地球环境的恶化

地球环境的恶化 地球是一个绚丽灿烂的世界，它赋予人类丰富的资源、阳光、空气、水、矿物、 土壤和生物，也构成了人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础。但是，人类进入20世纪以来， 地球环境污染，生态环境恶化，全世界 8.5亿人生活在缺水的干旱地区，12亿人生活在微粒超标的城市中，20亿人不能正常得到基本卫生服务与基本药物供应，每年有5000万人死亡„„。1988年11月15日，英国《每日电讯》公布盖洛普民意测验结果，多 数人认为“环境污染的威胁不亚于第三次世界大战”。的确，环境问已成为世界各 国的主要政治问题和社会问题。 杀人的烟雾 洁净的空气对生命来说，比任何东西都宝贵，但是，大气中污染物的种类越来越多，目前仅已被人们识别的大气污染物就有100多种，它们对人类产生的危害越来越严重，已发生过许多起毒害人的事件。 1948年10月27日早晨，浓浓的烟雾覆盖着美国多诺拉工业小镇，而且烟雾越来越稠厚，几乎是凝结成一块，地面正处于死风状态。午后，情况仍没有好转，视线仅仅能看到街的对面，除了烟囱之外，所有工厂都消失了。人们在烟雾之中匆匆忙忙地工作着，虽然有人开始呕吐，但空气中的刺激性怪味没有引起他们的注意。 病倒的人越来越多，他们感到眼痛、喉痛、流鼻涕、干咳、头痛、肢体酸乏，当然有的人症状是综合的。几天之内，全镇居民共有5910人发病，占全镇居民人数的43%， 其中，轻患者占居民总数的15.5%，中度患者占16.8%，重患者是10.4%，还有 17人在痛苦中死去了。 有怪味的烟雾从27日一直持续到30日，一场大雨才使空气逐渐恢复清新。事后得知，这是由于空气中SO2浓度过高而造成的。 1952年12月 5日，英国首都伦敦上空突然浓雾笼罩，天昏地暗，经久不散，就像一个巨大的盖子罩在了城市上空，农村和工厂的许多烟囱排出的浓烟积聚在低空，使污染物浓度不断增加，最高时每立方米烟尘浓度竟达到4.5毫克，SO2也达3.8毫克。 在伦敦准备展出的一群获奖的牛，首先对烟雾毒害有了反应。它们伸长舌头，呼吸困难，有一头当即死亡，12头因病重只好送到屠宰场，另有 160头牛需要治疗。与 此同时，过路的行人也闻到了一股股强烈刺鼻的气味，成千上万的市民感到胸闷气急、 喉痛咳嗽、呕吐不止，其他疾病也随之不断出现。4天内，伦敦有近 4000人死亡，患有呼吸器官疾病者是平时的4倍，患心脏病者是平时的3倍，紧接着，英国全境出现大雾，气温逆转，甚至在之后的2个月内，还有 8000多人因各种疾病死亡。这就是举世闻名的“伦敦烟雾事件”。 事件发生后，英国社会大哗，政府迫于形势，对受害情况组织调查，但没有查清原因，只得出含糊的结论:造成死亡的刺激物可能是煤的燃烧产物。由于“情况不明”，自然也就没有采取多少措施，结果，在1956年、1957年和1962年，在伦敦又连续发生 3次类似的事件。 1970年7月18日，日本东京上空由于汽车废气及工厂排出的SO2浓度过高，出现了死人的事件。那天，许多在校学生感到眼痛、喉痛、胸痛、血压下降、呼吸困难，有 的人甚至四肢痉挛、昏倒不起，不得不入医院抢救。同时，在东京的三鹰市立三中、 川口市立中学等各处，都有类似的情况发生。学校的学生们 十分紧张，他们知道这一定是空气的问题，所以，他们到教室外面活动都要带上防毒口罩。 测量的结果表明，当天中午市内的烟雾浓度为平时的10倍，硫酸烟雾达到每立方米20微克，飘尘为每方米400,500微克„„，所有数据都超过了原有环境标准的几倍 或几十倍。一时，受害者无法统计。 7月23日，类似的情况再次在日本发生，患病受害者在239人以上。同一天，德岛县有945人患病。 杀人烟雾的出现，是工业废气在空气中浓度过高的结果。