92年4月

GRE 国 内 题 90 – 94 COPYLEFT TONGLEI 92 年 4 月 SECTION 1 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. It was a war the queen and her more prudent coun- selors wished to ------- if they could and were determined in any event to ------- as long as possible. (A) provoke.. delay (B) denounce.. deny (C) instigate.. conceal (D) curtail.. promote (E) avoid.. postpone 2. Despite many decades of research on the gasification of coal, the data accumulated are not directly --------- to environmental questions; thus a new program of research specifically addressing such questions is----- (A) analogous.. promising (B) transferable.. contradictory (C) antithetical.. unremarkable (D) applicable.. warranted (E) pertinent.. unnecessary 3. Unlike other creatures, who are shaped largely by their ------- environment, human beings are products of a culture accumulated over centuries, yet one that is constantly being ----- by massive infusions of new information from everywhere. (A) harsh.. unconfirmed (B) surrounding.. upheld (C) immediate.. transformed (D) natural.. mechanized (E) limited. Superseded 4. Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having -------the conflicting elements of her life. (A) affirmed (B) highlighted (C) reconciled (D) confined (E) identified 5. In their preface, the collection's editors plead that certain of the important articles they --------- were published too recently for inclusion, but in the case of many such articles, this ------- is not valid. (A) discussed.. replacement (B) omitted.. excuse (C) revised.. clarification (D) disparaged.. justification (E) ignored.. endorsement 6. The labor union and the company's management, despite their long history of unfailingly acerbic disagreement on nearly every issue, have nevertheless reached an unexpectedly -------, albeit still tentative, agreement on next year's contract. (A) swift (B) onerous (C) hesitant (D) reluctant (E) conclusive 7. In response to the follies of today's commercial and political worlds, the author does not ------- inflamed indignation, but rather ------- the detachment and smooth aphoristic prose of an eighteenth-century wit. (A) display.. rails at (B) rely on.. avoids (C) suppress.. clings to (D) express.. affects (E) resort to.. spurns 8. FEAR: COWER:: (A) calmness: fret (B) anger: rant (C) disappointment: console (D) gladness: satisfy (E) embarrassment: speak 9. BACTERIA: DECOMPOSITION:: (A) lava: eruption (B) penicillin : injection (C) yeast: fermentation (D) oxygen: respiration (E) plants : deforestation 10. PALATE: MOUTH:: (A) curb: sidewalk (B) star: sky (C) stream: dam (D) mountain: range (E) ceiling: room 11. SLAKE: THIRST:: (A) perspire: exertion (B) moan: voice (C) shiver: muscle (D) satiate: hunger (E) dream: sleep 12. FOIBLE: FAULT:: (A) perjury: testimony (B) reputation : disrepute (C) vagary: notion (D) feud: hostility (E) quibble: objection 13. IMPORTUNE : REQUEST:: (A) pry: inquiry (B) balk: obstacle (C) fulminate: silence (D) discountenance: plea (E) vitiate: punishment 14. MILL: GRAIN:: (A) loom: cloth (B) bazaar: wares (C) factory: furniture (D) hospital: medicine (E) forge: metal 15. DAGUERREOTYPE: PHOTOGRAPH:: (A) bust: statue (B) pastiche: painting (C) narrative: novel (D) hieroglyphic: papyrus (E) musket: firearm 16. INDISTINGUISHABLE: CONFOUND:: (A) exceptional : overlook (B) impregnable : attack (C) ostentatious : consume (D) equivalent : interchange (E) occluded : reveal 　　　The 1960's witnessed two profound 　　social movements: the civil rights 　　movement and the movement protesting 　　the war in Vietnam. Although they (5) overlapped in time, they were largely 　　distinct. For a brief moment in 1967, 　　however, it appeared that the two 　　movements might unite under the 　　leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. (10) 　King's role in the antiwar movement 　　appears to require little explanation, 　　since he was the foremost advocate of 　　nonviolence of his time. But King's 　　stance on the Vietnam War cannot be (15) explained in terms of pacifism 　　alone.After all, he was something of a 　　latecomer to the antiwar movement, even 　　though by 1965 he was convinced that the 　　role of the United States in the war was (20) indefensible. Why then the two years 　　that passed before he translated his 　　private misgivings into public dissent? 　　Perhaps he believed that he could not 　　criticize American foreign policy (25) without endangering the support for 　　civil rights that he had won from the federal government. 