自考英语语法

自考英语语法 形容词的比较级和最高级:形容词的比较级和最高级 自考英语(一)英语语法基础考点:形容词 形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规则变 化和不规则变化。 形容词用来修饰名词或代词，示人或事物的性质， 状态，和特征。 规则变化如下: 形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语，补语。 1)单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er和-est构成。 She is a good student，and she works hard. great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最 她是一个好学生，她学习努力。 高级) This bike is expensive. 2)以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在 这辆自行车很贵。 词尾加-r和-st构成。 I am sorry，I'm busy now. wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高 级) 对不起，我现在很忙。 3)少数以-y，-er，-ow，-ble结尾的双音节形容 Have you got everything ready for the 词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er和-est构成。 meeting, clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最 你为这次会议做好准备吗, 高级) 形容词在句中的位置: 4)以-y结尾，但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比较 级和最高级是把-y去掉，加上-ier和-est构成。 形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两 个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修 happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名高级) 词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容 词放在前面， 音节多的形容词放在后面。 5)以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音 的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 英语单词中，something，anything，nothing等-er和-est。 不定代词被形容词修饰时，形容词放在名词后面。 big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高 I have something important to tell you. 级) 我有重要的事要告诉你。 6)双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用 more 和most 加在形容词前面来构成。 Is there anything interesting in the film. beautiful (原级) difficult (原级) 电影里有什么有趣的内容吗, more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比 There is nothing dangerous here. 较级) 这儿一点都不危险。 most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最 由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词高级) 时须放在名词之后。 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: This is the book easy to read. 原级 比较级 最高级 这是一本容易读的书。 good better best 用and或or连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把 many more most 它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。 much more most Everybody，man and woman，old and young， should attend the meeting. bad worse worst 每一个人，男女老少，都应该参加会议。 little less least You can take any box away，big or small. ill worse worst 这些箱子，不管大小，你都可以拿走。 far farther(further) farthest(furthest) 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词前如加less和lest则表示“较不”和“最不” 绝大多数形容词有三种形式，原级，比较级和最高级， 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 important 重要 形容词的原级:形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的 less important 较不重要 形容词的原形。例如: lest important 最不重要 poor tall great glad bad 形容词比较级的用法: 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，其结构形 越多越好。 式如下: “ 形容词比较级+ and + 形容词比较级 ”， 表示 主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对“ 越来越…… ”。 比成分。也就是，含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。 It's getting hotter and hotter. 注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分，而只剩下对 比的成分。 天气越来越热了。 Our teacher is taller than we are. It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 我们老师的个子比我们的高。 真可怜他越来越穷了。 It is warmer today than it was yesterday. The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 今天的天气比昨天暖和。 计算机越来越便宜。 This picture is more beautiful than that one. The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 这张照片比那张照片漂亮。 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。 This meeting is less important than that one. 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。 这次会议不如那次会议重要。 表示两者对比相同。 The sun is much bigger than the moon. This box is as big as mine. 太阳比月亮大得多。 这个盒子和我的一样大。 形容词最高级的用法: This coat is as cheap as that one. 形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较，其结 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。 