to pay up afterwards. Those fees are the other part of the equation: like the other British universities, Oxford has felt squeezed in the last decade, as the amount of money spent by the government per student has gradually declined. The contribution made by students themselves stands at a maximum of ~1,075; many in Oxford and other top universities want to be able to charge more. The other problem-cheaper, but given Oxford's inertia, not necessarily easier to solve---is the college system. Oxford is a federation of self-governing colleges, each run by a community of scholars. The greatest glory of the college system, say its advocates, are the individual tutorials in which students sit at the tutors' feet (whereas their American counterparts are, despites the fees, often fobbed off with graduate students). David Palfreyman, bursar of New College and co-author of a book on the collegiate system, argues that the devolved admissions system, in which the colleges pick their intake, creates a bond between teachers and pupils; and that the loyalty of alumni donors is overwhelmingly to their college rather than to the university. But many students would trade their experiences of tutorials with bored veterans for the attention of an energetic novice. Likewise, the federal system has created multiple and competing bureaucracies, when the whole university should be co-operating on fundraising and other matters. Such as recruitment: new teachers currently have to be approved by two masters, the departments and their prospective college. Or admissions: a centralized system would make abuses like Reverend Platt's (He took a 300, 000 donation from the father of a borderline applicant) much less likely. The college system is of course one of the things that makes Oxford: but if it is to compete with its trans-Atlantic rivals and avoid scandals over access, it needs to evolve. 6. What shows that Oxford is losing its pre-eminence? [A] The league table no longer has Oxford among the top. [B] Oxford sometimes has to compete with polytechnics like OBU. [C] The number of famous scholars at Oxford is decreasing. [D] American universities have surpassed Oxford in research. 7. Oxford's poverty is due to the fact that [A] it receives less money per student than other British universities. [B] its students only pay a tuition of ￡1,075 a year. [C] it is grateful even for a small income of ￡662, 434. [D] it has to repeatedly urge the government to increase support. 8. Which of the following is true of Oxford? [A] Oxford's colleges are separate institutions held together only by a name. [B] Administrative system at Oxford is scholar-centred and characterized by overlapping. [C] Individual tutorials are the most important part of the Oxford experience. [D] The decision as to whether to accept a student lies with the University Admissions. 9. David Palfreymna in his book [Al proclaims the strength of collegiate system. [B] describes the administrative systems as flawed. [C] intends to create a teacher-student bond. [D] appeals to the loyalty of ex-graduates. 10. What is the author's view concerning Oxford's future? [A] Create a federation. [B] Maintain the college system. [C] Centralize. [D] Evolve. Text 3 After Los Angeles, Atlanta may be America's most car-dependent city. Atlantans sentimentally give their cars names, compare speeding tickets and jealously guard any side-street where it is possible to park. The city's roads are so well worn that the first act of the new mayor, Shirley Franklin, was to start repairing potholes. In 1998, 13 metro counties lost federal highway funds because their air-pollution levels violated the Clean Air Act. The American Highway Users Alliance ranked three Atlanta interchanges among the 18 worst bottlenecks in the country. Other cities in the same fix have expanded their public transport systems, imposed commuter and car taxes, or reorganized their highways. Atlanta does not like any of these things. A vast public-works project such as Boston's Big Dig would be rejected in a city that turned almost exclusively to private money for the 1996 Olympics. (Come to that, Bostonians, after years of Big-Dig-induced snarls, are not mad keen on it either.) in last year's mayoral election in Atlanta, only the least popular candidate dared mention a commuter tax. Ms. Franklin pooh-poohs the idea. Public transport is a vexed subject, too. Atlanta's metropolitan region is divided into numerous county and smaller city governments, which find it hard to work together. When the Metropolitan Regional Transit Authority (MARTA), the local light-rail-and-bus system, was proposed in 1971, only two counties, Fulton and DeKalb, agreed to finance it. Clayton, Gwinnett and Cobb, moved by a mixture of racism and a wish for a quiet life, refused, and MARTA has been unable to expand. Railways now serve the city center and the airport, but not much else; bus stops are often near-invisible poles, three feet high, offering no indication of which bus might stop there, or when. A one-way fare is $1.75, compared with $ 1. 