17. According to the passage, the delay referred to in lines 12-15 is perhaps attributable to which of the following? (A) King’s ambivalence concerning the role of the United States in the war in Vietnam (B) King’s attempts to consolidate support for his leadership within the civil rights movement (C) King’s desire to keep the leadership of the civil rights movement distinct from that of the antiwar movement (D) King’s desire to draw support for the civil rights movement from the leadership of the antiwar movement（E） (E) King’s reluctance to jeopardize federal support for the civil rights movement 18. The author supports the claim that “King’s stance on the Vietnam War cannot be explained in terms of pacifism alone” (lines 10-12) by implying which of the following? (A) There is little evidence that King was ever a student of pacifist doctrine. (B) King, despite pacifist sympathies, was not convinced that the policy of the federal government in Vietnam was wrong. (C) King’s belief in nonviolence was formulated in terms of domestic policy rather than in terms of international issues. (D) Had King’s actions been based on pacifism alone, he would have joined the antiwar movement earlier than he actually did.（D） (E) Opponents of United States foreign policy within the federal government convinced King of their need for support. 19. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the movement opposing the war in Vietnam? (A) It preceded the civil rights movement. (B) It began in 1965. (C) It was supported by many who otherwise opposed public dissent. (D) It drew support from most civil rights leaders.（E） (E) It was well underway by 1967. 20. Which of the following best describes the passage? (A) It discusses an apparent inconsistency and suggests a reason for it. (B) It outlines a sequence of historical events. (C) It shows why a commonly held view is inaccurate. (D) It evaluates an explanation and finally accepts that explanation.（A） (E) It contrasts two views of an issue. 　　What causes a helix in nature to 　　appear with either a dextral 　　("right-handed," or clockwise) twist or 　　a sinistral ("left-handed," or (5) counterclockwise') twist is one of the 　　most intriguing puzzles in the science 　　of form. Most spiral-shaped snail 　　species are predominantly dextral. But 　　at one time, handedness (twist direction (10) of the shell) was equally distributed 　　within some snail species that have 　　become predominantly dextral or, in a 　　few species, predominantly sinistral. 　　What mechanisms, control handedness (15) and keep left-handedness rare? 　　　It would seem unlikely that evolution 　　should discriminate against sinistral 　　snails if sinistral and dextral snails 　　are exact mirror images, for any (20) disadvantage that a sinistral twist in 　　itself could confer on its possessor is 　　almost inconceivable. But left- and 　　right-handed snails are not actually 　　true mirror images of one another. (25) Their shapes are noticeably different. 　　Sinistral rarity might, then, be a 　　consequence of possible disadvantages 　　conferred by these other concomitant 　　structural features. In addition, (30) perhaps left- and right-handed snails 　　cannot mate with each other, having 　　incompatible twist directions. 　　Presumably an individual of the rarer 　　form would have relative difficulty in (35) finding a mate of the same hand, thus 　　keeping the rare form rare or creating 　　geographically separated right- and 　　left-handed populations. 　　　But this evolutionary mechanism (40) combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and 　　chance does not provide an adequate 　　explanation of why right-handedness 　　should have become predominant. It does 　　not explain, for example, why the (45) infrequent unions between snails of 　　opposing hands produce fewer offspring 　　of the rarer than the commoner form in 　　species where each parent contributes 　　equally to handedness. Nor does it (50) explain why, in a species where one 　　parent determines handedness, a brood is 　　not exclusively right- or left-handed 　　when the offspring would have the same 　　genetic predisposition. In the European (55) pond snail Lymnaea peregra, a 　　predominantly dextral species whose 　　handedness is maternally determined, a 　　brood might be expected to be exclusively 　　right- or left-handed--and　this often (60) occurs. However, some broods possess 　　a few snails of the opposing hand, 　　and in predominantly sinistral broods, 　　the incidence of dextrality is　 　　surprisingly high. (65) 　Here, the