坏道修复（mhdd）

坏道修复（mhdd） 坏道修复(mhdd) Summary Due to the hard disk with magnetic media to store data, after a long time of use or improper use, there will be some problems, also known as "bad", but this may be the wrong software sectors, there may be a hard disk itself hardware failure, but not to say that the hard disk has after the bad sectors will be scrapped, in fact the treatment properly, we can make the hard disk "recovery", at least you can let the hard "prolong life". [edit this paragraph] categories The hard disk has bad sectors in addition to the hard disk itself quality and aging reasons, and largely because it is usually caused by improper use. According to the nature of the hard disk can be divided into two kinds of physical and logical bad sectors, simple, logical defects is due to some software or improper use of bad sectors, it can use the software to repair, which is a magnetic medium physical bad sectors hard disk itself problems, such as disk physical damage, this kind of commonly used software fault can not repair the mistake. [edit this paragraph] Note If your hard drive once these phenomena, you should pay attention to whether there have been bad sectors hard disk: (1) in reading a file or running a program, the hard disk repeatedly read and error, prompt file damage and other information, or it takes a long time to succeed; sometimes there will be a blue screen and so on; (2) the sound of the hard disk suddenly changed from the normal friction sound to the strange sound; (3) in the case of excluding virus infection, the system can not start normally, and there is "Sector not found" or "General error in reading drive C" and other prompt information; (4) Format hard disk, to a certain progress stopped, and finally reported wrong, can not be completed; (5) the Scandisk scan disk error is automatically run every time the system is turned on; (6) when a FDISK is executed on a hard disk, a progress will be repeated; (7) start not through the hard disk boot, floppy disks can start to hard disk drive, but can not enter the SYS command transmission system is not successful. The situation is likely to be a problem with the boot sector of the hard disk. [edit this paragraph] fix Common sense: the concrete analysis method for repairing bad sectors - Due to the internal hard work environment requirements are very strict, the tiny dust into the internal hard disk will cause irreversible damage, so when the hard disk has bad sectors, we can not open the disk for maintenance, can only through some software tools to repair, so as to maximize the losses. When we determine the hard disk bad sectors, we can not determine this is logical or physical damage damage damage, we can only follow from simple to complex steps to repair, general repair simple logical defects after software can solve the fault, but some need to repair physical bad sectors further to ensure data security and normal the use of hard disk. Actual combat: Repair - let the new hard disk logical defects In general, the hard disk is the reason produced logical defects some genuine software sectors written information on the hard disk, other software cannot access this sector, in this case, the hard disk detection tool will mistakenly believe that the sector has bad sectors, generally without the need for repair, but now the software is more and more less using this encryption. The use of another case is improper, such as hard disk read data were accidentally restart, there may be serious logical bad sectors, and even physical bad sectors. At this point, we can scan the hard disk using the disk tool that comes with Windows and fix the error automatically. The specific steps are as follows (with Windows XP), the selected letter after clicking the right mouse button on my computer, select "tools to start checking in the pop-up drive properties window". Select "auto fix file system error" and "scan and restore bad sectors", then click start. The scan time varies depending on disk capacity and scanning options. But it is worth noting that, in the Windows 98 operating system or above, and can not display the details of each sector, so in this case, we'd better choose the disk detection tool Scandisk under DOS. The Scandisk detects each sector and flags bad sectors so that the operating system continues to access the area. Guaranteed system operation stability and data security. In general, through the above method, after the completion of repair bad sectors on the hard disk is still there, just do the marking system will not continue to visit, but with the hard drive to continue to use, we may find the hard disk damage may spread, so this method can not fundamentally solve the problem. More appropriate approach is to backup the data on the hard disk, and then re format the hard disk partition, in general, if the fault on the hard disk is just the logical bad sectors, can solve the problem thoroughly. Of course, it is recommended to re partition and format, use the DOS Scandisk again on the hard disk detection, to ensure complete repair of hard disk logical bad sectors. Actual combat: repair method of multi - grid hard disk physical bad sectors If you follow the steps above to format the partition, still found the hard disk has bad sectors, so it is likely