50 in New York, yet in 1999 MARTA collected only 26% of its revenue from fares, whereas New York collected 64%. Over loud protests, the system recently solved an $ 8m deficit by cutting bus routes and raising fares. Georgia's Democratic governor, Roy Barnes, who hopes for re-election in November, has other plans. Towin back the federal highway money lost under the Clean Air Act, he created the Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA), a 15-member board with the power to make the county governments, the city and the ten-county Atlanta Regional Commission co-operate on transport plans, whether they like it or not. Last year, when Mr. Barnes announced his $ 8.3 billion plan, he entrusted GRTA with the money. Now GRTA has issued its own preliminary plan, allocating $ 4.5 billion over the next three years for a variety of schemes. The plan earmarks money to widen roads; to have an electric shuttle bus shuttle tourists among the elegant villas of Buckhead; and to create a commuter raillink between Atlanta and Macon, two hours to the south. Counties will be encouraged, with generous ten-to-one matching funds, to start express bus services. 1. Atlanta is called America's most car-dependent city probably because [A] more speeding tickets were issued. [B] the city's roads are most worn. [C] emission level is higher than in other cities. [D] its interchanges cause worst congestion. 2. What does the example of Boston's Big Dig illustrate? [A] Transport systems improved in other places. [B] Atlanta's lack of fund led to its transport problem. [C] Big Dig was an astonishing success for Boston. [D] Public money is the best means to solve the problem. 3. What is true according to the text? [A] Georgia is a county in the metropolitan region of Atlanta. [B] MARTA operates transport services throughout Atlanta. [C] Atlanta's railways are better than its bus serves. [D] MARTA prevented further loss of money by cutting services. 4. Roy Barnes's handling of the transport problem is, according to the text. [A] heavy-handed. [B] arbitrary. [C] aggressive. [D] reasonable. 5. GRTA's preliminary plan includes a variety of schemes, one of which is [A] building a railway among the villas of Buckhead. [B] starting express bus services by GRTA. [C] operating a shuttle bus between Atlanta and Macon. [D] broadening roads to carry more traffic. Text 4 In the past 20 years, whenever redundancies have been necessary, older workers have been the most vulnerable group. There is a widespread suspicion that employers do discriminate against people by age. The National Adult Learning Survey found in 1997 that almost four-fifths of people in their 50s and 60s agreed that "even if an older person studies to get qualifications, employers will usually choose a younger person". However, age discrimination is going to be banned from 2006 under an EU directive. Even before the necessary legislation takes effect in Britain, there are signs that employers' attitudes are changing. Several now recognize that they were too hasty in winnowing out the ranks of older workers who were the repository for much corporate memory and wisdom. Nationwide Building Society, which has been pursuing a strategy of age diversity, has found that this policy pays by reducing turnover rates of staff. The saving in lower recruitment and training costs is £7m ($10 m) a year, calculates Denise Walker, head of corporate personnel. Quite apart from legislation, demographic pressures are forcing companies to appreciate the virtues of older workers. The labour force is ageing fast, as the postwar generation of baby-boomers matures. In the 1980s and early 1990s, employers held the~ upper hand, thanks to a surge of young workers into the labour market. But the number of people aged 25--34 is now falling sharply. In the past four years, the employment rate of older workers has risen faster than that for all workers. One reason why older industrial workers were vulnerable to layoffs in the 1980s and 1990s is that the skills they had learnt for their trades lost value as the economy shifted away from industry to services. Because they had had less opportunity for formal education, many lacked the foundations in numeracy and literacy that would have allowed them to respond to the new requirements of the job market. By contrast, post-war generations which have benefited from more formal education should prove more adaptable. But will older people want to carry on working even if employers now want them to? After all, it is quite rational for people to retire early, if they can afford to do so. High returns in the financial markets led to a rapid build-up in private pension wealth in the 1980s and 1990s. More and more people in their 50s found that it made sense to draw down this wealth earlier rather than later, argues Mr Blundell. Others were able to draw upon incapacity benefit if they found themselves unable to find jobs at acceptable wages. However, these incentives now point to later rather than earlier retirement. The high returns on equities in the past two decades were "exceptional and future returns are bound to be much lower," says Tim Bond of Barclays Capital. After two terrible years, the pension-fund surpluses that financed redundancies of older workers have been eroded. And the government has greatly tightened the rules allowing people to claim incapacity benefit. 1. Discrimination against people by age, according to the text, [A] was discovered in a national survey in 1997. [B] places older people at a disadvantage in workplace. [C] makes it difficult for older people to obtain qualifications. [D] was widely practiced in the past twenty years. 2. Employer's changing attitudes are shown in the fact that [A] EU will ban age discrimination from 2006. [B] companies are pursuing a strategy of age diversity. [C] older workers are generally a greater asset. [D] turnover rates among older workers are Iow. 3. Older workers have to be appreciated now because [A] there is a shortage of young workers. [B] the generation of baby boomers has reached middle age. [C] a surge of young men has appeared in the labour market. [D] the employment of older workers has become a trend. 