构形式为: I study English as hard as my brother. 主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+ 表示范围的短语或从句。 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。 She is the best student in her class. the + 形容词 表示某种人。 她是班上最好的学生。 He always helps the poor. Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 他经常帮助穷人。 上海是中国最大城市之一。 I like to have a talk with the young. This is the biggest apple I have ever met. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。 这是我见到的最大的苹果。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. Tom is the tallest boy in his basketball team. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。 汤姆是他们篮球队中个子最高的孩子。 The police led the old man across the street. 有关形容词的几个特殊用法: 警察领老人横过马路。 most 同形容词连用而不用the，表示 “极，很，非自考英语(一)英语语法基础考点:动词的语态 常， 十分”。 语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语 It's most dangerous to be here. 动词之间的关系。 在这儿太危险。 英语有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表 I cannot do it，it's most difficult. 示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓 语动词动作的承受者。例如: 我干不了这件事，太难了。 “The+形容词比较级……，the+形容词比较级……” I have repaired the radio. 表示 “ 越…… 就越……”。 我修好了收音机。 The more you study，the more you know. The radio has been repaired. 你学的越多，就知道的越多。 The more I have，the more I want. 收音机被修好了。 我越有就越想要有。 The students cleaned the classroom. The more，the better. 学生们打扫了教室。 被动语态的用法: The classroom was cleaned by the students. 被动语态表示一种主语和谓语之间的关系，当主语是 教室被学生们打扫了。 动作的承受者时， 就需要用到被动语态，汉语中所说的， “汽车被撞坏了”“钢笔被修好了” 等句子就是一种被动 被动语态的构成: 语态的句子，在汉语中常用“被”“由”等词来表示这种 被动语态。在英语中则用动词的被动语态形式来表示。被 be + 过去分词 动语态中还可用by 短语加在句后表示被动语态中动作的 发出者。也就是谓语动词动作的逻辑上的主语，被动语态 A building was damaged by the storm. 常用在下列情况。 暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。 1)不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有 必要说出谁是执行者时。 Our plate was made in China. The glass was broken last night. 我们的盘子是中国生产的。 玻璃昨天被打破了。 My bike was stolen. His bike has been stolen. 我的自行车被盗了。 他的自行车被偷了。 常用的被动语态的时态变化如下，以ask为例: He was asked to go there once more. 一般进行完成 他被要求再去那儿一次。 现在I am asked，I am being asked， I have been asked The bag was put into the box. 过去I was asked，I was being asked，I had been asked 袋子放在了箱子里。 将来I shall be asked，I shall have been asked 2)为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。 过去将来I shall be asked The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。 计划已经送给校长了。 Has your TV set been repaired, Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A. 你的电视机修了吗, 克林顿被选为美国总统。 Was the kite broken, Five people were hurt in the explosion. 风筝破了吗, 五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。 Has the work been done, A new building was set up in a short time. 工作结束了吗, 新大楼短期就建成了。 被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加not。 3)被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下: The letter has not been sent out. 动作承受者+ be+ 过去分词+by+ 动作执行者。 信还没有发出去。 The picture was praised by everybody. The little boy has not been found out. 照片得到了大家的好评。 小孩还没有找到。 The classroom was cleaned by us. The cap has not been mended yet. 教室被我们打扫过。 帽子还没有补好。 The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. Their money has not been sent to them. 这座桥是山西的工人建的。 他们的钱还没有送到他们手中。 The little boy was found by the police. 凡是不愿或不必说出主动者时，使用被动语态。此外， 小孩被警察找到了。 在强调或突出动作对象时，常使用被动语态。 有关被动语态的几个问题: 现以动词tell为例，将各种人称数和时态的被动语态列表 如下: 1)“be + 过去分词” 并非都是被动语态，系动词be， feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，一般现在时 I +am 作表语用，表示某种状态。 He(She)+ is + told You(We,They)+ are I'm interested in mathematics. 一般过去时 + told I(He,She)+ was 我对数学感兴趣。 We(You,They)+ were 一般将来时 +be told He seems unsatisfied with his work. I (We)+will(shall) You (He,She,They)+ will 他看起来对他的工作不满意。 过去将来时 + be told I(We)+ should We are determined to catch up with the developed You(He,She,They)+ would countries. 