数轴分析法在英语时态教学中的应用

null数轴分析法在英语时态教学中的应用数轴分析法在英语时态教学中的应用 郭顺利英语时态的特点分析英语时态的特点分析高中英语中，时态是最基础的语法部分。汉语中“着、了、过”三个字的模糊概括直接性让学生对于时态产生了距离感。枯燥的解释和分析让学生看不到清晰的脉络，尤其在做题中由于一些分析的冗长和繁琐，让学生产生了模棱两可的感觉，对于时态充满的迷惑感，兴趣自然无从谈起。 英语时态的本质意义就是通过结构告诉人们这个动作的具体情况，也就是因为有了结构的参与让一个动作的精确性得到了最大的表达。为了明了表述，我们把时态用数学中的数轴画出来。null说明：图中x轴上的左边为一般过去时，右边则为一般将来时，一般现在时就在x轴中心点上，y轴上半为进行时，下半为完成时。（故可以发现现在进行时、现在完成时均在y轴上，一般现在时位于x轴、y轴结合处） 注：该图需给学生解释清楚并推测左上角各个有用结构句式的来源理由。分析：通过上图可以看到以下特点：分析：通过上图可以看到以下特点：现在进行时、现在完成时统一表示动作在现在这个时间点 注：（现在只有一个时间点）发生的动作（同时现在完成时表示动作与现在有关） 而以y轴为对称的过去进行时和将来进行时、过去完成时和将来完成时的共同特点都是动作在过去的某一时间点正在发生或之前已经完成 注：（因为过去或将来有无数的时间点，而现在只有一个时间点，因此，时间点，即参照时间至关重要） 三个一般时（一般现在、一般过去、一般将来）均无需时间点 如：when he came back, he found the book had been stolen. What were you doing at 8:00 yesterday? Now we are visiting the Great Wall, and I hope at this time next year we will be visiting the Great Wall. When the tiger woke up, the donkey had arrived. When the tiger woke up, the donkey was eating grass. ----What if I come at 8:00 tomorrow morning? ----I am sorry to tell you that when you come we will have finished the meeting and we will be discussing the matter. 由以上分析可以看到，过去进行时和过去完成时都必须有过去的某一个时间点，同理将来进行时和将来完成时都必须有将来的某一个时间点，换言之，没有时间点不算。 由以上分析可以看到，过去进行时和过去完成时都必须有过去的某一个时间点，同理将来进行时和将来完成时都必须有将来的某一个时间点，换言之，没有时间点不算。E.g. I there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist. [2007 陕西卷] A.would be B.have been C.had been D.will be 这里when时间状语从句中的set无法看出是一般现在时还是一般过去时，但有一点可以断定，如果set为一般过去式，那么空格处则填入had been;如果set为一般现在时，则空格处填入will have been,参看右图： 2.--- What have you been doing recently? --- I _____ a trip to Shanghai and have just returned. A. took B. have taken C. had taken D. have been taking 第二句中“旅行”是什么时候完的，句中没有告知，所以能获得的信息只有该动作已发生过，且与现在无关（后面有have just returned）故只能使用took 分析： 3. The three of us ______ around Europe for about a month last summer. A. travelled B. have travelled C. had travelled D. travel ？ A 网上有这样的一句话： I was surprised that he won the game. 跪求：这句话为什么是错的？ 分析： 1.“惊讶”和“赢”不能同时发生，而“赢” 必须在“惊讶”之前发生， 这样可见： ①如果 “惊讶”是一般现在时， 那么“赢”则为一般过去时（与现在无关）或者现在完成时（与现在有关）， ②如果“惊讶”为一般过去时，那么“赢”则只能是过去完成时了。 如下图：null所以以下句子均正确： I am surprised that he won the game. 我很惊讶他曾赢过比赛。（与现在无关） I am surprised that he has won the game. 我很惊讶他已赢得比赛。（与现在有关） I was surprised that he had won the game. 我当时很惊讶他已赢得比赛。 同时注意一般过去时和现在完成时的区别：均为过去发生，前者与现在无关，后者与现在有关。 E.g. I am sorry I didn’t know I was on your way. I am sorry I didn’t know you are Mr John. I have lost my bike, so I have to go on foot. I have missed(错过) the chance, so I miss(想念) it very much. 由以上分析我们可以看到，处理时态练习题的时候，我们一般的原则就是： 1.该动作发生未发生 2.有没有时间点PracticeⅠ PracticeⅠ 1.—I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.[2007 福建卷] —Impossible. She TV with me in my home then. A.watched B.had watched C.would watch D.was watching D 有伴随时间点（ at eight yesterday evening ） 2. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement _.[2007 江苏卷] A. has been reached B. had been reached C. has reached D. had reached B 有时间点（ At the end of the meeting ） 3. John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it seriously. [2007 上海春] A．damaged B．was being damaged C．had damaged D．