自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计_英文_

自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计_英文_ 4 3 第 卷 第 期中国光学Vol: 4 No: 3 2011 6 年 月 une 2011 JChineseO ptics 16742915( 2011) 03025207 ---文章编号 Solar irradiance absolute radiometer with ability of automatic sola tacking rr WANG Hongrui，FANG Wei - ( Changchun Institute of Optics，Fine Mechanics and Physics， Chinese Academy Sofci ences，Changchun 130033，China) Abstact: To measure total solar irradiance accura，thete lsyolar irradianceabs olute radiometerS IAR3a with r-the ability of automatic solar trackis deings igned andco nstructed: The principle and structure of thei rrsoalar - diancea bsolute radiometerS IAR3a are presentedin this paper andit s control scheme for automaotiucb ldeax--- is solar trackingis proposed: The solar irradianceab solute radiometerS IAR3a imposes electricity ctaoli brate - the total solar irradianc，wehich i s able to measure the total solar irradiance and fosllunow itmheul taneouly: ss at the3 lev-In the calibration experim，enthe ts correspondingrm s error limit of SIAR3a amounts t0o : 06% σ - el，which has been calibrated to WorRld ad iometric Reference stored i n World Radiation Centre ( WRC ) i n Dao，witzeland: The experiment results indicate thatI 3a works reliably andacc uately:vsSrSARr- Key words: solar irradianc; teotal solar irradianc; aebsolute radiomete; rsolar trackin; girradiation ca libration 自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计 , 王红睿方伟 ( ,13003)3 中国科学院 长春光学精密机械与物理研究吉所林 长春 SIAR3a。SIAR3a ， :，--介绍了 的原理摘要为了准确测量太阳总量辐射研制了具备自动跟踪能力的太阳辐照绝对辐射计 。SIAR-3a ，提出了双轴太阳跟踪的控制方法采用电来标定待测量的太阳总量辐射可以在测量太阳总量辐射的同时较为 。，SIAR3a 30. 06% ， -准确地跟踪太阳标定实验中在 σ 范围内的相对均方根误差是 已经标定到了保存在瑞士达沃斯世 。，SIAR-3a ，。界辐射中心的世界辐射基准太阳辐照实验结果表明工作可靠测量结果准确 :; ; ; ; 关 键 词太阳辐射太阳辐射总量绝对辐射计太阳跟踪辐射标定 :O432: 1 :A 中图分类号文献标识码 :2011-01-11;:2011-03-13 收稿日期修订日期 :( No: 61077080)基金项目国家自然科学基金资助项目 solute radiometersha ve to purchase ore vdelop solar tracking edvices: Specific parts for fixing rad iome- 1 Introduction ters to the solar trackers should be designedro -and p duceda ccording to the size ofra diometers: Products The solar radiation dr ives nearly a ll the dynamic of solar tracker probably need reconstructions fix to process on thea rth' s surface andat mosphere: Tiny E changes of the solar radiation canhave longlasting -radiometers to the solar tracking devices: These re- ,1，2,:constructions may be som ewhat complicated for he tEarth effects on the climate of he tThe World endusers such as meteorologicalstaff : The instru-- Climate R esearch Programme( WCRP ) ，the W orld Meteorological Organiza(ti WonMO) ，etc have initia- ment for measuring total solar irradiance shoue ld bted the Baseline Su rface Radiation Network( BSRN) integrated with solar trackaibngilit y: to monitor the radiation budget including so ltaor tal Inspired by the cases mentioned abo ve，a pyr-irradiance: One objective of BSRN is to obtain hi gh heliometer named as SIA R3a with solar r atcking - accuracy，longterm，surfacebased measurementso f --ability i s designed and constructbyed t he authors' total solar irr adiance: BSRN required that rphyeli- team: Solar tracking edvices with specific parts for ometers for solar irradiance measuresmhent ould fixing the radiometer are aelsvo el odped: An abso- have traceability to the World Ra diation Centre lute radiometer is integrated witsh ol ar-tracking de- ( WRC) in Davos，Switzerland: vice to measure solar irradianc，wehich i s implemen- Numerous solutions have been proposed o tted by using an automaticou bdleaxis solar track --,3 ,7, ,8 ,1 0, measure total solar irradiance: Two basic types er :D escr iptio，nprinciple and experimenretal -of radiometers ha ve been developed for measuring sults of SIAR-3a are illustrated in this paper: The solar irradiance: One i s an absolute typed r eferred SIAR3a is able to measure the total siorrlaard iance - as absolute radiometer and the other is the relative and follow the sun simultaneousl，yand