阅读总纲5（67-108）

幸σ回 段 中找两点,中心藏后边 滩 抬 镩 啪 夺 I氵 p舡屉热驽宵钭扌智吝 甥 浼蝇豳海审 呈争 挈诳飕热醣忌 °JI 如铆岫 帑 自幼苦礁至谓宾`怎消受短锫汤磁衫。更诛捉`殷兹理解`vl,衲 中·嗲/ 耒耒家`我哺aˉft玄:段 中两点阴泗鱼`然叱禾问中芯句。 =亠 ∵:∶_f==亠: 瑙￡ζs cΞ 少距瓣骆 在咆影院看咆影和在家望看光碟的感觉是截然不同的。灯光、蓿子、詈驹鄱不同,会有—种完全刁 气氛。嬲 真正享受启影丿窈宓须者芫影脘。在荚因,人仃脚 影 ,有大片放厥豹雕 ,翻 影鸾 盖地 。 这点烀 腰狼思考讨—样婀。上考场猡在家漠拟也完全不可烤拟。考场豹氛国黟 考生适应。雁屋 豹铅笔和檬皮也是世界±最贵豹。据浣集齐七色箬`黟獭 稂恿小神兽。每次考澍之后 ,各种田 /z,蔼 沦`也是铺天盖地。 我在澳洲上学那会丿‘,也没少 云瑭影院看大片。劢黝 参加 ⒎ 1次雁思考澍,每次上考场,都役享 人自时 蹊就是这社 ,攻卩果你感受郅 了//X乐 ,窈会止瘾。所以,浸 ^考 试氛围,熟悉规贝刂,掌握方庞 实惫耆是人生咖 豹一个片段。我毅 `每个月开云轳课堂 ,第—时间在徽搏和〃颇道望竣汰 亭 Δ、得感受。 第6回 段中找两点,中心藏后边 第一,了解段落题的注意事顼:很多注意事项是经验之谈,不可忽视。 第二,掌握解题:这种题型很难,好在Hanzey给大家介绍了很好的方法。 读到这里的时候,你会觉得之前那200字总纲,真的好精髓。 第三,熟练典型题目:从理解到实战是有距离的。所以要认真领悟,通过例题 去印证。Anyhow,如果你觉得你己经理解了,做一些 《雅思阅读真经5》 里面的分 项题型吧。然后再做真题 ,这样真题的使用效率最高。 下面进入段 落题 的学 习o 廴段落中心题命题规律与解题诀窍 这种题型,是整个剑桥雅思考试中唯一出在文章之前的题型。就冲这一条,你就知道这种题型 有多特别了吧,而且你也应该明自出题人的潜台词:先看题目再看文章,是在有效时间内完成题目 的必经之路。 这种题目,要求阅读自然段,选出自然段中心思想。 概率:真实考试钔个题目中平均6个题,通常只针对一篇出题。 难度:★★★★★ 这种题型其实是雅思阅读考试中对考生理解能力要求最高的题型。它要求考生真正读懂一 个自然段 ,并有相应的归纳能力。而且它出现的概率极高,一般来说一套题里面会有—篇文章 该题型。也有接连两篇文章出现该题型的,比如 《剑桥雅思8》 Tc哎2。 如一套题中没有该题 型,则会出现段落信息匹配题 (Paragraph Matching)。这种题还不能随便蒙,会引起连锁错误。 妞 翱 獗 ∷ 篇文章如同看一韶咆影 ,那么段落申心题就是理解这 韶筢影申每个场景的主题 男豹。要求观 众仰不黟只陶醉 于某—冥体倩苕,欣赏慕个视觉特效 ,勉 R△还应浣 蝌 镫 个影片故事的演绎逻霜 ,着导凑如 河在各场景间变换衔接。 ‰ 堪四项注意 选段落中心题要注意以下四点 : 下面我们学习两种解题方法 : 第Ι种是中心句对应法 :针对阅读基础较好的考生 ,能清晰辨认自然段中心句 ,或者当某个自 然段本身中心句明显时使用 ; 第8种是关键词对应法 :针对基础薄弱的考生 ,阅读完一个自然段后没有印象 ,或者当某个自 然段本身中心句不明显时使用。 当然 ,这两种方法结合使用效果最佳。 堪中心句对应法 找出每个自然段的中心旬,看哪个heading是这句话的短语改写。 那么哪句话是中心句呢?或者说中心句有什么明显特点呢? δ ∷∷自然段首句 鲫 A 《剑桥雅思8》 第S9页 Test4Rcadng Passage1D段 ——————————⋯%ε 历留忉 正 确 He狃血g v The typIcal fomat ofa maths lessOIl D Lessons aⅡ folloW the same pattern。At the be昏nnmg,the lr)l】II。)i〗1‘;put solutons to the homewOrk on the board,thcn the teachers conlmcnt,coⅡect or e1aboratc as Becessary. PupⅡs mark thcir owll homcwork∶thk o an iIllpo吼ant principle in Japanesc sChoo慨as⒒enab1es pupi1s to⒃e】丙/11ere and 耐 1y伍ey made a mistake,so thatthese can be avoided h fuare。N。 。【lc minds m凼takes or ignorance as1ong as you are prepared to lcarn Ⅱom伍em, 霾 第 6回 段中找两点 ,中心藏后边 Aftcr thc homework has been discussed,the tcachcr cxplains thc topic ofthe lesson,s1oⅥ/1y and、vith a lot ofrepctition and claboration。Exal△aplcs are dcmonstrated on the board;qucstions f1·om the tcxtbook are wOrkcd tlrough nrst with tllc class,and then the class is sct qucstions fron△the textbook to do individua11y10n1y rarc1y arc supplementa,wOrksheets dis“butcd in a Ιmaths class The impression is that thc logica1naturc of the textbooks and their comprchcnsivc coverage of different typcs of cXanlp1cs,combincd witll thc re1ative homogeneit|厂of tllc c1ass,∞nders wOrk sheets ullRleccssεrˇ|/,At tllis point,the teacher would circulatc and rnakc surc that a11the pupⅡs、verc coping飞Ⅳc11。 — ————————饧纟跏/—— — —— 甙》 自然段首句设问 真题示囫A 《剑桥雅思8》 第90页 Test4Rcading Passagc1F段 -‰匈仞 正确Heading∶vⅡi The kcy to Japanesc successes in maths cducatlon F so What are the m耐or contributinε factors in the success of maths teachinε?Clcar1y,attitudes are important Education is valucd grcatly in Japanese Gulttlrc;rnaths is recognised as an important Col△△pul⒃γ su句ect throughoLlt schooling;and the elnphas恕k on hard work coup1ed witll a focus on accuracy, other re1evant points re1atc to thc supportivc attitude of a c1ass towards s1owcr pupⅡs,thc lack of oompetition within a c1ass,aIld thc positive enlphasis on lcaming for oneself and improving one’s own standard.And the view of repctitive1y boring1essons and1caming tlle facts by hcart,which is ⒃met血es quoted in relation to Japancsc dasses,mγ bc tlnfair al△dⅢ刂ustincd.N。po∝matlls lessolas wcre obseⅣed They were mainly good and onc Or ⅡⅣo、Vere inspirationa1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ———————— %饧 鲫/— ˉˉˉ———— 甙》 举例前的观点旬 真题示囫A 《剑桥雅思 8》 第%页 Test3Reading Pass鸭c3D段 正确 Hcadin⒏而 A吼rable hfc叩aIl dc叩1tc llllprovemcnts ————⋯—— —‰幻勿 隹 i D Evcγ o鸭allism has a hfc spala whch is h螅h1y。h盯actcrLstIc.晌J■”臼·血嘻由至⒍α℃esin hfe span beb〃ccn(眦rcnt spccics,but,、ithiⅡ one species the para【u-△ 口凵h■茹曰臼F0DmMnt.FOr exampIe, tlle弼crage dl】ration of h1】man hfc has hard1y changcd h tho-巾珈 ou吵morc and morc pcople attain an advanccd age as a rcsult of dcvelopmcnts l=l捌H-and bcttcr nutrition,thc GharacteⅡstic upp∝hm⒒for most rcmains80years.A砥螂 揶 the sLt巾le we盯and teal tllcoγ o the ob的n/ation that tlle timc witllln which organms q墅l§‘已∶5bm,ecn a fcw days Oven a fcw hows for tlnicellular o吧an芯mΘ and∞v∝al tllousand q唪咖 -oth饣ees 嘭矽绑沪 ∷毗》转折词所在句子 硐 A 《剑桥雅思7》 第24页 Test1Rcading Passage2E段 — —— — —⋯—‰勿勋 正确 Heading∶i soclltists’c龃for a revision ofpoliq E At thc OLltset ofthe ncw mi11cn11ium,howeve△the way resomrce p碰eˉth玉nk about water 心beghⅡhg to chanεe。 The focus is slowˇshift血g back to the pro访s10Ⅱ of bas忆human and environmcntal needs as top priority——ensuring‘‘somc for a11”,in5∝ad of“more for somc”,somc watcr expe⒒s are n∞v demanding that cxisting infrastrucmrc bc used Ⅱ】s臼aartCr ways ra曲er than buⅡding ncⅤ `facⅡ ities,which is incrcasingly considered thc op¤on of1asL not￡￡吏,rcsort Tlus shin in phⅡosophy has not been universa11y acceptcd,and it comcs Ⅱ△d1stoⅡg opposition fron1some estabhshed、vater organisati。