had been damaged D 有参考时间点（“修理”在had to之前发生 ）PracticeⅡPracticeⅡ4. —Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday? —Yes, he did. He ________ his old friends for a long time. [2007 重庆卷] A. didn’t see B. wouldn’t see C. hasn’t seen D. hadn’t seen D 5. (08北京卷’ 27) The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I ____ in many worse hotels. A .was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed D 6. Daniel's family_____their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. （09安徽） A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying D 注：完成进行时中的过去完成进行时、将来完成进行时和过去进行/完成时、将来进行/完成时一样，都需要时间点。 如：The machine will have been working for 10 hours when you come back. The machine had been working for 10 hours when you came back.Practice （请根据题意分析其中的时间点有无原则）Practice （请根据题意分析其中的时间点有无原则）1.(10陕西卷21). I have to see the doctor because I _______ a lot lately. A. have been coughing B. had coughed C. coughed D. cough A2.(10江苏卷30).—Peter, where did you guys go for the summer vacation? —We________ busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves. A. were B. have been C. had been D. will be C 3.(10湖南卷27). I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone____________ it. Was it you? A. has done B. had done C. would do D will do B4.——Is Tom still smoking? ——No. By next Saturday he _____ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarrette. A. will go B. will have gone C. will be going D. has been going B 5.——I am sorry, but there is no smoking on flight. ——Oh, I ____ that. Sorry, I won’t do that again. A. don’t know B. didn’t know C. won’t know D. haven’t know B6.———Have you brought your camera? ———Oh, my poor memory! I _____ before leaving home. A.mentioned B.had mentioned C.have been mentioned D.have mentioned B 7. “I _____ in the room, watching TV broadcast about the earthquake.” I told the policeman. A.was staying B. stay C. stayed D.am staying A8.If a computer crashes, you will lose the file you _____ on unless you save it regularly. A.are working B. work C. will work D.worked A 9.——What’s the problem, officer? ——You _____ at least 75 in this 55 zone. A. are driving B. drove C. were driving D. have been driving C10.This is the first time that he _____ his native land. A.had left B. has left C. left D. leaves B 注： This/It is the first/second…time+that+现在完成时 This/It was the first/second…time+that+过去完成时 It is (high) time that+一般过去时 It was (high) time that+过去完成时 11.——Hello, Jim. I _____ to see you today. Mary said you _____ ill. ——Oh, I am OK. A.didn’t expect; were B. don’t expect;were C. haven’t expected; are D. didn’t expect; are A12.Though I _____ to go abroad, I changed my mind and decided to stay with my family. A.had wanted B.wanted C. would want D.have wanted A 13. _________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A．When B．After C．As D．Since C14. We have to say goodbye to each other and it will be five more weeks _____ we can meet again. (’12泉州质检) A.after B.when C. until D.before D null英语时态的判断及要点 发生/未发生 属于过去/现在/ 将来的 哪个时间段有没有时间点 过去/将来 完成/进行 y轴上的现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时均无需特殊强调时间点 X轴上的三个 一般时态无需 时间点x/y轴以外的 时态均需要 时间点 （常用6个） 注意一般过去时 的用法及与现在 完成时的区别 null牢记时态图，让时态练习题的错误成为传说！