that the hard disk physical bad sectors. In fact, in this case, we do not have to rush to the hard disk can repair the conclusion, can also use another software grid on the hard disk, the hard disk to format the partition, some may also be solved by this way. Low level formatted hard disk There are two kinds of low price, one is through the motherboard with BIOS grid tools, one is the use of software of grid. Methods through the motherboard with BIOS tools will be the motherboard price limit, some of the motherboard in BIOS is not equipped with such a program, and the new type of motherboard mostly without this grid function, it is recommended or the use of software to low-level format hard disk. Maxtor produced a strong tool low.exe, this software can lower the Maxtor hard disk, in fact, this procedure can be applied to various brands of various types of IDE hard disk. The operation of the software is quite simple. After the start according to the "Y" into the software, just need to choose low price of hard disk, and then select a start hard disk can be self selected. A low price process is relatively long, so need to wait patiently. In addition, the need to remind the reader's point is that if your machine is installed on the other disk, when running in low this program will be the best price this hard to remove, to avoid data loss. Actual combat: shielding physical bad sectors - "flog a dead horse Summary Through the above steps, bad sectors or shielding defecfs to hidden partition logic we can repair the hard disk, in order to ensure the system stability and the security of data files, after such treatment, the hard disk can rejuvenate or can maximize the "longevity". Is the operation simple? Additional words on the Internet Some people do not agree with the above on the Internet will be the first bad argument, the article is reproduced here, for your reference Jump out of the hard disk Over the years has been misled with several common problems is high: 1. hard disk logical defects can be repaired, and physical bad sectors can not be repaired. The actual situation is not bad, divided into logical bad sectors and physical bad sectors, do not know who invented the two concepts, but technical information provided by the manufacturer are not such a concept, it is divided according to the logical address record of bad sectors and record according to the physical address of the bad sectors. The factory no 2. hard disk bad sectors, It means that users find bad sectors hard into the dangerous state. The reality is that each disk factory have recorded a number of bad sectors, some even reached a number of tens of thousands of bad sectors, by contrast, users found one or two bad sectors too much risk? 3. hard disk does not recognize the disk is not saved, 0 tracks broken, you can use partition method to solve. As a matter of fact, some of the hard disks that are not recognized can be repaired, and the 0 tracks are difficult to partition when they are broken. It is misleading to say that if you do not collect and study foreign language materials and Practice for a long time, you will not be convinced that it has been used for a long time. Abroad, there are many professional maintenance forum, where you can find some countries have reached a high level of hard disk maintenance technology. I'm sure some of their technology will cause headaches for many hard disk manufacturers. And many of the world professional hard disk repair master exchange, make benefit to friends. This is three years, Gaopeng quit her job as a teacher, specializing in hard disk repair work, handling repair hard disk has more than a million. To sum up, there are three sources of technology company: 1. collect foreign technical information and communicate with foreign professionals; 2. purchase professional tools software (with synchronous technical updates support); 3., their own practical experience. Unfortunately, I didn't find the teacher who taught me how to fix the hard disk, and I didn't think which textbook would help me with my hard drive. Several basic concepts that hard disk drivers need to figure out Some basic concepts will be involved in the study of hard disk repair and the use of specialized software to repair hard disks. Here, guests according to their own research and practical experience, trying to summarize and explain some concepts and "hard disk defect", and all the readers. Bad sector (bad sectors) A sector that cannot be properly accessed or cannot be properly read and written on the hard disk is called Bad sector. A sector can store 512Bytes data, and if there is any byte in a sector that cannot be read and written correctly, the sector is Bad sector. In addition to storing 512Bytes, each sector has dozens of Bytes information, including identification (ID), checksum values, and other information. Any error in one byte of this information causes the sector to change "Bad"". For example, in low-level formatting, each sector is assigned a number written in ID. If the ID part fails, the sector cannot be accessed, and this sector belongs to Bad sector. There are some Bad sector that can be rewritten through low-level formatting to rewrite this information. Bad cluster (bad cluster) After each user partitions the disk and advanced