evolutionary theory must 　　defer to a theory based on an explicit 　　developmental mechanism that can favor 　　either right- or left-handedness. In 　　the case of Lymnaea peregra, studies (70) indicate that a dextral gene is 　　expressed during egg formation; i.e., 　　before egg fertilization, the gene 　　produces a protein, found in the 　　cytoplasm of the egg, that controls the (75) pattern of cell division and thus 　　handedness. In experiments,an injection 　　of cytoplasm from dextral eggs 　　changes the pattern of sinistral eggs, 　　but an injection from sinistral eggs (80) does not influence dextral eggs. One 　　explanation for the differing effects is 　　that all Lymnaea peregra eggs begin 　　left-handed but most switch to being 　　right-handed. Thus, the path to a (85) solution to the puzzle of handedness in 　　all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself. 21. Which of the following would serve as an example of “concomitant structural features” (line 19) that might disadvantage a snail of the rarer form? (A) A shell and body that are an exact mirror image of a snail of the commoner form (B) A smaller population of the snails of the rarer form (C) A chip or fracture in the shell caused by an object falling on it (D) A pattern on the shell that better camouflages it（E） (E) A smaller shell opening that restricts mobility and ingestion relative to that of a snail of the commoner form 22. The second paragraph of the passage is primarily concerned with offering possible reasons why (A) it is unlikely that evolutionary mechanisms could discriminate against sinistral snails (B) sinistrality is relatively uncommon among snail species (C) dextral and sinistral populations of a snail species tend to intermingle (D) a theory based on a developmental mechanism inadequately accounts for the predominance of dextrality across snail species（B） (E) dextral snails breed more readily than sinistral snails, even within predominantly sinistral populations 23. In describing the “evolutionary mechanism” (line 27), the author mentions which of the following? (A) The favorable conditions for nurturing new offspring (B) The variable environmental conditions that affect survival of adult snails (C) The availability of potential mates for breeding (D) The structural identity of offspring to parents of the same hand（C） (E) The frequency of unions between snails of different species 24. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Lymnaea peregra? (A) Handedness within the species was at one time equally distributed between left and right. (B) Under laboratory conditions, dextral eggs from Lymnaea peregra can be artificially induced to develop into sinistral snails. (C) Broods of Lymnaea peregra are, without variation, exclusively sinistral or dextral. (D) Handedness in Lymnaea peregra offspring is determined by only one of the parents.（D） (E) Geographic factors have played a larger role than has genetics in the evolution of the species. 25. The passage implies that in Lymnaea peregra, there will generally be (A) more offspring of the nondominant hand in broods where handedness is determined after, rather than before, fertilization (B) a sinistral gene that produces a protein in the cytoplasm of the egg cell (C) fewer sinistral offspring in dextral broods than dextral offspring in sinistral broods (D) equal numbers of exclusively left-and right-handed broods（C） (E) an increasing occurrence of left-handedness in successive broods 26. It can be inferred from the passage that a predominantly sinistral snail species might stay predominantly sinistral for each of the following reasons EXCEPT for (A) a developmental mechanism that affects the cell-division pattern of snails (B) structural features that advantage dextral snails of the species (C) a relatively small number of snails of the same hand for dextral snails of the species to mate with (D) anatomical incompatibility that prevents mating between snails of opposing hands within the species（B） (E) geographic separation of sinistral and dextral populations 27. Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between the evolutionary and developmental theories discussed in the passage? (A) Although the two theories reach the same conclusion, each is based on different assumptions. (B) They present contradictory explanations of the same phenomenon. (C) The second theory accounts for certain phenomena that the first cannot explain. (D) The second theory demonstrates why the first is valid only for very unusual, special cases.