ns,Neve⒒hcless,it rnay be the only way to address successfully the prcss血g problems ofpro△·ld血g evcry°lle with cleall watcr to扯d免adcmte Watcrto grOw food alqd a hfc f1·ee ii·om prevcntablc wate⒈re1atcd Ⅱlness ————— —ˉ———%“磁 甙冫 强调句型或有强调语气词所在句子 藁题示囫A 《剑桥雅思7》 第勿页 Tc吼1Rcading Passage2H段 正确Heading∶x Thc need to raise standards ——⋯———⋯⋯———ˉ —— 哂杨石乡仞 孑 第 6回 段中找两点,中 心藏后边 on the other hand,dams,aqucducts and othcr ki狃ds of infrastructurc ll/i11stn1have t。be buⅡt, particularly in developing countnes、vhcre basic h咖an nCeds have not bcen mct.But such projeCts must be built to hiεher specirlcations and with more acCountability to local people and their envirollment than in the past,And cvcn血rcgions m,hcre new proJects seem warantcd,、ve must nnd ways tO Inect demands with fcwer resolIrces,respecting ecologica1cⅡteⅡa and to a sma11cr budgct. 叨%铆/ δ ∷下一自然段首句 同时引起本段讨论。婴 声题示囫A 《剑桥雅思7》 第23页 Test1Readhg Passage2C、D段 —————-ˉ ——— ⋯ˉ— %纟 历留肋 正确Headin⒏雨 The re1e△/ance to hedth Yet thcrc is a dark side to d1is picmrc∶despitc Our progress,half ofthe、vor1d’s population sti11suffers, with、vater scIVices infcrior to those avanab1et。伍e anoient Greeks and Romans。As thc Unitcd Nations rcport on access to water rciterated in Novcmber2001,more than one bi1hon peop1c1ack δ ∷起定义功能的句子 墨 堕 囫z⒋ 《剑桥雅思 8》 第23页 TCst1Rcad血g Passage2D段 %ε 勿仞 正确 Headng∶v An over蚯lmpl丘ed v忆w Many peop1c伍ihk d1at ATC consists of a rOw of con饣o11crs sitting in front of thcir radar scrccns at tllc nation’s airports,te11ing aIo/ing and dcparting trafnG、vhat t。do.Ilais is a vely incomp1ete part of the picture.Thc FAA rcalised tllat tlle airspace ovcr the United states、 ^严 ou1d at any time havc many dfferent kinds of p1anes,Πying for many drcrent purposes,in a vane〃of wea伍er conditions,and the same Ⅱnd of structLlrc was necded to accOIrulaodate a11ofthcm。 叨%e99/——-¨ ——————— 要重点理解这一法则 ,它来源于写文章时自然段首旬常用的承上启下手法。首句总结上段中心 ‰ 第 6回 段中找两点,中心藏后边 2刃 贺 历口刀sF亻刁 J Reading Passage2has seven paragraphs,A H @oos召砀召co昭cr乃幽 歹饧g/o'`锣￠g'印乃s'佣歹CI//om汤召 '沁 r犭肠 夕历,zgs拓助⒕ ″ 彳 r砀召 c。