定性数据分析

null定性数据分析*定性数据分析什么是定性数据？*什么是定性数据？定性数据指研究中使用的文字资料，是由语言的词语、句子组成的材料。 定性数据是现象的文字描述或征形式。 我们可以采用观察、访谈、有声思维、问卷等方式收集定性数据。 任何文字材料都可以用作研究的定性数据，如小说、期刊文章、、演讲词、会话文字、作文等。定性分析*定性分析定性分析是对定性数据进行分析，从个案中寻找模式、规律、规则，从个案中得出概括性结论，或者说做定性结论。 定性分析是用个别案例的特征来概括全体同类案例的特征。 因此，用比喻来说，定性分析是以一概全、以木见林。 定性分析与下定性结论是人们日常生活中最最常见的现象。 只是人们分析的是人们最熟悉、最普通的、最常见的事物、人和现象。 而且人们的结论用的往往是一些大众化语言而非专业语言。 例如：现在学生的英语口语不行，阅读也不行。概括的类型*概括的类型概括可以是对类的概括，如学习策略类型、动机类型等的概括。 概括可以是对规则的概括，如语法规则的概括。 概括可以是对关系的概括，如一语与二语的关系。 概括可以是对事物规律的概括，如翻译规律的概括。如何做定性分析？*如何做定性分析？1. 首先观察第一个案例。 2. 对第一个案例的目标特征做出概括。 3. 观察第二个案例，看从第一个案例得出的概括是否适合第二个案例。 3.1）如果从第一个案例得出的概括适合第二个案例，观察第三个案例。 3.2）如果从第一个案例得出的概括部分适合第二个案例，修改该概括，使其能给概括第一和第二个案例。 3.3）如果从第一个案例得出的概括完全不适合第二个案例，做出新的概括。 4.依次观察其余案例，直到得出的所有概括可以涵盖所有个案。 5. 要注意每个概括出现的例外，而且要对例外的情况做出合理的解释。 6.概括的语言一定要是专业化的语言。二语中的复数使用 (Gass & Selinker, 2008)*二语中的复数使用 (Gass & Selinker, 2008)(3-1) There are also two desserts. (3-2) I bought a couple of towel. (3-3) So, when I like to park my car, there is no place to put it, and how many ticket I took. (3-4) There is many kind of way you make baklawa. (3-5) The streets run from east to west, the avenues from north to south. (3-6) I go to university four days a week. (3-7) Just a few month he will finish from his studies. (3-8) Egypt shares its boundaries with the Mediterranean. (3-9) There is a lot of mosquito.二语中的复数使用 (Gass & Selinker, 2008)*二语中的复数使用 (Gass & Selinker, 2008)(3-10) Many people have ideas about Jeddah and other cities located in Saudi Arabia. (3-11) When he complete nine month . . . (3-12) He can spend 100 years here in America. (3-13) There are about one and half-million inhabitant in Jeddah. (3-14) How many month or years have been in his mind? (3-15) There are many tents—and goats running around. (3-16) There are two mountains. (3-17) How many hour? (3-18) There are more than 200,000 telephone lines. (3-19) Every country had three or four kind of bread.基于(3-1)的规则1*基于(3-1)的规则1(3-1) There are also two deserts. Rule 1: When a noun is modified by a plural numeral or a quantitative word, the plural marker –s is added to that noun. Pattern Example Pl. num./quan. w. + Ns two deserts Rule 1 applies to: (3-6) four days (3-10) Many people (3-12) 100 years (3-15) many tents (3-18) 200,000 telephone lines基于(3-2)的规则2*基于(3-2)的规则2(3-2) I bought a couple of towel. Rule 2: When a noun is modified by a quantitative phrase, no plural marker is added to that noun. Pattern Example Quan. phrase + N a couple of towel Rule 2 applies to: (3-3) how many ticket (3-4) many kind of way (3-7) a few month (3-9) a lot of mosquito (3-13) one and half-million inhabitant (3-14) how many month (3-17) How many hour (3-19) three or four kind of bread规则3*规则3Add –s to a noun which does not have any numerical or quantitative modifier if that noun carries a plural ideation, which means the noun has a plural concept in the speaker’s mind. Sentences Example (3-5) The streets/the avenues (3-8) its boundaries (3-10) ideas (3-14) years (3-15) goats规则4 *规则4 The noun in a lexical bundle does not require a plural mark –s even it is modified by a numerical or quantitative word. Sentence Example (3-4) many kind of (3-13) one and half-million (3-19) three or four kind of有关复数习得顺序的假设?*有关复数习得顺序的假设?null*