腰段椎间盘退行性病变的影像学表现

Imaging degenerative disk Imaging degenerative disk disease in the lumbar disease in the lumbar spinespine Elaine Besancon MS III Dr. Gillian Lieberman Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives  Anatomy reviewAnatomy review  Pathophysiology of degenerative disc Pathophysiology of degenerative disc diseasedisease  Common Common sequelaesequelae of disk diseaseof disk disease –– HerniationHerniation –– StenosisStenosis –– InstabilityInstability  Imaging modalitiesImaging modalities  Clinical OutcomesClinical Outcomes Anatomy of the three Anatomy of the three joint complexjoint complex Degenerative disk disease is a poorly defined term.Degenerative disk disease is a poorly defined term. Often misused, but generally agreed to refer to pathology associOften misused, but generally agreed to refer to pathology associated with ated with repetitive traumatic injury to the repetitive traumatic injury to the ““threethree--jointjoint--complexcomplex”” of the spineof the spine EndplateEndplate--discdisc--endplateendplate 2 facet joints2 facet joints Image courtesy of Dr. Rafael Rojas Anatomy of the three Anatomy of the three joint complexjoint complex Degenerative disk disease is a poorly defined term.Degenerative disk disease is a poorly defined term. Often misused, but generally agreed to refer to pathology associOften misused, but generally agreed to refer to pathology associated with ated with repetitive traumatic injury to the repetitive traumatic injury to the ““threethree--jointjoint--complexcomplex”” of the spineof the spine EndplateEndplate--discdisc--endplateendplate 2 facet joints2 facet joints Image courtesy of Dr. Rafael Rojas Pathophysiology of disk Pathophysiology of disk injuryinjury  Failure of disks most Failure of disks most common in regions with common in regions with highest mechanical stress, highest mechanical stress, especially lower lumbar especially lower lumbar region.region.  Disc nutrition dependent on Disc nutrition dependent on diffusion from marrow of diffusion from marrow of bone or from blood vessels bone or from blood vessels through annulusthrough annulus  Whether primary pathology Whether primary pathology is usually metabolic or is usually metabolic or mechanical is not known.mechanical is not known. Image courtesy of Dr. Rafael Rojas Pathophysiology of disk Pathophysiology of disk injury continuedinjury continued •Deformation of endplate and loss of water in the nucleus can lead to abnormal forces on annulus •Small contribution from various environmental factors like exercise, trauma. •Twin studies suggest large role for genetic predisposition. •Collagen •Cytokines (IL-2) Image courtesy of Dr. Rafael Rojas Common featuresCommon features  Common Common sequelaesequelae of disk disease of disk disease –– HerniationHerniation –– StenosisStenosis –– InstabilityInstability Common featuresCommon features  Common Common sequelaesequelae of disk disease of disk disease –– HerniationHerniation –– StenosisStenosis –– InstabilityInstability Index Patient: Low back Index Patient: Low back painpain 49 year-old woman presents for evaluation of low back pain that radiates down to her lower legs. Do you image her? When to image for low When to image for low back painback pain  85% of people with LBP are never given a precise 85% of people with LBP are never given a precise pathoanatomicalpathoanatomical diagnosis, diagnosis, even with imagingeven with imaging  Imaging findings and symptoms do not correlate precisely Imaging findings and symptoms do not correlate precisely  Indications of a more complicated status, often termed "red flagIndications of a more complicated status, often termed "red flags," include s," include the following:the following: –– Recent significant trauma, or milder trauma, age >50 Recent significant trauma, or milder trauma, age >50 –– Unexplained weight loss Unexplained weight loss –– Unexplained fever Unexplained fever –– ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression –– History of cancer History of cancer –– Intravenous (IV) drug use Intravenous (IV) drug use –– Prolonged use of corticosteroids, osteoporosis Prolonged use of corticosteroids, osteoporosis –– Age >70 Age >70 –– Focal neurologic deficit with progressive or disabling symptoms Focal neurologic deficit with progressive or disabling symptoms –– Duration longer than 6 weeksDuration longer than 6 weeks Index Patient: Persistent Index Patient: Persistent low back painlow back pain 49 year-old woman presents for evaluation of low back pain that radiates down to her lower legs. Do you image her? Initially, no. However, she returns with continuing pain after 6 weeks. Imaging ModalitiesImaging Modalities  Plain filmPlain film  MRI MRI – Most accurate modality for assessing intervertebral disk disease.  