//ec莎刀龆 3簖 j=石讠 切 3o艿e,sf4-2@o刀 `@勿 '夕 邪 Ⅵ沼 's乃 召亚 List of HeadiⅡgs i scicntists’ca11for a revision ofpolicy 讧 An explan耐ion for rcduccd water use iii IIow a global cha11engc was rnet iv △tigation systCms falI into disuse v EnvironInental cffects Ⅵ The nnancia1cost ofrecent technologicalimprovements vⅡ There1evancc to hca⒒h VII Addressing the concen△over incrcasing popuIations k A⒏ⅡpHsing downward trend山巳dcⅡ1alad for、vε1tcr 区 The need to r缸sc staIldards xi Adesc△Φtion ofancient water supp1ies 14 Para遥/aph A 助 ￠″ `勿 Z刀 sw纟 ' B 血 15 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph D 17 Paragraph E 18 Paragraph F 19 Paragraph G 20 Paragraph H MauⅡg Every Drop Count A The history of human civi1isation is entwined with the history of thc ways wc havc1carncd to manipu1ate、vater resources,As towns gradua11y cxpandcd,water was brought from increasingly remotc sourccs,lea洫g to sophis伍cated engineeri1、当e犰rts such as dams and aqucducts。At thc hcight of伍e Roman Empire,血ne m苟or systCms,with all im1ovathe layout of∮p∞and we11ˉb讧⒒sew∝s, 骺 岫 绍 supphcd the occupants of Romc indus“ial wOr1d today as1nuch water pcr pcrson as is provided in1nany parts of thc B During thc industrial rcvolution and popu1ation exp1osion of the19d1and20th centLlrics,the dcmand for xs/atcr rosc dramatically Unprcccdentcd construction of tcns of thousands of Inonumental cnginecring proJccts designcd to control floods,protcct clcan Ⅴ 'ater suppⅡ es,and providc water for iTigation alld hydropo、vcr brought grcat bcncnts to hundrcds of1niⅡions of pcopIc Food production has kcpt pacc with soaring populatlons rnainly bccausc ofthc cxpansion of a1tincia1in。 gation systcms that1nakc possib1e thc growth of4o⒐。of thc、vor1d’s food Ncarly onc丘fth of all thc cIcctricity gcncratcd、vor1dwidc is produccd by nIrbines spun by thc po、ver of falling watcr C Yet therc is a dark sidc to this picttllc∶dcspitc Our progrcss,ha1f ofthe world’s population still su∏ors, with、vatcr serViccs inferior to thosc avaiIablc to the ancicnt CTrccks and Romans As the United Nations report on acccss t0、vatcr rciterated in Novcmber2oo1,morc than one billion pcop1c lack acccss to clcan drinking water;some two and a half bⅡhon do not have adequatc sanitation serviccs Prcvcntab1c watcr-rc1atcd discascs kill an estimatcd1o,0oo to2o,oo0chⅡdrcn cvcry day.and thc latcst cvidcncc suggcsts that we are壬alling bchind in c∏。11s to so1vc thcsc problcms D Thc conscqucnccs of our、vater pohcics extcnd bcyond jcopardising human hcalth Tens of1nilⅡons of pcople havc bccn forccd to movc岔olll their homes——oftcn xx/ith little wal△ling or compensation—— to makc、vay for the rcservoirs bchind dams Morc than20o。