大量煤的燃烧，不仅产生了大量的烟尘，而且还产生了大量的 CO2、SO2、NO及其他氮的氧化物。1吨煤中含 有5,50公斤的硫，这些硫在燃烧时将变成2倍于硫重的 SO2进入大气。据联合国环境署估计，全球每年排放SO2的数量约为1.51亿吨，每年排放NO2的数量为5000万吨，在 1970年至1980年的10年间，SO2的人为排放量平均每年增长5%，10年总共增长了40%, 50%。 这些氧化物的增加，遇到人体中的水分则生成相应的酸——硫酸、硝酸、碳酸， 人又如何能受得了? “贫水症”与“败水症” 水，关系人类的命运，关系人类能不能美好自由地生活，但是，本世纪以来，生 活和工农业用水不断增加。在过去50年内，全球淡水用量增加了近4倍，达到每年4.23 万亿立方米。多项预测表明，在本世纪末，全球将开始出现用水危机:非洲大部、中 东部分地区、中国华北和西北、印度、墨西哥以及美国西部都将出现水荒。 地球水源越来越紧张，已出现“贫水症”。 但是，数量不多的清水，也正在遭受着各种污染:农药、化肥、重金属等等。种 种情况表明，地球上的水质越来越差，可以说，地球也身患着“败水症”。 50年代，瑞典气象学家首先发现在北欧地区，以至北半球广大地区的雨水经常是酸性的，它的酸度与西红柿汁差不多，有的甚至像醋那样酸，人们形象地管它叫“酸雨”。 酸雨简直可以说是“来自天空中的死神”，它的含酸量一般超过了正常含量的几十倍，pH值可达到 4.2。它酸化土壤、腐蚀建筑物和金属、危害生物资源，杀死大批鱼群，当然对人也有危害。由于有些地方缺乏碳酸盐母质，降落地表的酸雨在迳流过程中得不到地表物的中和。致使湖水的酸度增加很快，又由于酸雨对地表元素的 溶蚀作用较大，使湖水中的铁、锰等金属元素的含量增加，湖泊的化学类型发生了变 化。湖水的酸化严重危害了湖泊的生态，使成千上万个湖泊的鱼类大量死亡。在瑞典的9万多个湖泊中，已有2万多个遭到酸雨的危害，其中4000多个已完全成为无鱼湖。 在北美，情况也不容乐观。实际上，美国和加拿大已有成千上万个湖泊变成“死水一潭”。1975年，美国和加拿大科学家在北美东部地区联合进行了调查，他们发现，在那里有将近 50%的湖泊已根本没有鱼了，不但鱼类和大型水生物绝迹，甚至找不到 浮游生物和水草、藻类，而在1930年时，那里只有4%的湖泊没有鱼，其原因就是酸雨 使这些湖泊变成了水的“沙漠”。 1981年1月，美国得克萨斯州科罗里达河下游突然发现了大量的死鱼，5英里，50 英里，一直扩散到200英里的河面上。后来统计表明，当地所有的 27种鱼类全部死亡，连重达84磅的蓝猫鱼也无法幸免。 目前，世界上已相继出现了 3个大酸雨区，除了北欧酸雨区、北美酸雨区之外，中国南方酸雨区也已形成，“败水症”将更加严重。 小的生命正遭受着生存的威胁，那么，人类呢 ?在日本水俣所发生的一切给予了很肯定回答。 水俣是日本九州南部的一个小镇，西面就是鱼产丰富的不知海和水俣湾，因此， 这个小镇的渔业原来很是兴旺，但是，自从1925年开始，在此地建成了一个又一个化工厂后，奇怪的事情接连发生了。 1950年，在水俣湾附近的小渔村中，人们发现有一些家猫不知为何走路时左摇右 晃、步态不稳，有的还抽筋麻痹，最后竟自己跳入水中溺死。人们百思不得其解，只当作是世上一件奇闻，没有研究此事。对这种猫，当地人给它们起了一个名字，叫“ 自杀猫”。 1953年，在水俣镇又发现了一个生怪病的人，他开始时只是口齿不清，步态不稳，面部痴呆，进而耳聋眼瞎，全身麻木，最后神经失常，一会儿沉睡，一会儿兴奋异常，最后，他身体弯弓着、口中高声嚷叫着死去了，没有人知道这是什么怪病。 1956年4月，一个6岁的女孩因同样的症状被家人送入了医院，医生初步诊断，认为是脑系科疾病，也没引起重视。