（C） (E) They are identical and interchangeable in that the second theory merely restates the first in less technical terms. 28. IMPERMEABLE: (A) sandy (B) resilient (C) blunt (D) sticky (E) porous 29. SERRATED: (A) dull (B) smooth (C) random (D) fragile (E) tarnished 30. INGRATE: (A) thankful person (B) polite person (C) friendly person (D) witty person (E) well-educated person 31. COALESCED: (A) spread rapidly (B) heated quickly (C) broken apart (D) uncovered (E) soaked 32. EFFRONTERY: (A) skepticism (B) serenity (C) timidity (D) conformity (E) impartiality 33. LACONIC: (A) stylized (B) unedited (C) insincere (D) verbose (E) outgoing 34. HEGEMONY: (A) lack of authority (B) lack of energy (C) lack of precision (D) lack of confidence (E) lack of awareness 35. PIQUE: (A) poke fun at (B) give hope to (C) neglect (D) mollify (E) dissuade 36. SUPPLICATE: (A) misrepresent (B) demand (C) evade (D) vacillate (E) discourage 37. ENERVATE: (A) grant permission (B) provide assistance (C) make restitution (D) irritate (E) fortify 38. VERISIMILAR: (A) implausible (B) digressing (C) monotonous (D) unusual (E) unique SECTION 4 Time-30 minutes 38 Questions 1. Vaillant, who has been particularly interested in the means by which people attain mental health, seems to be looking for ------- answers: a way to close the book on at least a few questions about human nature. (A) definitive (B) confused (C) temporary (D) personal (E) derivative 2. The well-trained engineer must understand fields as diverse as physics, economics, geology, and sociology; thus, an overly -------engineering curriculum should be avoided. (A) narrow (B) innovative (C) competitive (D) rigorous (E) academic 3. Although supernovas are among the most ------- of cosmic events, these stellar explosions are often hard to -------, either because they are enormously far away or because they are dimmed by intervening dust and gas clouds. (A) remote.. observe (B) luminous.. detect (C) predictable.. foresee (D) ancient.. determine (E) violent.. disregard 4. During the widespread fuel shortage, the price of gasoline was so ------- that suppliers were generally thought to be------- the consumer. (A) reactive.. shielding (B) stable.. blackmailing (C) depressed.. cheating (D) prohibitive.. placating (E) excessive.. gouging 5. Art ------- science, but that does not mean that the artist must also be a scientist; an artist uses the fruits of science but need not ------- the theories from which they derive. (A) precedes.. anticipate (B) incorporates. .understand (C) transcends. .abandon (D) imitates. .repudiate (E) resembles. .contest 6. Imposing steep fines on employers for on-the-job injuries to workers could be an effective ------- to creating a safer workplace, especially in the case of employers with poor safety records. (A) antidote (B) alternative (C) addition (D) deterrent (E) incentive 7. Literature is inevitably a ------ rather than ------- medium for the simple reason that writers interpose their own vision between the reader and reality. (A) distorting.. a neutral (B) transparent.. an opaque (C) colorful.. a drab (D) flawless. .an inexact (E) flexible. a rigid 8. SCRIBBLE: WRITE:: (A) limp: walk (B) draw: print (C) mumble: talk (D) float: swim (E) say: sing 9. DETOXIFICATION: POISON:: (A) surge : current (B) diet : reduction (C) refinement :ore (D) adjustment : focus (E) neutralization : acid 10. GRAVEL : PEBBLE:: (A) river: water (B) seasoning : salt (C) crowd: person (D) legislature : bill (E) typewriter: key 11. STOCKADE: ENCLOSURE:: (A) moat: bridge (B) doorway: wall (C) brick : building (D) pillar : support (E) keyhole: lock 12. SEDATIVE: PACIFY:: (A) scalpel: cauterize (B) analgesic: discomfit (C) surgery : operate (D) antiseptic: sterilize (E) stimulant: induce 13. AUTHORITATIVE: ACCEPTANCE:: (A) conspicuous: attention (B) nebulous: validation (C) congruous : appropriation (D) maudlin :passion (E) tangible : substance 14. ALACRITY: PROMPT:: (A) service :kind (B) aggravation: temperamental (C) intuition: impulsive (D) acumen: shrewd (E) sentiment: thoughtful 15. UNDERSCORE: EMPHASIS:: (A) eradicate: destruction (B) stigmatize : confrontation (C) quantify: assessment (D) brand: ownership (E) log: record 16. PREEMINENCE: IMPORTANCE:: (A) predestination : belief (B) prefiguration : reality (C) premeditation: execution (D) predisposition : preference (E) preponderance : weight 　　　Recently some scientists have 　　concluded that meteorites found on Earth 　　and long believed to have a Martian 　　origin might actually have been blasted (5) free of Mars's gravity by the impact on 　　Mars of other meteorites. This 　　conclusion has led to another question: 　　whether meteorite impacts on Earth have 　　similarly driven rocks from this planet (10) to Mars. 　　　