formatting, each file is assigned a FAT (File, Allocation, Table). FAT records the use of all the cluster (clusters) in the area and the link relationships. If in the advanced format (or software scans) found during a cluster sector, including bad sectors, while in FAT the cluster Bad cluster for the record, and no longer use the cluster file stored in the future, in order to avoid the loss of data. Sometimes viruses or malware may mark the normal cluster of bad sectors in FAT as Bad cluster, causing normal cluster to not be used. The point here is that each cluster includes several sectors, and as long as there is a bad sector in it, the rest of the entire cluster is no longer used Defect (defect) Inside the hard disk, all the defective parts are called Defect. If a head is not in good condition, the head is Defect head. If the disk of a Track (track) can not be a normal visit, this is Track Defect Track. if a sector can not be normal access or not correctly record data, the sector is also known as the Defect Sector. Bad sector can be considered equivalent to Defect sector. from the general, A hard disk, as long as there is a part of the defect, called this hard disk for Defect hard disk. P-list (permanent defect table) Now more and more high density hard disk, single disc storage data on the volume of more than 40Gbytes. hard disk manufacturers in the production process is extremely precise, but it is extremely difficult to be 100% perfect, more or less there are some defects in hard disk. Manufacturers before the hard drive factory, all of the hard disk is low-level format, in low-level formatting process will automatically find all the defect track and defect sector, recorded in P-list. And in the process of numbering all tracks and sectors, skip (skips) these defective parts so that users will never be able to use them. This makes it difficult for users to find a new disk when they are partitioned, formatted, and checked. The average hard disk is recorded in P-list with a certain number of defect, hundreds and tens of thousands. If it is a SCSI hard drive, you can find a wide variety of generic software to see P-list, because the various brands of SCSI hard disk use a compatible SCSI instruction set. And different brands, different models of IDE hard disk, using their different instruction set, want to see its P-list, to use targeted professional software. G-list (growth defect table) Users may find some new defect sector in the process of using the hard disk. According to the "Three Guarantees" regulations, as long as there is a defect sector, businesses should be replaced or repaired for the user. Now large capacity hard disk appears a defect, sector probability is very big, so, hard disk business will be busy for after-sales service. As a result, hard disk vendors have designed an automatic repair mechanism called Automatic Reallcation. Most type hard disk has such function: in the process of the hard disk read and write, if you find a defect sector, it is automatically assigned a spare sector to replace the sector, and will replace the sector and its record in G-list. As a result, a small amount of defect sector does not have much impact on user usage. There are also some hard disk auto repair mechanisms to be more stringent conditions, the need to use some software to judge defect sector, and through a port (allegedly 50h) call the automatic repair mechanism. Such as the commonly used Lformat, ADM, DM Zero fill, Norton and Wipeinfo in the West correction tool kit wddiag, IBM DFT Erase etc.. These tools can be in operation after removing some of the "bad sectors", a very important reason is that in Automatic Reallcation (of course there are other reasons), but cannot be simply summarized these "bad sectors" what is the "logical bad" or "fake bad sectors". If one of the misguided, poisoned readers does not believe the fact, when he finds the professional tools he can view G-list, he knows how much G-list will record after the tools run! "Logical bad" or "false bad sectors" is necessary to record in G-list and other sectors to replace? Of course, the G-list record will not be unlimited, and all hard drives will be limited to a certain number. If the limit is 500 ball series, diamond two generation limit is 636 BB, the West limit is 508, and so on. Beyond the limit, Automatic Reallcation will no longer work. This is why a few "bad sectors" by the repair tool (it was summarized as: "logical defects can be repaired, and bad sectors") more cannot use these tools to fix (are summarized as: "physical bad sectors" can not repair). Bad track (bad) The concept stems from a small capacity disk (100M or less) more than 10 years ago, when the hard disk had a small table attached to the shell, listing the hard tracks in the hard disk (new hard disks were also available). In the hard disk to low-level format (such as ADM or DM 5 tools, or board grid tools), These Bad need to fill in the position of track, in order to lower in the process of skipping the track. Today's large capacity hard disk is structurally different from those of small capacity hard disks, and this concept is a little farfetched for large capacity drives. Readers may also find many publications and online articles there are so few concepts: physical