5月，又有4名同样的病人入院就医。医院开始有点警觉，他们进行了调查，发现当地还有50多个这样的病人。 问题严重了，这引起当地熊本大学医学院一些医生的注意，他们与市医师会和医 院组成水俣怪病对策委员会，开展广泛的调查，在调查中证实这不是传染病，随后，他们把“自杀猫”和人病死的诸种怪现象联系起来，找到了吃当地鱼中毒这个共 同受害的根源。 吃水俣产的鱼会中毒的消息传开了，人们谈鱼色变，谁也不敢再买他们的鱼，于是，附近成千上万的渔民失业了，他们忍无可忍，联合起来，召开了不知海沿岸渔民 总奋起大会，4000多人联名向当地化工厂提出抗议。 1958年春，化工厂为平民愤，答应停止向水俣湾排放带有污染物的废水，但同时 却偷偷地将毒水引向水俣川的北部。几个月后，这个新的污染区又出现了18个中毒的 病人。1959年 2月，日本食物中毒委员会经调查研究后认为，水俣病与重金属中毒有 关，尤其是汞的可疑性最大。后经熊本大学调查，从病死者尸体、鱼体和工厂排污管道出口附近都发现了有毒的甲基汞，排水口近处污泥含汞的浓度高达 2000ppm以上， 至此，才揭开了这个水俣“地方病”的秘密。 但是，厂方拒不承认，对调查百般阻挠的同时，花重金收买了知情人，因此，日本政府没有认真处理这一事件，使水俣病在日本各地蔓延开来。 1963年，日本西海岸的阿贺野川流域的下游，又有大批“自杀猫”、“自杀狗”出现，由于水俣事件没有报导宣传，也就没有警惕这件事。第二年8月，当地猫的90% 都自杀了，随之而来的是，有死猫的居民也相继出现水俣病症状。在短时间内，水俣 病患者增加到45人，并有 5人死亡。这样，日本政府才进行了干涉，但为时已晚。据 1972年日本环境厅公布，日本水俣湾与阿贺野川两个地区共有汞中毒患者 283人，其中60人死亡。 海洋在叹息 大海汪洋，百川归流，富饶的海洋是地球生命的发源地，是人类社会得以繁荣兴 旺的巨大支柱。现代科学技术已证明，地球表面近三分之二被海水覆盖，海洋不仅是 地球上一切生命的发源地，而且也是人类生存和发展必不可少的条件。然而，本世纪 人类对海洋的破坏是巨大的，特别是近几十年来，越来越多的废物、污水、毒品，随 着江河奔泻、海岸倾弃、舰船往来，源源不断地推入了海洋。资源丰富的海底成了核 废料的垃圾场，大量珍贵的鱼类和海洋植物正面临着绝迹的威胁„„ 城市中生活污水，食品、纺织、造纸等工业废水，以及农业污水，都含有大量的氮、磷等营养盐和铁、锰等金属元素，它们随着江河奔泻入海。据统计，美国沿海城市，每年仅通过粪便排入海洋中的磷就有近9万吨，全世界每年施氮肥约2000万吨， 约有1300多万吨被河流带入海洋，在营养物料十分丰富的条件下，一种红色的海洋浮 游生物过度繁殖，形成“赤潮”，其结果是减少水中的溶解氧，使鱼虾大量死亡。尽管海洋本身有着巨大的自然净化能力，但它今天已经显得疲惫，向人类叹说着它已力不胜任。 1992年，联合国有关海洋污染问题的多国专家小组，对当今世界海洋环境作了较为全面、准确的分析，其结论是发人深思的。专家们认为，公海海域污染十分严重，沿岸地区，特别是靠近江河出海口、工业中心附近的地区，海洋污染情况也是日趋恶化。当前，海洋环境污染的一个主要问题在于对工业总废料、废 而大海又是这些污染物的天然倾倒场，结果，人类必将水的处理仍不够彻底， 自食其恶果。 人类已经开始自食恶果了，里海和咸海的例子就是很好的说明。 里海和咸海是地球上两个特殊的水域，它们同世界大多数内海和湖泊有着不同之处:水流的方向只有一个，只流进，不流出。它们位于干燥地区，蒸发率特别高，流 进来的水很快就会蒸发掉，所以，它们虽无出口，也不必担心会涨水。 里海位于原苏联境内，是苏联最大的咸水湖。