of aⅡ Ⅱcshwater nsh spccics are n0、v tl1rcatcned or cndangcrcd bccausc dams and、vatcr、vithdraⅤ 'als have destroycd tlle f⒈ee-no、ving rivercCosystcms、vhcrc thcy tlu·ivc ccltain irogation practiccs dcgradc soⅡ quahty and rcduce agricultural productivity Ground、vatcr aquifcrs arc being pumpcd dowll fastcr than thcy are natLIral1y rcplcnishcd in pa11s ofIndia,china,thc lJs卢k and clsewherc ~qlld disputes ovcr shared xvatcr resourccs havc1ed to violcncc and continuc to raisc locaI,nationa1and cven intcmational tcnsions E Atthe outset ofthc new n1illcnnium, ho、vevcr,thc、vay rcsourcc planncrs think about、vatcr is bcginning to changc Thc focus is sIo、vly shiaing back to thc provision of basic human and cnvironmcntal nceds as top priority—_cnsuring‘‘somc for alI’’,instcad of“llqorC for sOmc”, somc 、Vatcr cxpclis arc no、v demanding that cxisting in丘astmcturc bc uscd in smartcr、vays rather than buⅡding ncw土acⅡitics,、vhich is incrcasingly considcred thc option of1ast,not nrst,resort This shift in philosophy has not bccn univcrsa11y acccptcd,and it comes、vith strong opposition fron1somc estabhshcd watcr organisations Nevcrthcless,it may bc thc Only way to address successfL111y the prcssing problcms ofproviding cver∶/onC、vith clcan、vatcr to dri1Ⅱc,adcquatc、vater to grow壬ood a【ld a 1i允iec flom prevcntab1c、vatcr-rclatcd i11ness F Fα钿natcly~alld uncxpcctcdly~thc demand br watcr is a result,thc prcssure to build ncw、vater iniastrucnlres not rising as rapidly as somc prcdictcd As has dilninished ovcr the past two dccadcs L 第 6回 段中找两点,中 心藏后边 A1tl△ough popu1ation,indus“al output and eGOnomic productiv】ty have continucd to soar in deve1oped nations,thc rate at which pcop1e witlld1·aw water f1·om aquifers,rivcrs狙 d lalces has dowcd~And in a few parts ofthe world,dcmand has actualˇfa11en G`、严hat exp1ains tllls remarkablc tunl of evcnts?‰o factors∶pcople have ngured。 ut how to usc、vatcr more emciend,1and conⅡnun⒒ies arc rCthh⒒cing their prior⒒ics for`Ⅳ atcr usc,Throughout the nrst threcˉquartcrs ofthc2001cCnn川、1the quant⒒y of岔csh`Ⅳater consumed per person doub1cd on average; in tIle UsA,water w⒒h&孙vals hcreased tcnfold whle伍c populatlon quadR】 plcd.BLlt“nce1980,tl,e aInount of`vatcr GOnsulncd per pcrson has actLIa11y decrcascd,thahks to a rangc of nc、^/techno1ogies th·at hclp to conscⅣe Water in homcs and indus臼1`In1965,for instancc,Japall uscd approximate1y 13了nnⅡ。n ga11ons of Watcr to produCc$11m111ion of col△lIncrGia1output;by1989u1is had droppCd to 35mm。n gallons Oven accoulating for il△nat。