bad sectors, logical bad sectors, really bad sectors, false bad sectors, bad sectors hard, soft sectors etc.. In the overseas hard disk technical information, did not find the corresponding English concept, perhaps is the Chinese own generalization Since there are so many people who can accept these concepts, perhaps some experts can make some reasonable explanations. Friends are not accustomed to using these concepts, I don't want to be far fetched to explain them, readers see who said that ask who. Deep understanding of disk parameters Normally, the hard disk has an initialization process (also known as a self check) after it is powered on. At this time, it will issue a period of self-test sound, the sound length and the law depending on different brands of hard disk and different, but the same type of normal hard disk self-test sound is the same. Experienced people know that these self detection sound is due to the head of the hard disk search and homing action issued. Why does the hard disk just need to be energized to perform so many actions? Simply, it is the initialization parameter of the hard disk in which the record is read. Familiar with the general hard people know that the hard disk has a series of basic parameters, including: brand, type, capacity, number of cylinders, heads, the number of sectors per track, serial number, cache size, speed, S.M.A.R.T value etc.. Some of the parameters are written on the label of the hard disk, and some can be detected by software. However, friends tell you that these parameters is only a small part of the initialization parameters, recording disk initialization parameters in dozens or even hundreds of! The CPU of the hard disk automatically searches for the boot program in BIOS after power on, and then reads the corresponding parameters in the specified position in the disk in turn according to the requirements of the startup program. If an important parameter cannot be found or made error, the startup program cannot complete the boot process, and the hard disk enters the protection mode. In protected mode, users may not see the type and capacity of the hard disk, or are unable to access any read and write operations. Some of the recent series of hard disk is the reason and the emergence of similar problems, such as: FUJITSU MPG series of self noise but do not recognize the normal disc, MAXTOR diamond series did not recognize the right type and self check stop, WD BB EB series normal refused to recognize disk read and write operations etc.. Different brands of different types of hard disk has different initialization parameters set, the more familiar Fujitsu hard disk as an example, briefly explain the Gaopeng part parameters, the principle for readers to understand the internal initialization parameters. Control of the hard disk through a special program of CPU, according to the needs of the BIOS program, turn out the initialization parameter set, according to the module were stored for 69 different files, file name and parameters to call the BIOS program in the same name. Some of the parameter modules are briefly described below: DM basic management program inside the hard disk - PL permanent defect table - TS defect track table - HS actual physical head number and arrangement order - SM highest encryption status and password - SU user level encryption status and password - CI hardware information, including the CPU model, BIOS version, head type, disk disk type, etc. - FI manufacturer information - WE writes an error record list - RE reads the error log table - the SI capacity setting specifies the maximum capacity (MAX LBA) allowed for users to convert to external logical heads (typically 16) and the number of sectors per logical track (typically 63) ZP regional distribution information, each face piece is divided into fifteen regions, the number of different sectors each region, so as to calculate the maximum physical capacity. These parameters are normally stored in locations that are not accessible by ordinary users, some of which are considered to be in the negative track before the physical zero tracks. Each parameter may take up a module, or several parameters may occupy the same module. The modules are different in size, some modules are only one byte, others are 64K bytes. These parameters are not stored continuously, but each has its own fixed position. After reading the internal initialization parameter table, you can analyze whether each module is in a normal state. Of course, we can modify these parameters, re write in only designated location. In this way, you can restore the normal state of the hard disk repair because some parameters are out of order and cannot be used properly. If the reader is interested in further research, it may be possible to remove the ROM chip on the hard disk circuit board and read the BIOS program in the code writer, so that the parameter names listed above can be found in the program segment. Low-level format for hard disk repair Familiar with the hard disk of the people know, when necessary to do the "low-level formatted disk" (hereinafter referred to as the "low price"). Use the grid tool also has a variety of useful special equipment manufacturers: do low prices, useful manufacturers provide software tools to do the