4. What can we infer from the text? [A] The structure of the economy has changed. [B] The population growth rate is falling rapidly. [C] Formal education started during the postwar era. [D] Unemployment has deteriorated since the 1980s. 5. What is the author's view concerning old people's retirement? [A] They are eager to retire because of high pension. [B] They will compare salary and pension before they decide. [C] They will stay in their job for as long as they can. [D] They will retire only ifthey get incapacity benefit. Part B Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic. The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves. It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it. (41) . The extrinsic approach, adopted in modem times by Leo Tolstoy in What Is Art in 1896, has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory. Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source. The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan 'tart for art's sake." (42) . Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions. We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value. (43) The analogy with laughter--which, in some views, is itself a species of aesthetic interest--introduces a concept without which there can be no serious discussion of the value of art: the concept of taste. (44) Similarly, we regard some works of art as worthy of our attention and others as not. In articulating this judgment, we use all of the diverse and confusing vocabulary of moral appraisal; works of art, like people, are condemned for their sentimentality, coarseness, vulgarity, cruelty, or self-indulgence, and equally praised for their warmth, compassion, nobility, sensitivity, and truthfulness. Clearly, if aesthetic interest has a positive value, its only when motivated by good taste; it is only interest in appropriate objects that can be said to be good for us. (45) . [A] Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outside ourselves. Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are? [B] All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism. Can there be genuine critical evaluation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not? [C] Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions. In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means of the same result. Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it. [D]Artistic appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression. Yet, it is before anything a process of "cultivation", during which a certain part of one's "inner self" is "dug out" and some knowledge of the outside world becomes its match. [E] If l am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement. We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter. Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or had taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side. [F] Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself. They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) As a neutral nation, Switzerland escaped much of the horrors of World War II. (1) While Europe was being ravaged by Hitler's Nazi war machine, the Swiss went about their business living as normal a life as they could amid what would be remembered as the worst war in history. But neutrality in a world war is a myth. Although guns and tanks may not roll across the hills of a "neutral nation", other aspects of war are conducted there just the same. During World War II, Switzerland was used as a base by many Allied spies. (2) International Jewish organizations operated out of Swiss cities, and many Swiss citizens and companies worked for the allies, providing them with information and materials. But just as Switzerland helped support the Allied war effort, so did the Nazis benefit from their association with their "neutral" neighbor. Recently classified documents from US archives reveal that the Nazis stored millions of dollars' worth of gold in Swiss banks. One particular document, given to Allied negotiators after the war, estimates that almost $ 400 million worth of gold--nearly two billion dollars at today's prices--was sent to Switzerland between 1939 and 1945. (3) For decades, Jewish groups have been trying to force Swiss bankers to open their files to public scrutiny, but with limited success. (4) Just over 30 years ago, the Swiss government did take some action by instructing the country's banks to return any unasserted accounts belonging to foreigners who had been "prosecuted for racial, religious or political reasons". The banks responded by releasing about $ 5 million of which about $ 2 million was given to deserving Jewish causes. (5) But for investigators, these paltry sums of money did not come close to accounting for the millions they believe the Nazis had deposited in Swiss banks. Jewish groups continued to demand that proper searching investigations be carried out. Section III Writing 51. Directions: Suppose you are the manager of an accounting finn. One of your staff, Mr. Xue Ruixuan, is going to work in another firm. Write a letter of recommendation for him, including: 1) why you write this letter, 2) what you know about Mr. Xue, 3) what you think of his ability and personality. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. Part B 52. Directions: Look at the following chart provided by the provincial consumers' association. Write an essay to illustrate the information of the chart accompanied by your comments.