it had been one: Measurement results of atbheso lute radiometer calibrated to the World Sta ndard Group ( WSG ) ofcould be related to International System of Units， pyrheliometers: Motivation of the de velopment for while the re lative type c an' t be: Existing absolute SIAR3a is to p rovide a standard instrument for - radiometers for measuring total solar irradarie ance measuring total solar irrad iance: Pyrheliometer ,3,active cavity radiometers，PMO6 absolute radiom- SIAR3a has traceability to the WorlRd ad iation -,4,,6, eters，SIAR absolute radiometersand soo n: Centre ( WRC ) and ability of solar rac kting: And Measurement techniques for siorrlaar dia nce SIAR3a had been exported to Cuba asn attheion al - with high accurac，yprecision and stability aree d- standard for measuring soirrlar adi ance: sired for climate stud，wyeather repor，tssolar ener- gies and soo n: When sun light can' t enter ther adi -2 System overview ometer incidentall，ymeasurement results for dir ect solar irradiance are no longer accurate: Thus，cali- The pyrheliometSeI AR-3a includes anab solute radi- bration for of f-optical-axis angle should be int ro- ometer and a solar rac tker: It is pictorially showinn duced and calibration proceis snot s e asy: It is es- Fig: 1: The absolute radiometerS IAR-3a imposes e- sential for radiometers to followsun the ,3 ,6, lectricity to calibrate the total solar irradiance : accurately:Ho wever，available instruments for The solar tracker is integratedi n the measurement measuring total system: And it is employed to ensure tshe un light solar irradiance are generarlloy pvided without solar fall into the primary cavity of thea bsolute radiometer tracking edvices: In order to make therad iometers incidentally: always point to thesu n，users of solar irradianceab- 4 中国光学254 第 卷 Fig: 1 olar irradiance absolute radiometeIAr R 3a SS- 3 Absolute radiometer The abolute radiometer consists of eate cdto and asr controlun it as shownin Fig: 2 and Fig: 3: Schematic of the detector is shown in Fig: 4: Interior surfaceo f the primaryc aity is coated with pure il e whoe vsvrs effectie aboptance for solar radiant fluxis quite vsr high: Field of view for the primary ca vity is confined The primaryc avity is heatedby electrical opwer to maintain a n sctaont temperature: The shutter opens periodically over the precision view limiters:W hen the shutter is opened，sunlight is allowed to fall incident on the inside of the primary cavity and the radiometeris operating in the obeation phae:e electrical power is applied as srvsLss Fig: 2 Detector oinf absoluter adiometer heat is produced by the solar irradiancein the observation phase: The accurately measured reduction by the primary ap erture: A heater winding witlohw of electrical power compensates for the incoming temperature coefficient is embedded into the woaf ll solar radiant energy: primary caity corresponding to incoming siolaar vrr- When the shutteris closed，the radiometeris operat- diance: Both primaryc avity and referenceca vity are ing in the referenceh apse: Primaryc avity is no more equipped with temperature senso rs: Heat produced heated by sun light in this phase: Electricity has to in the primary ca vity due to the solar irradiance is be supplied again to maintain the seammpe era tture conducted to the heat sink of the in strument: And for primary ca vity: The changing electrical poiws er the resulting temperature difference betweenri the p- equialent to the incident radiant power fhrom e tvmary cavity and the heat sink is sensed by the pas- sun: As a result，an accurate estimation of thesol ar sive temperaturese nsors: irradianceis obtained: Solar azimuth anglies the angl，emeasured cl ock- If the radiant power from sunthe i s perfects ub - wise on the horizontal p，lanfrome the nothpointing r-stituted by the electrical pow，eabrstraction o f the radiometer:s operation has the formf oasllo ws， coordinate axis to the projection ofu nthe s cental s'r ray: P)P r o S =,( 1) The turntableis shown in Fig: 5: The controlu - A?