在1933年之前，它的面积是相当稳定的，约为40万平方公里，但从1933年以来却显著地缩小了:1965年时为37.2万平方公里，其原因是与工业化、城市化、农业发展有密切关系的。 在原先，每年流进里海的水中，河水占了80%，而伏尔加河又占河水水量的80%。 从30年代初开始，苏联政府就宣布沿伏尔加河修建13个大水坝，以供发电和灌溉。19 37年，苏联开始把莫斯科与伏尔加河和里海联结起来;1933年 6月已把伏尔加河、白 海和波罗的海沟通;1952年完成了伏尔加河—顿河的运河工程，但结果，水量损失巨 大，有些从地下流失了，但主要是蒸发了，再加上大量的河水引入灌溉运河，流进海 里的水量大大减少。 里海的水位不断下降，面积日渐缩小。从1929年到1970年，里海水位下降了2.57 米，海面则退缩更快，里海水位每下降 1米，它南部的水面面积减少0.5%，而北部则 要减少17%。 咸海也是如此，从1960年至1967年，水位下降了1.76米，每年下降约24厘米，其 后，继续按此速度下降。1966年咸海的面积比1960年缩小了10%。 水位的下降，引起了海水的污染加重、捕鱼量大减、疾病增加、港口消失和耕地 减少。目前，里海的渔业已经崩溃，鲈鱼和狗鱼的捕获量30年来下降了 96%，但是，这还不是最严重的，下降幅度最大的当属鲟鱼的鱼子产量。里海出 产的鱼子酱曾占世界总产量的 90%，享誉全世界，而如今，由于鱼的回游路线阻塞，人的过量捕捉和污染日益加重，从伏尔加河回游到里海产卵的鲟鱼已大大减少。在70年代，捕到生长期达60年、体重达900磅的鲟鱼并不罕见，如今，90%的鲟鱼在完全成熟和开始繁殖之前就被捕杀。在里海以南的伊良赛菲德河流域，鲟鱼的商业捕获量从1961年的6700吨已下降到1993年的不足半吨，可以说，它们是垂死的海域。 据报道，目前全世界每年约有4200多亿立方米的污水排入江河湖海，污染了55000 亿立方米的淡水，这相当于全球径流总量的14%以上。 除了这种污水污染以外，石油对海洋的污染也日益突出。 造成石油污染的重要原因是油船事故。据估计，通过各种途径每年进入海洋的石 油和石油产品，约占世界石油总产量的0.5%，其中以油轮遇难造成的污染最为严重。 目前，世界上 60%的石油是经海上运输的，由于油轮的触礁、碰撞、搁浅或失火，致 使其运载的石油全部或一部流入海洋。这样的事情已发生了多起，造成了难以估量的 损失。 1978年 3月，“阿莫柯?卡迪斯”号油轮在法国布勒塔尼沿海触礁，溢出23万吨 原油。虽然技术人员进行了大量补救工作，将其中一半儿的原油作了回收或处理，但其余一半儿却蒸发、散失或沉入海底，造成15公里范围内大量海洋生物的死亡，并在深达60米的范围内，形成了油水混合物的固定油层。直到 3年后，海岸附近才恢复原状，10年才使整个海港或海湾恢复原状。 油田原油泄露也是海洋污染的另一个重要原因，1969年，美国加利福尼亚州圣巴 巴拉海湾的海底油田，由于油喷压力过大，使地层龟裂，发生了严重的井喷事故，几 天之内，从海底涌出了 1万多吨原油，并引起了蔓延几百里的海面大火。油田被迫封 闭后，每天仍有2吨原油喷出，致使附近海面覆盖一层1,2厘米厚的油层。 1979年 6月3日,1980年3月20日间，发生了世界历史上最大的一次溢油事件。墨西哥湾的一口油井喷出泥浆之后，又喷出了石油和天然气，速度越来越快。石油和天然气雾接触到正在运转的泥浆电动机后，顷刻发生强烈的爆炸，引起了一场熊熊大火，钻塔倒塌，使下面整个钻井结构遭到严重破坏，一周之内所损失的石油，比1976年12 月在马萨诸塞州海岸外的“阿尔戈商人”号溢油事件所损失的 2.9万吨还要多。这样 大的井喷事故虽不多见，但在正常的海底石油开发中，尤其是一些老的油井，石油的泄露乃是常事。由于海底油田的开发和井喷事故，全世界每年涌入海洋的石油在 100 万吨以上。 