化学专业英语命名(无机有机)

null 化合物的英文命名 化合物的英文命名Nomenclature of compounds 一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds) 1 元素与单质的命名 一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds) 1 元素与单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 nullS-block ElementS-block Element IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium IIA   Be Beryllium Mg Magnesium Ca Calcium Sr Strontium Ba Barium Ra Radium P-block Element P-block ElementVIA VIIA 0 He Helium O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon IIIA   IV A V A B Boron   C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth Common Transition ElememtCommon Transition Elememt Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold 2　化合物的命名2　化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。示原子个数时使用前缀 但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and saltsNaming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts1. Single valence ions Cation’s name = Element for example: Na+ sodium Al3+ aluminum K+ potassium Ca2+ calcium 2.Multivalence ions2.Multivalence ionsCation’s name = Element(N) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II) Cu+ Copper(I) or cuprous Cu2+ Copper(II) or cupric Sn2+ Tin(II) or stannous Sn4+ Tin(IV) or stannic Hg22+ Mercury(I) or mercurous Hg2+ Mercury(II) or mercuricnull对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 　如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide 　 CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxideNaming nonmetal ions (anions)Naming nonmetal ions (anions)1. Monatomic anions Anion’s name = Element’s root -ide For example: Cl- chloride O2- oxide Br- bromide H- hydride I- iodide (CN- cyanide) S2- sulfide (OH- hydroxide) 2. Polyatomic oxyanions2. Polyatomic oxyanions (1). Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anion’s name = Central Element’s root -ate for example: ClO3- chlorate IO3- iodate PO43- phosphate NO3- nitrate SO42- sulfate CO32- carbonate (2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite )(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite )Anion’s name = Central element’s root -ite for example: ClO2- chlorite IO2- iodite PO33- phosphite NO2- nitrite SO32- sulfite (3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite )(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite )Anion’s name = Hypo- Central element’s root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite (4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根per -ate )(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根per -ate )Anion’s name = per-central Element’s root -ate for example: ClO4- perchlorate IO4- periodate MnO4- permanganate Naming compoundsNaming compounds1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide for example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide 2. Nonmetal oxide2. Nonmetal oxideNonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide SO3 sulfur trioxide N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide 非金属氢化物非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 （1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride （2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane　 BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane 无氧酸 无氧酸 命名规则：hydro-词根-ic　acid 举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid 　　　 H2S : hydrosulfuric acid 3. Bases3. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxide for example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide 4.盐(Salts)4.盐(Salts)(1). 正盐(Normal salt) ：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate or ferrous sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate null(2) 酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate (3).Basic salts(碱式盐)(3).Basic salts(碱式盐)Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion for example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate(4).复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐的读法。阳离子按照英文名字第一个字母的顺序排列。 (4).复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐的读法。阳离子按照英文名字第一个字母的顺序排列。 Mixed salt = Cation + cation’ + anion for example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4 calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate KNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonate NaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate null5)水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate 如 AlCl3∙6H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)2∙12H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water5. Acids (1). Per-（高酸）, hydro-（负离子，氢酸）,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)5. Acids (1). Per-（高酸）, hydro-（负离子，氢酸）,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)Acid = Central element’s root -ic + acid for example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid null(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite) Acid = Central element’s root -ous + acid for example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。 高某酸 per-ic 　 正酸 –ic　 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 –ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代 举例： HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion 络合物的命名（Naming coordination complex） 命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。 K[BF4] potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate [Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate络合物的命名（Naming coordination complex）Naming coordination complexNaming coordination complex1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Element’s root -o for example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O2- Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato (2). Neutral molecules as ligand(2). Neutral molecules as ligandLigand = Radical name for example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylenediamine 2. Complex ions2. Complex ions(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N) for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III) null常见配体的名称(2).Complex ions with negative charge(2).Complex ions with negative chargeComplex ion =n-Ligand-metal’s root-ate(N) for example: [Fe(CN)6]4- Hexafluoroferrate(II) [BF4]- Tetrafluoroborate(III) [AlF6]3- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) [AuCl4]- Tetrachloroaurate(III) 3.Naming complex3.Naming complexComplex = Cation + anion for example: Li[AlH4] Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0) ExerciseExerciseH2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3 CaHPO4 PtCl42- [Ag(NH3)2]Cl K4[Fe(CN)6] AnswerAnswerH2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfide CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate HClO4 perchloric acid KCN potassium cyanide NH4Cl ammonium chlorideAnswerAnswerNaClO sodium hypochlorite NaOH sodium hydroxide Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II) [Ag(NH3)2]Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)二 有机物的命名二 有机物的命名1 烷烃（alkanes） 1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。 如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane null Alkane = Number prefix-ane for example: CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane 11~19Alkane = Number prefix-decane for example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane 21~29 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane 30-Alkane Triacontane 31~39Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 40~90Alkane = Number prefix-contane for example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectanenull 1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkyl groups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。 如： CH3- Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- Undecyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3- Methylpentane Univalent radicalsUnivalent radicals Radical = Alk -yl for example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbonSaturated branched-chain hydrocarbonbranched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkane for example: Univalent branched radicalsUnivalent branched radicalsRadical = Alk -yl for example: Polyside chain hydrocarbonPolyside chain hydrocarbonButyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Propyl for example: null 对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下： (CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl isobutyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl secbutyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl tertbutyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tertpentyl (CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl neopentyl1.3 一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃： (CH3)2CH-CH3 Isobutane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 Isopentane (CH3)4C Neopentane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 Isohexanenull 1.4 复杂的烷烃 结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名，只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链，按相应的直链烷烃命名，从一端向另一端编号，支链作为取代基放在母体名称前，编号时使支链的编号尽可能小且支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。 如: 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptanenull 复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时，按以下原则进行比较： 1）带支链数目较多者为主链，例如： 2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane 2）支链定位号较小者为主链 4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2 烯烃和炔烃（alkenes and alkynes）2 烯烃和炔烃（alkenes and alkynes） 2.1 命名 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”（ane）改为“烯”（ene）或“炔”（yne），名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如： CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-Pentene CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene Ethyne 1,3-ButadiyneNaming unsaturated hydrocarbon Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon 2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkene Alkene = Number prefix-ene for example: C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene Poly-enePoly-enen-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene n=2 -adiene n=3 -atriene n=4 -atetraene for example: C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=C 1,3-PentadienenullAlkyne Alkyne Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne) n=2 -adiyne n=3 -atriyne for exanmple: null 2.2 烯炔的命名 烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如： 1,3-Hexadien-5-yne 3-Penten-1-yne Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bondsUnsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bondsAlkenyne = Number prefix-en-yne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -en-?-diyne for example: nullnull 系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如: 3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne 4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne 5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene null2.3 不饱和烃基的命名 不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基，但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如: CH3-CH=CH- 1-Propenyl CH2=CH-CH=CH- 1,3-Butadienyl CH2=CH- Vinyl Ethynyl CH2=CH-CH2- Allyl CH2=C(CH3)- Isopropenyl 2-Propynyl 2-Penten-4-ynyl Alkene radical=Alken-yl Alkyne radical=Alkyn-ylnullAlkene radical=Alken-yl Alkyne radical=Alkyn-yl for example: null2.4 多价基的命名 1) 两个自由价在同一