现在完成时 + been told I(We,You,They)+ have 我们决心要赶上发达国家。 He(She)+ has 过去完成时 I(You,He,She,+ had + been + told The song is called “Don't forget me”。 We,You,They) 现在进行时 I +am 歌曲的名字叫“勿忘我”。 He(She)+ is + being told You(We,They)+ are 某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。 过去进行时 I(He,She)+ was+ being told We(You,They)+ were The food tastes good. 1、用法 食物很香。 (1)一般现在时 It smells strange. A statement of owners' equity is frequently prepared to 这有怪味。 accompany the balance sheet and income statement. 通常编 写所有者权益表随同资产负债表和收益表。 The stone feels very cold. All our shoes are made by hand. 我厂出品的鞋都是手 石头摸起来很冷。 工制造的。 The woman's clothes sell well. The article is retailed at a higher price than when it was bought wholesale. 物品的零售价高于购进时的批发价。 女装卖的快。 (2)一般过去时 3)一般情况下，及物动词才能构成被动语态，但有 些不及物动词组成短语后，也可构成被动语态。 She was praised for her economical management of the budget. 她因对预算的管理有方而被表扬。 He was looked down upon because of his egoism. An urgent telephone call was made to the company's 他因自私而受人冷落。 treasure. 公司财务收到一个紧急电话。 The children were taken good care of in the the (3)一般将来时 orphanage. Your will be introduced to the office building. 将向您 孩子们在孤儿院受到了良好的照顾。 介绍办公大楼。 被动语态 Will storekeepers be prosecuted for raising prices without government permission,店主会不会因未得到政 被动语态的句子中的主语是动作的承受者，即行为的府许可提价而被起诉, 对象。 (4)过去将来时 被动语态的构成是由助动词be加上及物动词的过去 分词。be的人称和数要和句中主语一致，并表现出时态 She told me that her father would be taken to hospital 特征。 the next morning. 她告诉我第二天早晨她的父亲将被送到 医院去。 (1)当我们不知道或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执 (5)现在完成时 行者时(这时都不用由by引起的短语) These trade terms have been developed by mercantile My watch has been stolen. 我的表已被偷了。(不知道custom and standardized to a certain extent. 这些贸易条款谁偷的) 是在商业惯例中形成并在一定程度上标准化了的。 On Saturday night，on her way home from work，she The consumers should unlearn the propoganda with was robbed. 星期六晚上，在下班回家的路上，她被抢了。 which they have been fed by the advertizers. 消费者应当摒 弃广告商所作的广泛的宣传。 (2)当我们要强调动作的承受者时 (6)过去完成时 Qu Yuan is also remembered on this day. 也在这一天 纪念屈原。 They told him that the meeting had been cancelled. 他 们告诉他会议已被取消。 He will never be forgotten. 永远不会忘记他。 (7)现在进行时 (3)当出于礼貌，措词等方面的考虑不愿说出谁是 动作的执行者时，例如: In some developed countries， children are being taught by computers. 在一些发达国家，孩子们的课程是用计算 You are requested to give a performance. 请你表演一机讲授的。 个节目。 Computers are being used to predict the weather. 计算 3、主动句表示被动含义 机正被用来预测天气。 (1)及物动词need，want，require，deserve，bear (8)过去进行时 等之后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 The conversation was being recorded. 那时在对那次 This issue requires dealing with great care. 该问题需仔谈话进行录音。 细研究。 The street was being widened. 街道那时在加宽。 The new instruments want very careful handling. 这些 新仪器必须轻拿轻放。 The problem was being studied. 那时在研究这个问 题。 (2)动词find+名词含有被动意义，这时主语多为非 生物。如: (9)有两个宾语的主动结构变被动结构 Electronics finds its application in navigation. 电子学 We allowed them a commission of 5 per cent. 我们给在航海上得到应用。 他们5%的手续费。 (3)在有些性质形容词后用动词不定式的主动形式 ? They were allowed a commission of 5 per cent. 表示被动意义。如: ? A commission of 5 per cent was allowed them by Atom is too small to see. 原子小得看不见。 us. The question is easy to answer. 这个问题很容易回答。 We shall give Mr. John a warm welcome. 我们将热烈 欢迎约翰先生。 (4)在形容词worth之后，用动名词的主动形式表 示被动意义。如: ? Mr. John will be given a warm welcome. This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 ? A warm welcome will be given to Mr. John. Three points are worth quoting for our purpose. 就我们 (10)动词不定式的被动结构 的目的而言，有三点值得引证。 A new study plan(work plan)has to be made. 必须制 (5) get+过去分词表示被动意义。如: 定一个新的学习计划(工作计划)。 This question got talked about a little. 该问题曾略加 He will have to be tried for murder. 他因犯杀人罪将议论过。 要受到审判。 (6)有些介词短语作表语或定语时，表示被动意义。 The project is(going)to be completed in October. 这如: 项将在十月份完工。 The question is under discussion. 问题正在讨论。 2、在英语中，被动语态用于下列场合: The phenomenon under study is very interesting. 在研 究中的现象十分有趣