石油污染不但丧失了宝贵的石油，对海洋生物也带来了严重的后果。石油污染后 的海区，要经过5,7年的时间才能使生物重新繁殖;一升石油完全氧化，需要消耗40万升海水中的溶解氧，如此大量的石油进入海洋，造成海水严重缺氧，使海洋生物很快窒息而死亡。 1981年初，由于英国北海油田钻井和一艘希腊油船漏油，造成斯堪的纳维亚半岛一带数十万只海鸟死亡，自由飞翔在天空中的海鸟一旦接触到漂浮海面的油膜，羽毛 便沾上油污而游不动、飞不起，海鸟的羽毛将因此而丧失隔热和浮力的功能，海鸟变 得怕冷以致冻死，或者当它们用嘴整理羽毛时，又会因吞食油污而严重刺激消化道，造成厌食以至最后饿死。侵入海鸟体内的石油化合物还能引起肺炎或造成神经失常。 海岸到处是海鸟的尸体，一些海鸟奄奄待毙，进行着垂死挣扎。沿海居民目睹海鸟沾上油污后身处绝境的痛苦，纷纷拿起火枪或气枪把海鸟击毙，免得这些可怜的生命惨遭冻饿的折磨。 失色的生机 森林是人类的朋友，它通过无数树木的光合作用吸收 CO2，同时提供人类必不可少的氧气。一般阔叶林在生长季节，每天每公顷森林可吸收1吨CO2，放出 730公斤的氧气。森林的林冠和地面上的枯枝落叶层还能截流雨水，使雨水渗入地下，一亩林地比一亩无林地至少能多蓄水20立方米。森林还可以调节气 树木的强大根系把大量的地下水吸上来，通过枝叶的蒸腾作用，蒸发到空中，候， 变成雨水。一公顷森林，夏季一天可以从地下提出 70,100吨水化为大气中的水蒸气，所以林区上空的湿度，一般要比无林区高 20%左右，因而林区的降雨量也较高。但是，人类为了取得燃料，至今世界上还有三分之一的人劈木做柴，在亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲，每年至少要砍掉1100 万公顷的森林，而目前世界上为供应木柴燃料的造林速度仅有 200万公顷。地球上的 森林资源正以惊人的速度减少，大片森林地被剃光了头，土地裸露，肥土流失，气候恶劣，干旱频频，并正在促使沙漠的扩大。 据联合国粮农组织的统计数字，从1950年至1985年，全世界的森林面积减少了一半儿，森林生态危机正在世界各地蔓延。目前，全世界森林每年减少量1800,2000万公顷。发展中国家森林破坏十分严重，大部分热带国家的森林都在日益枯竭和退化， 美洲、亚洲、非洲三大洲热带地区的森林面积在以大约平均每年0.62%的速度减少。 由于森林被破坏，每年有大量的肥沃的土壤流失，大约世界上五分之一的土地正在失去表层上的一层肥土。哥伦比亚每年损失土壤 4亿吨，埃塞俄比亚每年损失土壤 10亿吨，印度每年损失土壤60亿吨，中国每年损失土壤50亿吨，尤其是黄土高原水土 流失最为严重，泥沙大量倾入黄河，使黄河的含沙量居世界所有河流之首，每立方米 河水中含沙量达37公斤以上，通过三门峡的泥沙量平均每年达到16亿吨，其中有四分 之一淤积在下游400公里长的河床上，使黄河的河床每年抬高10厘米，形成了“悬河”，非洲44%的土地和南非43%的土地经常受到干旱的灾害，南美47%的土壤和东南亚59%的 土壤资源缺乏肥力，并受到有害化学物质的污染。 由于滥伐森林、盲目垦荒、过度放牧以及地下水位下降和长期气候干旱等原因， 全球大约有29%的陆地发生沙漠化，其中 6%属于严重沙漠化地区。亚洲、非洲和南美 洲最为严重，全世界每年有 600万公顷具有生产力的土地变成沙漠，平均每分钟有10 公顷土地变为沙漠，沙漠正逐渐以每年500万至700万公顷的速度扩大着，无情地侵吞着农田和牧场。在近半个世纪里，非洲撒哈拉沙漠向南扩大了65万平方公里，现在世 界上有64个国家面临着沙漠化的威胁，沙漠已占地球全部陆地面积的七分之一。 中国是沙漠化最为严重的地区之一，每年沙漠化的土地达66.7万公顷，居于世界首位。 