α nit drives the turntable to follow sthe un: Key com- where S is the measured solar irradianc，A eis area of the primary apert，ureis the absorptance of α ponents of the contunroli t are as un sensor，amplifi- primary cavity for solar irradianc，ePis the electri- r cation circu，its Micro Control Unit ( MCU )cal power applied to the primcary avity in the r efer- C8051F020 with built in A / D，two steppers w ith ence phas，eand Pis the electrical power applio ed te driver circuits and soon : Hardware block diagramof the primary ca vity in the observation phase: controlun it is shown in Fig: 6: A fourquadrant pho-- More details of the abs olute radiometer will e btodiodei s used to provide precise informationab out foundi n Ref: ,6,: relative sun displacement as thesun sensor andi t is shown i n Fig: 7: Drawing s chematic of the four - quadrant photodiodeis s hown in Fig: 8: 4 Solar tracker Single axis and oduble-axis solar tracking sc hemes ,7 ,1 0, are available for the solar tracker: Main differ- ence between single andoub dleaxis trackers is that - the latter could follow the sun with v arying weather and changing altitudean gle: Two-axis tracking mechanismi s employedh ere: The solar tracker in- cludes a turntable and a conuntrol it: The solar tracker follows the sun with changing solaralt itude angle and solar azimuanthg le: Solar altitude anglies Fig: 5 Turntable osuf n tracker defined as the angle between the central rayhe from t sun and a horizontal plane containing ob sthe erve r: Fig: 6 Hardware block diagram of conuntroitl 4 中国光学256 第 卷 Vision 3:C language with eil ig: 9 shows t he KFμ flow chart of the control scheme forsun t hetra cking: Direction and number of the pulse senthe to tstepper corresponding to altitude angcleal careula ted as below， k| u)u ||u )u | ,g al a c a c al =, ( 2) p al, otherwise 0 where p is pulse nu mbe，kis proportional ga in，r al al gis a specific value: al 1u)u ,0 a c =,( 3) d al, otherwise 0 where al ednotes direction of the steppercorr espond -ing to altitude an gle: Direction and number of the pulse sent he to tstepper corresponding to azimuth angcleal careula t -ed as below: k|u )u ||u )u | ,g az b d b d az =:( 4) p az, otherwise 0 where p is pulse nu mber，kis proportional ga in， az az gis a specific value: az 1)u ,0 u b d =,( 5) d az, othewie rs0 where az ednotes direction of the steppercorr espond -ing to azimutah n gle: Both g and gshould be determinedby trials: al az 5 xperiments E SIAR3a has been calibrated to WorlRd ad iometric - Reference( WRR) :W RR is the base for solarm eas- urements within the meteorological commaunity - ,4,round thew orld: For direct total solarirr adiance， WRR is maintained and transferred by W orld Stand- ard oup( ) of pyheliomete: WSG of pyheGrWSGrrsr- liometers are managed by PMOD/ C ( PhyWRs- ikalisch Meteorologisches Obse rvatorium / World Ra- diation C enter， Davos ) :M easurem ent results of SIAR-3a had been compared with those obtby ained ,6,absolute radiometers SI AR1a and S IAR2c: Ra--- diometers I1a and I2c had beenc alibrated SARSAR-- with the WSG of pyrheliometers in Davos before: The controls oftware for the solar trackeris w ritteni n SIAR-3a，SIAR-1a and SIAR-2c had measured Up to the presen，tno technique problemof s SIAR3a have been reported by the customer in Cu-- total solar irradiance together ovfor er 100 ba: SIAR3a runs well and it will be used tcoa li-- hours:SI AR-1a and SIAR-2c were pointed to thesun brate pyrheliometers in C uba: with a solar trackinge vdice: Calibration c oefficients of s o- lar irradiance ab solute radiometer SI AR- 3a is 6 Concluion ss 1: 001269133: In the calibratio，nthe c orresponding rms error limit of SIAR-3a amountst o 0.0 6% at the PyrheliometerS IAR3a with the ability aouf t omatic - 3level:σ solar trackingha ve been designed and construco ted t Measurement results of one experiment ota l for tmonitor total solar irradianceaccu rately: Descrip- solar irradiance are shoiwnn F ig: 10: The measure- tion，principle and experimenpltuss calibration o f ment timeis from 9 ?24 ?35 ( 2009: 11: 19 ) to 13 ?57 SIAR3a are illustrated in this paper: A control - ? 