ω一almost a quadrLlp血g of Water produc山” ,In tlle UsA,water Withdra、Ⅳals have fa11cn by morc than209‘fi·oFn d△eir pcak in1980 H On the other hand,dams,aqucducts and othcr kinds of infrastmcturc`Ⅳ n1stⅡl havc to bC built, p盯t1汛ar iˇn developlng cow1trics Wh∝C bas允hlu△lan necds h孙/c not bcen met,But such pr臼 e∝s must be bui1t to higher speciications a狃dⅥ/ith morc accountability to1oca1peop1e and thCir environmellt thall血山e past And cvcn血regions where new pr句 ects sCem warralltcd,wc must nnd 、vays to1ncet dc1nands Ⅵ注th fcwer resOLlrces,respcc皎ng ecologica1critcria and to a sma11cr budgct, 2刃色S历,刀s2】-26 Do the fo11o、ving statcmcnts agrCe`vith the infonnation given in RCading Passagc2? r刀Dox召s~9Ι-26@刀 yozJ'日刀sⅥ`纟's勿 召召乙 ″ 严氵r纟 yEs Ⅳo ⅣoΓ cr氵孙 rr肋纟srcre昭纟P9r饣g昭纟sv讶勿r彻cJ曰扔t犭汤召wrf矽〃 r汤召sr伤莎纟昭e刀rc御莎严朗 氵c沁汤纟c助f昭s犭r肠w'讠莎召' r订js莎,Pjposs汤佗 ro s,9,v/a9″肠 w碲〃 汤 j刀l/s汕@滋 r,9沁 21 22 23 24 25 26 哂饥er usC pcr per⒃n ls Ⅱgllcr in伍c indtls“al world ttlall it w锵 Ill AⅡ⒗11t Romc Fceding increasing populations is possib1e duc primal△1y to ilnproved irrlgation systcms, RIodem、冫/atcr systems imitate those ofthc ancicnt Grecks and Romans Industria1gr呷泪1is incre灬血g伍e ovcra11demalld for watcr Ιˇode1勹n tCChnologies havc1Cd to a rcducdon in domestic、不/ater constlll△ pt1on. h the m咖e,govcmmcIlts shou1d maint缸nσ″咀ershi【,ofwatcr infras伍uctLlrcs。 ————————~~— 哂杨e,9/————————————~ 7‰ 【解析■ 为确保学习效果,请先做题,再看解析。 ★段落中心题 运用关键词对应法和中心句对应法解题。 ★是非判断题 (复习第5回 ) 糍 第ε回 段中找两点,中心藏后边 22 |YES(T1) 23 |NOT GIvEN(NG2) 24 |NO(F1) 25 YES(T1) 26 |NoT GIvEN㈧G1) 刀 :TRUE题第 I种命题原则 :单句同义改写 ” ∶TRUE题第2种命题原则 :相邻句子归纳 rJ∶ TRLlE题第3种命题原则 :不相邻句子归纳 Ff∶ ″⒒sE题第1种命题原则 :一组反义词设置 尸2∶ FALsE题第2种命题原则 :关系型驳斥 加α ∶NOT GIVEN题第 1种命题原则 :题干中前面或后面的信息不存在 NG2∶ NOT GIVEN题第2种命题原则 :题干中间描述的关系不存在 注意运用第2回 讲到的 “真经阅读法”解题 ,真实做题顺序应该是 : 21题 → 14题 → ”题 → 23题 → I5题 → 16题 → I7题 → ⒉题 → I8题 → 19题 → 25题 → 26题→ 20题。 真题示例 B 《剑桥雅思8》 第22页 Tcst1Rcading Passaboc2 ~—‰勿勿———— READING PAssAGE2 ’o勿s乃o″屁氵猡 e刀〃r/D@勿r2口涩沏勿矽召s。P/2刃纟s切刀s`△、 、″乃莎c乃 伢 '召 3夕s召 '御 2e￠夕饣刀gP夕ss￠g召2o刀砀召FoZZo″J刀g`愁` 口 刃贺 切 刀sF亻刁 夕 Rcading Passagc2has scven paragraphs,A~G ⊙%@se//a召c@'貂c/乃召饣d沏g彡7、夕 '￠ g'卵功s'伢刀歹C cj%勿r/l纟″s莎3ebw 9T/F。 zr纟砀 召 c。冫%gcr刀勿昭 3召石 氵呓 沏 3伢 留s`./f夕。拗 、@勿严 勿″sl/l/召 's乃 纟召 ' L心t ofHeadings i Disobcying FAA reguIations ii Avzlation disaster prompts action V izI 祝i ￠Ⅱ ix X Tll o coincidental devel。pmcnts Setting aIJnlde z。ncs An ovcrshnpⅡfled vie、v Con1,l∶oⅡing pilots’Ⅱccnccs Dcnning airspacc catcgorics setting nllcs t0、vcather conditions T汰lllg off sa兄ˇ First stcps towards'⒋Tc 14 P″agraph义⒋ 15 16 17 Pamgraph c P盯agaph D Par铒9Oph E Paragaph F Paragraph(3 ? ? AIR TRAFFIc CoNTROLIN THE usA A An accident that occurrcd in thc skⅠ cs。