新疆是中国沙漠面积最大的省区，沙漠面积达42.1万平方公里，占新疆总土地面积的四分之一，占全国沙漠化土地的三分之一。近30年来，沙漠化面积扩大了 8万多平方公里，全疆85个县、市中，有53个县、市受到了沙漠化的危害，塔里木河下游19 58年沙漠化土地面积占该地区面积的12%，而到1978年沙漠化扩大到52%。 内蒙古自治区现有沙漠、沙地和戈壁0.395亿公顷，占自治区总面积的33.5%，伊克昭盟在50年代初期沙化面积为101万公顷，仅1957年到1973年16年间就增加了249万 公顷，达到350万公顷，平均每年递增15.6万公顷。全盟的流动沙丘从1957年的164.5 万公顷增加到1977年的276.6万公顷，平均每年有5.6万公顷土地变成流动沙丘。 沙漠化的加剧，不是自然运动的结果，而是人类违反大自然规律的活动引起的， 生态学家霍渥鲁指出: “正是人创造了沙漠，气候仅仅提供了适宜的条件。” 联合国环境规划署认为，良田变荒漠的形成过程是当前最严重的环境危机之一。 联合国专家估计，全世界 35%以上的土地现正处在沙漠形成的直接威胁之下。每年有 2100万公顷农田由于沙漠化而变得完全无用或近于无用的状态，每年损失的农牧业产量价值达260亿美元。 地球在发烧 1988年，热浪从地球的各个角落袭来，欧洲、非洲、北美、南美、中亚„„，地 球在发烧! 在中国，南京、武汉、重庆、南昌连接不断地传出不祥信号，南京83人死于高温， 南昌死亡 600人„„。吉林在“三九”严冬季节，冰雪消融，天气奇暖。千百年来受地中海“款待”的开罗，也一反常态，被40度的高温骚扰而烦躁不安„„。无论从东 到西，还是从南到北，炽热的气候俨然像一个杀红了眼的“暴君”，从天空俯冲而下。 CO2 在大气圈里能够起到气温和雨量的调节作用，但它的含量逐年增加，从1880 年到1970年，空气中的CO2从280ppm增加到330ppm，气温从1880年至 1945年增了 0.4 度，目前，全世界每年向大气中排放的CO2多达50多亿吨，SO2、氮氧化物等有毒气体 也在急剧增加，其中燃烧产生的CO2大约有 40%,50%滞留在大气中，其余的一半儿被海洋吸收，从而严重地污染了环境，构成了促进全球变暖的重要因素。 由于地球释放 CO2所造成的变暖趋势，将会导致北极、南极的冰雪部分融化，从 而使海平面上升。1940 年以来，已有1万多立方公里的极地冰川融化了，它使全球的 海平面平均上升了10,15厘米，上升的速度是前50年里测得的3倍。 除了CO2以外，臭氧、含氯氟烃等其他痕量气体，对地球表面的增温效应比CO2的 增温效应还大1.5,3倍。 由于几十年来氟里昂的大量使用，致使大气层中的臭氧损失极大。科学家们发现， 在南极上空已形成了一个“臭氧层空洞”，1986年其面积大到可以容纳美国大陆，约 1000万平方公里，深到可以装下珠穆朗玛峰。1994年 9月，南极上空的臭氧层出现了 历史上最大的臭氧洞，面积约为2400万平方公里。即使全世界将破坏大气臭氧层的化 学物质的使用数量从目前的水平减少90%，南极上空的臭氧层空洞至少还要持续100年。 继南极地区之后，北极上空的臭氧层中也出现了一个大空洞。前联邦德国阿尔弗雷德?韦格纳研究所的人员，1988年乘破冰船“极星号”对北极地区进行了考察，他 们发现，在北极上空的臭氧层中也有一个大洞，其面积只有南极地区的五分之一。 号称“白色大陆”的南极洲，终年被大陆冰川所覆盖，冰川面积约为1372万平方公里，冰层平均厚度为1880米，最厚处达4000米以上，总水量为 257936000亿立方米， “臭氧层空洞”的出现，意味着太阳光线将直接照射在南极，这将加速极地冰川的融化。