47( 2009: 11: 19 ) :M easure ment time for onesam- scheme for the automatic solar trackeris propo sedi n ple of solar irradianceis 90 seconds: Experiment lo- this paper: SIAR-3a is integrated with anaut omatic cationi s in Changchun: And longitude is N23? 45' solar tracker: Hardware and s oftware designs ofh e t 44″: In Fig: 10，measurement results S IofA R-3a forsolar tracker are illustrated: SIAR3a imposes -total solar irradiance nearly coincided howsite h telectricity to calibrate the total sirrolaar dia nce，and measuredby SIAR2c: The experiment resultis nd i-- it includes anab solute radiometer and a solar rac kt- cated that the solar irradiance absolu te radiometer er: Both hardware structure sandoftw are of thes olar SIAR3a worked reliably andacc urately: -tracker arein troduced: SIAR-3a is able to m easure the total solar irradiance and followsun t hesim ulta- neously: SIAR-3a has been Calibrated Wtoo rld Radiometric Reference: In the calibratio，nthe cor- responding r ms error limit of SIAR3a amounts t o - at the3 level:0. 06% The experimental resultis n- σ dicate that SIA R3a works reliably and acc urately: - SIAR3a had already been sent to Csubaervin g as - the national standard for pyrheliometers ofs od-i rect lar irradiance: Up to now，SIAR3a works quitew ell - and no problem ha ve been reported e ty: Fig: 10 Measurement results for total soirrlaard iance Reference: ,1, WILLSON R C: Total solar irradiance trend during socylcalre s 21 and2 2,J,: Science，1997，277( 5334) : 1963-1965: ,2, WILLSON R C，HUDSON H S: The sun' s luminosityo ver a complete solacr y cle,J,: Nature，1991，351: 42- 44:W ILLSON R C: Active cavity radiometer typIVe, J,: Appl, Opt, ，1979，18( 2) : 179-188: ,3, ,4, BRUSA R W，FRHICH C: Absolute r adiometers( PMO6 ) and their experimentachl a racterization,,: App, Opt, ， LJl 1979，25( 22) : 41734180: - GREG K，GEORGE L: The total irradiancme onitor ( TIM ) : instrument edsign,J,: Solar Physics，2005，230 ( 1-2 ) : 91- 5, ,109: ，: ,,: ，1992，13( 3) :40 6411:J-方伟金锡峰一种双锥腔补偿型绝对辐射计的研制太阳能学报 ,6, : Deelopment of a ocmpensate dualconical caity absolute r adiometer,,: Acta Energy Soar Snca， FANG W，JIN XvvJli- 4 中国光学258 第 卷 1992，13( 3) :40 6411: ( in Chinese) - ，: FY-3A ,J,: ，2010，18( 7) :147 5-1482:弓成虎方伟太阳辐射监测仪的程控设计与实现光学 精密工程 7, , GONG C H H，FANG W: oftware design and implementation for solar irradiance monitFor 3 oAn s atelliteSY-,,: Opt,Pr ecision Eng: ，2010，18( 7) :147 51482: ( in Chinese) J- LEE C Y，CHOU P C，CHIANG C M，et al: :Su n tr ackings ystems: a review,J,: Sensors，2009，9( 5) :387 53890: -,8, ROTH P，OI ABOUDINOV : Design and construction of a system ufnor t acking,,: Renewab, Energ， GERGEV，HsrJ-,9, 2004，29( 3) :39 3-402: ,10, GRENA R: An algorithm for the computation of the soolsaitr io pn,J,: Sol, Energy，2008，82( 5) :46 2470: - Author' s biography:WANG Hongrui( 1980—) ，PhD，male: He received MEng and PhD in Department of ConEtrnogl i neering - in Jilin University in 2006 and 200，9respectively: His research interests include nonlinear controrla andiad - tion measurement: E-mail: wang_hongrui@ya hoo: com: cn 《》液晶与显示向您推荐期刊 中文核心期刊? 中国最早创办的液晶学科专业期刊之一? 中国液晶学科和显示技术领域中综合性学术期刊? ，? 中国物理学会液晶分会会刊中国光学光电子行业协会液晶分会会刊 ( SA) 、《》( CA) 、《》( P) 、《》《》? 英国科学文摘美国化学文摘俄罗斯文摘杂志Ж美国剑桥科学文摘 ( CSA) 、“”20 中国科技论文统计源期刊等 余种国内外著名检索刊物和文献数据库来源期刊 《》、液晶与显示由中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所中国物理学会液晶分会和中国光学 ，。光电子行业协会液晶专业分会主办科学出版社出版 《》、液晶与显示以研究报告研究快报和综合评述等栏目集中报道国内外液晶学科和显示技术领域 、，，，中最新理论研究科研成果和创新技术及时反映国内外本学科领域及产业信息动态内容丰富涵盖面 ，，，。广信息量大可读性强是我国专业期刊发行量最大的刊物之一 《》，40: 00 。: 12 ,20 3; : 4868BM。液晶与显示为双月刊国内定价 元国内邮发代号国外发行代号 : 3888 : CN 221259 / O4 -地 址长春市东南湖大路 号国内统一刊号 《》: ISSN 10072780-液晶与显示编辑部 国际标准刊号 : 130033邮 编 : ( 0431) 6176059 电话 : www: yjyxs: comE-mail: yjxs@c iomp: ac: cn址 网