vcr thc G彤旺d Cally。nin I956rcsuItcd in tIlc estabⅡ slllllcdof tllc FedelaI A访ation Admlltistra竹。n lFAA)to regulatc and。verscc仇c opcmtion of缸℃ra&luthe skics。vcr thc united states,Ⅴ 'hich、vcre bccon11ng quite congestcd The rcsuIting stnlcttltof air tra￡ac c。n“ol h/n夭σrρ。+I`':“^ˉ ~~ 9 ·咖 咖 咖 胝 u咖 咖 ∞ 饥 蕊 J丁l盂∵ ⅠF兢 絮 絮 i揣饣amcc。n贫。I procedurcs arc aIso in p1acc OvcrFnuch。 f曲c rest ofthe worId 飞胛C诩s№w谎Ι赢Ⅰ甜潇絮嚣lr鞑something approxilnating todayfoHowing soon aftc⒈ Rudmclltary aIr“afnc c。ntr。I(ATc)e对sted w the1920s,山c ca1·Iiest air饣a伍cc。nfro1Icrs rnan1 using lights and nags,、 vhⅡc bcacons and nashi1 呈js描抚聂r嚣f=瘛苫描袢父臂Ts硭器t王Tl寞something apDroxIlnnnfinσ+^,J^¨ ,⌒ ^t⌒ `~ .阝p C 第ε回 段中找两点,中心藏后边 In thc 194os,ATc ccntres could and did take advantagc of thc ncwIy dcvcloped radar and improved radio communication brought about by tlle Se。ond WoⅡd斌欲、but伍c system rcmained mdiIncntary,It、vas on1y after the crcation of the FAA that ftlll~sca1e rcguIation of America’ s alrspacc took place,aIld tllo was fortu⒒ous,for the advent ofthe jet en鲈nc洳dden1y resLllted in’ large number ofvcγ fast p1a狃Cs,rCducing pi1ots’margin of eⅡor and practicaⅡy demanding some sct ofru1cs to keep ev⒐yone wc11sep·arated and opcrating safcly in伍c ai⒈ ￥any pe。plC thhk that ATc consists of a row of∞Ilt∞1Iers sitting in fI·ont of the订⒙d盯 screcns at thc nation’s airports,tc11ing arriving and departing tra￡⒏c、vhat to do Thjs is a vcry hcompktc part ofthe凼tur⒍Thc FAA rFd汛d that tlac洫space ovcr thc uIlⅡed statcs would at any ti1ne havc1nany diffcrent kinds of planes,nying for many diffcrent purposcs,in a variety ofwcather conditions,and thc same kind of strLIcture Was needcd to acconlInodatc a11 ofthcm To mcet this ch狃Iengc,thc fo11ow血g clcments wcre put into cffcct F订st,~ATc cxtcnds over Virlually伍e cIltirc U血ted states,In general,from365m abovc伍e ground alld h瑭he△thc cntirc country诣ua钛ctcd by∞“rol⒗d洫spa呢In ccr顶n盯cas,m耐my lle盯aⅡort轧∞ntr。lled a1rspace extends do、vn to215m abovc the ground,and,in the inⅡnediate vicinity of am aivort, a11伍e way d⒍vn to the surfacc.controlled a订space is that a订spacc in whch FAA rogulatons appIy.EIscwhere,in uncon廿olled E】irspace,pilots arc bound by fcwcr reguIations.h th|阝way,the rccreatonal pilot who simply wishcs to go n莎 Ilg f。r a whlc witllout all the rcs锐dions lL△lposed by 犰c FAA has only to stay in uncontro11cd aLspacc,below365n△ w·hⅡe伍c pⅡot、vho does、vant the protecuon a∏。