appropriate useful DM tools to do the low prices, useful in the motherboard's BIOS tool to do the appropriate useful Debug tools to do the low prices, also useful professional software to do self...... Effect of different tool grid on the hard disk is different. Some people think the price can repair some of the hard disk, some people think the price is very dangerous, serious damage to the hard disk. Gaopeng used a variety of grid tools that grid is an effective way to repair the hard disk. The following summarizes some views about the price, with the majority of users to exchange. An issue of concern: "the price process carried out in the end what operation on the hard disk?" Practice shows that the price process may be the following work, self process different drives vary widely, low price different software also vary greatly. A. for sector clearing and rewriting checksum All the bytes of each sector in the process of self all zero, and will check each sector value is written back to the initial value, it can be corrected some defects. For example, since the sector data does not correspond to the checksum value of the sector, it is usually reported as a checksum error (ECC, Error). If it is not caused by the damage of the magnetic medium, it is very possible to re match the sector data with the checksum value of the sector, and achieve the function of "repairing" the sector. This is the operation of the most basic content of each and every hard tool grid grid process, which is also the basic reason why the grid can repair a large number of bad sectors ". In addition, the Zero Fill (clear) operation in DM has the same effect as the Erase operation in the IBM DFT tool. B. overrides sector identity information Many years ago, using the old hard disk (such as the use of ST506 interface hard disk), the need to rewrite each sector at low in the process of identification (ID) and some other information and some keep track, then low grid tools must have such a function. But now the hard disk structure is not the same, if to do low prices will lead to many painful accident years ago tool. No wonder people are often shouting in pain: "danger!"! Do not self drive! My hard disk has been destroyed by low price!" C. reads and writes the sectors and attempts to replace the defect sectors Some low grid tools for each sector read and write inspection, if found in the process of reading or writing process goes wrong, it is considered that the sector for the defective sector. Then, calling the common automatic replacement sector (Automatic, reallocation, sector) command attempts to replace the sector, and can also achieve the "repair" effect. D. re - Numbering all physical sectors The number is based on the record and section allocation parameters in the P-list (which determine the number of sectors each track is divided into) and, after numbering, each sector is assigned a specific identification information (ID). When numbering, the defect sector is recorded automatically in the P-list so that users cannot access the defect sectors (users don't have to worry about where they can never be used). If the process falls by the wayside, it may cause some or even all sectors to be labeled IDNF not (Sector ID found). We must pay special attention to, this number is based on the physical parameters of the real process to carry out, if some low grid tools (with 16heads parameters according to the logic of 63sector is the most typical) to low prices, it is impossible to carry out such operations. E. writes track servo information and re tracks all tracks Some hard disks allow rewriting of the servo information for each track and give the track a new number. Numbers skip the defective tracks (defect, track) on the basis of P-list or TS records, so that users cannot access (i.e., never need to use) these defect tracks. This operation is also based on the actual physical parameters. F. writes state parameters and modifies specific parameters Some of the hard disk will have a record low status parameter is normal or not over, if not the normal end price will lead to the hard disk to read and write operations, the parameters of Fujitsu IDE and Seagate SCSI as a typical hard disk. Some hard drive may also according to the grid process record some parameters. Let's look at some price tools to do what operation: 1. DM in Low level format A and B operations were performed. Faster, very few damage to the hard disk, but the restoration effect is not obvious. 2. Lformat A, B, and C operations were performed. Due to simultaneous read and write checks, the operation is slower and can replace parts of the defect sector. But it uses logical parameters, so it's impossible to do D, E, and F operations. It's hard to pass through a IDNF error or a servo error and interrupt halfway. 3. SCSI card grid tools Thanks to the large set of SCSI hard disk instruction set, the tool can perform some operations on A, B, C, D and F on some SCSI hard disks, and has obvious effect on the repair of some SCSI hard disks (such as Seagate). The track cannot pass through the defective track. At the same time, due to the automatic replacement function, the number of defects detected exceeds the G-list limit and ends halfway. The hard disk enters the refused read and write state.