According to astronomer S.A. Phinney, 　　kicking a rock hard enough to free it 　　from Earth's gravity would require a 　　meteorite capable of making a crater more (15) than 60 miles across. Moreover, even if 　　Earth rocks were freed by meteorite 　　impact, Mars's orbit is much larger than 　　Earth's, so Phinney estimates that the 　　probability of these rocks hitting Mars (20) is about one-tenth as great as that of 　　Mars's rocks hitting Earth. To 　　demonstrate this estimate, Phinney used 　　a computer to calculate where 1,000 　　hypothetical particles would go if (25) ejected from Earth in random directions. 　　He found that 17 of the 1,000 particles would hit Mars. 17. The passage is primarily concerned with (A) presenting an argument to support a particular hypothesis (B) suggesting an answer to a theoretical question (C) questioning the assumptions of a research project (D) criticizing experimental results（B） (E) explaining the origin of certain scientific data 18. According to the passage, which of the following events may have initiated the process that led to the presence on Earth of meteorites from Mars? (A) A meteorite struck the Earth with tremendous velocity. (B) A meteorite collided with Mars. (C) Approximately 1,000 rocks were ejected from Mars. (D) The orbits of Earth and Mars brought the planets to their closest points.（B） (E) Rocks from a meteorite impact broke free of Earth’s gravity. 19. The passage suggests that which of the following is true concerning the probability that a rock, if ejected from Mars, will hit the Earth? (A) The probability is increased when particles are ejected from Mars in random directions. (B) The probability is increased by the presence of large craters on the surface of Mars. (C) The probability is decreased when Mars’s orbit brings the planet close to Earth. (D) The probability is greater than the probability that a rock from Earth will hit Mars.（D） (E) The probability is less than the probability that a rock from Earth will escape Earth’s gravity. 20. Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt on Phinney’s estimate of the probability of Earth rocks hitting Mars? (A) Rather than going in random directions, about 25 percent of all particles ejected from Earth go in the same direction into space. (B) Approximately 100 meteorites large enough to make a noticeable crater hit the Earth each year. (C) No rocks of Earth origin have been detected on Mars. (D) The velocity of rocks escaping from Earth’s gravity is lower than the velocity of meteorites hitting the Earth.（A） (E) No craters more than 60 miles across have been found on Mars. 　　A "scientistic" view of language was 　　dominant among philosophers and 　　linguists who affected to develop a 　　scientific analysis of human thought and (5) behavior in the early part of this 　　century. Under the force of this view, 　　it was perhaps inevitable that the art 　　of rhetoric should pass from the status 　　of being regarded as of questionable (10) worth (because although it might be both 　　a source of pleasure and a means to urge 　　people to right action, it might also be 　　a means to distort truth and a source of 　　misguided action) to the status of being (15) wholly condemned. If people are 　　regarded only as machines guided by 　　logic, as they were by these 　　"scientistic" thinkers, rhetoric is 　　likely to be held in low regard; for the (20) most obvious truth about rhetoric is 　　that it speaks to the whole person. It 　　presents its arguments first to the 　　person as a rational being, because 　　persuasive discourse, if honestly (25) conceived, always has a basis in 　　reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, 　　as it were, of any speech or essay that 　　is respectfully intended to persuade 　　people. Yet it is a characterizing (30) feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond 　　this and appeals to the parts of our 　　nature that are involved in feeling, 　　desiring, acting, and suffering. It 　　recalls relevant instances of the (35) emotional reactions of people to 　　circumstances-real or fictional-that are 　　similar to our own circumstances. Such 　　is the purpose of both historical 　　accounts and fables in persuasive (40) discourse: they indicate literally or 　　symbolically how people may react 　　emotionally, with hope or fear, to 　　particular circumstances. A speech 　　attempting to persuade people can (45) achieve little unless it takes into 　　account the aspect of their being 　　related to such hopes and fears. 　　　Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human 　　beings living at particular times and in (50) particular places. From the point of 　　view of rhetoric, we are not merely 　　logical thinking machines, creatures 　　abstracted from time and space. The 　　study of rhetoric should therefore be (55) considered the most humanistic of the 　　humanities, since rhetoric is not 　　directed only to our rational selves. It 　　takes into account what the 　　"scientistic" view leaves out.If it is (60) a weakness to harbor feelings, then 　　rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in 　　weakness. But those who reject the idea 　　of rhetoric because they believe it 　　deals in lies and who at the same time (65) hope to move people to action, must 　　either be liars themselves or be very 　　naive; pure logic has never been a 　　motivating force unless it has been 　　subordinated to human purposes, (70) feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic. 21. According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people is (A) an aim of most speakers and writers (B) an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity (C) a way of displaying distrust of the audience’s motives (D) a characteristic of most humanistic discourse（B） (E) a way of avoiding excessively abstract reasoning 22. It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded as (A) the only necessary element of persuasive discourse (B) a dubious art in at least two ways (C) an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic (D) an open offense to the rational mind（B） (E) the most important of the humanistic studies 23. The passage suggests that the disparagement of rhetoric by some people can be traced to their (A) reaction against science (B) lack of training in logic (C) desire to persuade people as completely as possible (D) misunderstanding of the use of the term “scientistic”（E） (E) view of human motivation 24. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOT (A) distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience (B) appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience (C) address listeners’ emotions as well as their intellects (D) concede the logic of other points of view（C） (E) show how an immediately desirable action is consistent with timeless principles 25. The passage suggests that to consider people as “thinking machines” (line 37) is to consider them as (A) beings separated from a historical context (B) replaceable parts of a larger social machine (C) more complex than other animals (D) liars rather than honest people（A） (E) infallible in their reasoning 26. Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage? (A) A sample of an actual speech delivered by an orator (B) The contrast of different points of view (C) The repetition of key ideas and expressions (D) An analogy that seeks to explain logical argument（A） (E) Evaluative or judgmental words 27. Which of the following best states the author’s main point about logical argument? (A) It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life. (B) It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element. (C) It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires. (D) It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.（B） (E) It is essential to persuasive discourse because it deals with universal truths. 28. FLAMBOYANT: (A) competent (B) independent (C) aloof (D) subdued (E) unafraid 29. REBUFF: (A) tease (B) defy (C) meddle (D) welcome (E) challenge 30. ENRICH: (A) deplete (B) mitigate (C) forfeit (D) extinguish (E) occlude 31. PRETERNATURAL: (A) constant (B) protracted (C) factual (D) restrained (E) ordinary 32. GERMANE: (A) domestic (B) sympathetic (C) controversial (D) profound (E) inappropriate 33. INTEGRITY: (A) extravagance (B) incompleteness (C) subordinancy (D) insufficiency (E) opposition 34. MENDACITY: (A) full supply (B) loud response (C) impunity (D) truthfulness (E) peculiarity 35. VITUPERATE: (A) restore (B) respect (C) animate (D) praise (E) intensify 36. TEETOTALISM: (A) jingoism (B) proclivity (C) intemperance (D) intolerance (E) liberalism 37. REFULGENT: (A) lackluster (B) stiff (C) plodding (D) distant (E) weary 38. PROPITIATE: (A) elate (B) pester (C) incense (D) distract (E) forgive PAGE 10