rded byATc can easiIy enterthe controⅡcd aLspacc。 ThC FA个then rccog碰sed two types of opcrating en"ronments.In good meteorolo红 c耐 conditions,nying w。uId bc pemitted under、Ⅰsual FⅡght Ru1cs(VFPD,`vhich suggests a strong reliancc On visual cues to maintain an acceptable1cvcl of safct1ˇ 1Poor visibiIity nccessitated a sct ofinstmmenta1FⅡght Rules(IFIt),under、vhich the pⅡot reⅡed on altitLlde and navigational information providcd by the plane’s instmment panel to fly safelⅠ `、 (Dn a clcar day,a pⅡot in Controlled a蜘ace can山。osc a VFR orIFR f】ig11t plan,and the FAA reg△ll甜ons wcre dcviscd in a、vay、vhich accoⅡⅡnodates bou1VFR and IFR opera饪ons in1he same airspacc。However,a pⅡot Can onIy choosc to丑y IFR ifthey possess all ins腼ent rating which is above alld beyond the basic pⅡot’s license that rnust a1so be held. Control1cd airspacc is dividcd into several diffcrent typcs,dcsignatcd by Ietters of the alphabct. UncontroⅡed airspacc is designated cIass J1whne contr。11ed airspace below5,49om above sea ‰ D C 崾 j∷Ⅱ 2刃召s矽扔刀s2孓96 Do thc folloⅥ/ing statcmcnts agrcc xx/ith thc infonnation givcn in Rcading Passagc2? r,l3oxes2o-26o″ `@l/″ r/刀s"'纟rs/沼召厶wr′re lcvcl and not in thc vicinity of an aivort is Class E A11 airspacc abovc5,490n△is designatcJ Class y` The rcason for thc division of CIass E and Class A airspace stcms ioln thc typc[i p1anes opcrating in thcm Gcncrally, Class E airspacc is、vherc Onc inds gcnera1aviatic二 alrcraR(fcw of wlllch can dimb abovc5,490m anyway),and commcrcial ttlrboprop aircrai Above5,490m is tllc rcalm oftllc hcavy jets,sincc jct cngincs opel蔽c moⅡ efncicndy dt high a1titudcs Thc diffcrcnce bctwccn Class E and A airspacc is that in Class A,all opcrations ar: IFR,and pⅡots rnust bc instltlmcnt-rated,that is,skⅡ1ed and liccnsed in aircraft instrumcntatio二~ This is bccause/`TC contro1ofthc cntire spacc is cssential Thrcc Othcr typcs of airspace,Classcs D,C and B,govcrn thc vicinity of airports Thcsc corrcspond roughly to small municipa1. mcdium-sizcd mctropolitan and malor mctropolitan airports rcspcctivc1y,and cncompass a二 incrcasing1y rigorous sct of regu1ations For cxamplc,all a、/FR pilot has to do to cntcr C1ass C airspace is cstabhsh t、vo-、vay radio contact with ATC No explicit pcrmission iom ATC to cnt= is nccdcd,although thc pⅡot rnust continuc to obey a11rcgulations govcming′1厂FR】1ight To cntξ =: Class B airspacc,such as on approach to a malor mctropo