IARCMonographsofCarcinogenicRiskstoHumansandHandbooksofCancerPreventionOralcavityAlcoholicbeveragesBetelquidwithtobaccoBetelquidwithouttobaccoHumanpapillomavirustype16QuittingsmokingSmokelesstobaccoTobaccosmokingPharynx(oro-,hypo-and/orNOS)AlcoholicbeveragesBetelquidwithtobaccoHumanpapillomavirustype16QuittingsmokingTobaccosmokingSalivaryglandX-radiation,gamma-radiationNasopharynxEpstein-BarrvirusFormaldehydeSaltedfish,Chinese-styleWooddustNasalcavityandparanasalsinusIsopropylalcoholmanufactureusingstrongacidsLeatherdustNickelcompoundsRadium-226anditsdecayproductsRadium-228anditsdecayproductsTobaccosmokingWooddustLarynxAcidmists,stronginorganicAlcoholicbeveragesAsbestos(allforms)QuittingsmokingTobaccosmokingLungAluminiumproductionArsenicandinorganicarseniccompoundsAsbestos(allforms)BerylliumandberylliumcompoundsBis(chloromethyl)ether;chloromethylmethylether(technicalgrade)CadmiumandcadmiumcompoundsChromium(VI)compoundsCoal,indooremissionsfromhouseholdcombustionCoalgasificationCoal-tarpitchCokeproductionDieselengineexhaustsGamma-radiationHaematitemining(underground)IronandsteelfoundingMOPP(vincristine-prednisone-nitrogenmustard-procarbazinemixture)NickelcompoundsOutdoorairpollutionOutdoorairpollution,particulatematterinPainter(occupationalexposureas)PlutoniumQuittingsmokingRadon-222anditsdecayproductsRubberproductionindustrySilicadust,crystallineSootSulfurmustardTobaccosmoke,secondhandTobaccosmokingX-radiationOesophagusAcetaldehydeassociatedwithconsumptionofalcoholicbeveragesAlcoholicbeveragesAvoidanceofweightgain(adenocarcinoma)BetelquidwithtobaccoBetelquidwithouttobaccoQuittingsmoking(squamouscellcarcinoma)SmokelesstobaccoTobaccosmokingX-radiation,gamma-radiationStomachHelicobacterpyloriQuittingsmokingRubberproductionindustryTobaccosmokingX-radiation,gamma-radiationColonandrectumAlcoholicbeveragesAvoidanceofweightgainRegularphysicalactivityTobaccosmokingX-radiation,gamma-radiationProcessedmeat(consumptionof)Liver(hepatocellularcarcinoma)AflatoxinsAlcoholicbeveragesEstrogen-progestogencontraceptivesHepatitisBvirusHepatitisCvirusPlutoniumThorium-232anditsdecayproductsTobaccosmoking(insmokersandinsmokers’children)GallbladderThorium-232anditsdecayproductsPancreasQuittingsmokingSmokelesstobaccoTobaccosmokingUpperaerodigestivetractAcetaldehydeassociatedwithconsumptionofalcoholicbeveragesUterinecervixConventionalcytologyscreening(35-64years)Diethylstilbestrol(exposureinutero)Estrogen-progestogencontraceptivesHPVtestingHumanimmunodeficiencyvirustype1Humanpapillomavirustypes16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59QuittingsmokingTobaccosmokingEndometriumAvoidanceofweightgainEstrogenmenopausaltherapyEstrogen-progestogenmenopausaltherapyTamoxifenOvaryAsbestos(allforms)EstrogenmenopausaltherapyTobaccosmokingVaginaDiethylstilbestrol(exposureinutero)Humanpapillomavirustype16VulvaHumanpapillomavirustype16UrinarybladderAluminiumproduction4-AminobiphenylArsenicandinorganicarseniccompoundsAuramineproductionBenzidineChlornaphazineCyclophosphamideMagentaproduction2-NaphthylaminePainter(occupationalexposureas)QuittingsmokingRubberproductionindustrySchistosomahaematobiumTobaccosmokingortho-ToluidineX-radiation,gamma-radiationRenalpelvisandureterAristolochicacid,plantscontainingPhenacetinPhenacetin,analgesicmixturescontainingTobaccosmokingLeukaemia/lymphomaAzathioprineBenzeneBusulfan1,3-ButadieneChlorambucilCyclophosphamideCyclosporineEpstein-BarrvirusEtoposidewithcisplatinandbleomycinFissionproducts,includingStrontium-90FormaldehydeHelicobacterpyloriHepatitisCvirusHumanimmunodeficiencyvirustype1HumanT-celllymphotropicvirustype1KaposisarcomaherpesvirusLindaneMelphalanMOPP(vincristine-prednisone-nitrogenmustard-procarbazinemixture)Phosphorus-32,asphosphateRubberproductionindustrySemustine[1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea,ormethyl-CCNU]ThiotepaThorium-232anditsdecayproductsTobaccosmokingTreosulfanX-radiation,gamma-radiationBreastAlcoholicbeveragesAvoidanceofweightgain(postmenopausal)DiethylstilbestrolEstrogen-progestogencontraceptivesEstrogen-progestogenmenopausaltherapyMammographyscreening(50˗74years)RegularphysicalactivityX-radiation,gamma-radiationBonePlutoniumRadium-224anditsdecayproductsRadium-226anditsdecayproductsRadium-228anditsdecayproductsX-radiation,gamma-radiationEyeHumanimmunodeficiencyvirustype1Ultraviolet-emittingtanningdevicesWeldingBrainandcentralnervoussystemX-radiation,gamma-radiationThyroidRadioiodines,includingiodine-131(exposureduringchildhoodandadolescence)X-radiation,gamma-radiationPleuraorperitoneum(mesothelioma)Asbestos(allforms)ErionitePainter(occupationalexposureas)Endothelium(Kaposisarcoma)Humanimmunodeficiencyvirustype1KaposisarcomaherpesvirusBiliarytract1,2-DichloropropaneChlonorchissinensisOpisthorchisviverriniMultiplesites(unspecified)CyclosporineFissionproducts,includingStrontium-90X-radiation,gamma-radiation(exposureinutero)Allcancerscombined2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxinTonsilHumanpapillomavirustype16AnusHumanimmunodeficiencyvirustype1Humanpapillomavirustype16KidneyAvoidanceofweightgainQuittingsmokingTobaccosmokingTrichloroethyleneX-radiation,gamma-radiationLiver(angiosarcoma)Vinylchloride(updatedMarch2016)Group1agentswithlessthansufficientevidenceinhumans2,3,4,7,8-PentachlorodibenzofuranPolychlorinatedbiphenylswithaWHOTEF(“dioxin-like”)4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)(MOCA)Alpha-andbeta-particleemittersArecanutAristolochicacidBenzidine,dyesmetabolizedtoBenzo[a]pyreneEthanolinalcoholicbeveragesEthyleneoxideEtoposideIonizingradiation(alltypes)NeutronradiationN′-Nitrosonornicotine(NNN)and4-(N-nitroso-methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK)UltravioletradiationSkin(othermalignantneoplasms)ArsenicandinorganicarseniccompoundsAzathioprineCoal-tardistillationCoal-tarpitchCyclosporineMethoxsalenplusultravioletAMineraloils,untreatedormildlytreatedShaleoilsSolarradiationSootX-radiation,gamma-radiationSkin(melanoma)SolarradiationPolychlorinatedbiphenylsUltraviolet-emittingtanningdevicesPenisHumanpapillomavirustype16 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