如果有朝一日南极大陆的冰川全都化成了水，那么全世界的海平面将要上升80米 以上，地球上大片陆地都将成为泽国。1995年，科学家们吃惊地发现，南极冰川出现了一条大裂缝，这是南极气温上升的标志。 地球表面温度升高的事实，是当今人类所面临的最严峻的一个环境挑战，其后果足以威胁到人类能否在地球上继续居住下去。 人类的觉醒 地球是人类居住、活动的主要场所，地球是一切生命的摇篮。在广阔无垠的太阳系中，其他星球不是酷热炎炎，就是冷若冰霜，生命无法生存，只有地球才有生命需 要的空气和水。但是，各种严重的污染，对于人类的生存和发展，对自然环境都带来 了巨大的灾难和祸害，人们在痛苦中开始反思。 人类只有一个地球。 1972年6月5日至16日，联合国在瑞典斯德哥尔摩召开了第一次世界性人类环境会 议，113 个国家参加了会议，与会各国代表共同通过了一个保护全球环境的“行动计 划”，其中包括 109项具体建议，并通过了庄严的《斯德哥尔摩人类环境宣言》，提 出了关于人类对全球环境的权利与义务的共同原则。“人类环境宣言”产生了全球性 的影响，使整个地球上不同的国家、不同信仰、宗教和阶层的人们，在对环境问 题的认识上，取得了趋向一致的看法:“只有一个地球”，“拯救大自然”。同年12 月，联合国大会第27届会议审议了“联合国人类环境会议”的建议，决定于1973年1 月成立“联合国环境规划署”，并以环境规划署为中心，设立了联合国环境规划理事 会、环境基金会。 1980年3月，3个国际性组织联合发布了《世界自然保护大纲》，各国之间开展了 环境保护协作，大力开展生态环境与环境科学的研究工作。 1982年 5月10日至18日，在内罗毕召开了人类环境特别会议，与会各国审议了10 年来执行“宣言”和“行动”的情况，总结经验教训，展望了未来全球环境的前 景，并通过了《内罗毕宣言》，在充分肯定斯德哥尔摩“人类环境宣言”的基础上， 针对世界环境出现的新问题，提出了一些各国应该共同遵循的新的原则。 人类也开始认识到保护臭氧层的重要性。1985年，20多个国家在维也纳签署了《 保护臭氧层国际公约》;1987年 9月14日，在加拿大蒙特利尔，由联合国环境规划署 主持如开了保护臭氧层的国际大会，会议通过了世界上第一个关于控制氯氟烃使用量 的条约。根据这项条约，发达国家在本世纪末将氯氟烃的使用量减少 50%，发展中国 家可以有10年的宽限期。这项公约得到了多数国家的拥护，已有近百个国家签署了这项条约。目前，许多国家已经开始采取措施，减少威胁臭氧的有害物的排放量。美国提出“短期冻结”制造使臭氧下降的化学物品，比利时、葡萄牙等国都已经彻底禁止 生产氯氟烃类化合物。 1988年 2月15日，在赫尔辛基，波罗的海环境保护委员会签署了《波罗的海地区 海上环境宣言》。 1989年初，世界银行总裁巴伯?科南勃宣布:该银行将成立一个高级部门来负责 资源保护和发展项目的环境问题，致力于在已经有了经济形象的同时，树立环境形象。 1989年 1月10日，北欧环境部长举行会议，讨论并批准了新的北欧国家环境计划 和防止海洋环境污染的行动计划，要求到1995年时，每个国家向海洋排入的污染物比 1985年减少50%。 1990年，波罗的海沿岸各国、欧洲联盟成员国和 4家多边银行签署了内罗毕宣言， 该宣言确定了波罗的海地区 132个污染点。为了消除这些污染点，制订了一项历时20 年、耗资256亿美元的共同全面治理环境行动计划。该计划支持对废水处理进行投资， 对纸浆厂和造纸厂进行改造，对其他污染源加以治理。 当今世界上，地球环境问题已经冲破小的地域限制，跨越国界，成为一个举世瞩目的全球性问题。人类正在走向联合，共同向环境恶化宣战。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.