CTCT –– CT CT myelogrammyelogram Imaging Modalities: Plain Imaging Modalities: Plain FilmFilm  Plain filmPlain film –– ProsPros  FastFast  Low CostLow Cost  Good for bony abnormalitiesGood for bony abnormalities –– ConsCons  Poor visualization of disksPoor visualization of disks  Radiation exposureRadiation exposure  Most abnormalities seen on xMost abnormalities seen on x--ray can be better ray can be better characterized on CT or MRI.characterized on CT or MRI. Imaging Modalities: MRIImaging Modalities: MRI  MRI MRI –– Pros:Pros:  Most accurate modality for assessing intervertebral disk disease.  Excellent for soft tissue abnormalities  No radiation exposure – Cons  Less useful for bony abnormalities  Higher costHigher cost  Contraindicated in patients with ferromagnetic objects in Contraindicated in patients with ferromagnetic objects in their bodies, or patients with implanted electronic devices. their bodies, or patients with implanted electronic devices.  Claustrophobia or inability to hold still for long periods of Claustrophobia or inability to hold still for long periods of time may prevent patients from completing the MRI.time may prevent patients from completing the MRI. Imaging Modalities: CTImaging Modalities: CT  CTCT –– Only indicated for imaging of disk disease in patients who Only indicated for imaging of disk disease in patients who have contraindications to MRI.have contraindications to MRI. –– Pros:Pros:  Faster than MRIFaster than MRI  Good for abnormalities of bony cortexGood for abnormalities of bony cortex –– ConsCons  Radiation exposureRadiation exposure  Poor soft tissue differentiationPoor soft tissue differentiation –– CT CT myelogrammyelogram  CT plus injection of CT plus injection of intrathecalintrathecal contrastcontrast  Pros:Pros: –– Much better imaging of disk pathologyMuch better imaging of disk pathology  Cons:Cons: –– InvasiveInvasive –– Many contraindications, including all contraindications for lumbMany contraindications, including all contraindications for lumbar ar puncture and those for IV contrast.puncture and those for IV contrast. Index Patient: Disk Index Patient: Disk HerniationHerniation on MRIon MRI 49 year-old woman presents for evaluation of low back pain that radiates down to her lower legs. Disc bulges seen at all lumbar levels. Classic history is pain that increases with flexion. Pain with straight leg raise seen on exam. Index Patient MRI and Index Patient MRI and Normal ComparisonNormal Comparison Index Patient: Index Patient: OsteophytesOsteophytes and Marrow Changes on and Marrow Changes on MRIMRI Companion Patient: Companion Patient: Annular Tear on MRIAnnular Tear on MRI 35 yo male with history of LBP and R sided radiculopathy and groin pain. Image courtesy of Dr. Rafael Rojas Radial annular tear seen as hyperintensity at L5/S1 Companion Patient: Disk Companion Patient: Disk Disease on Plain FilmDisease on Plain Film 76-year-old female with a longstanding history of low back pain, and a more recent history of radiating left leg pain provoked by walking. •Note signs of disk disease: •Decreased intervertebral height •Endplate sclerosis •Osteophyte formation Common featuresCommon features  Common Common sequelaesequelae of disk disease of disk disease –– HerniationHerniation –– StenosisStenosis –– InstabilityInstability Index Patient: Spinal Index Patient: Spinal stenosisstenosis on MRIon MRI •Constriction of canal and foramina commonly caused by: •Anteriorly •herniated disks •Posteriorly •enlarged ligamentum flavum •Facet hypertrophy •Symptoms improve with flexion and worsen with activity (“neurogenic claudication”). Spinal stenosis: Index Patient: Spinal Index Patient: Spinal stenosisstenosis on MRI with normal on MRI with normal comparisoncomparison Common featuresCommon features  Common Common sequelaesequelae of disk disease of disk disease –– HerniationHerniation –– StenosisStenosis –– InstabilityInstability Companion Patient: Companion Patient: spondylolysisspondylolysis on plain filmon plain film Companion Patient: the Scotty Companion Patient: the Scotty dog sign on plain filmdog sign on plain film Companion Patient: Companion Patient: SpondylolisthesisSpondylolisthesis on Plain Filmon Plain Film •• SubtypesSubtypes •• DegenerativeDegenerative •• SubluxationSubluxation at facet at facet jointsjoints •• Normal or narrow Normal or narrow canalcanal •• IsthmicIsthmic •• Due to Due to spondylolysisspondylolysis (seen in (seen in 6% of adults6% of adults •• Widened canalWidened canal Companion Patient: Companion Patient: SpondylolisthesisSpondylolisthesis on CTon CT  Reasons to order CT:Reasons to order CT: –– Better for bony cortexBetter for bony cortex –– OsteophytesOsteophytes –– TraumaTrauma –– MRI contraindicationsMRI contraindications 68 year old man with LBP after a fall Anterior displacement of L5 on S1 Index Patient: Instability on Index Patient: Instability on plain filmplain film •Leftward listhesis •Disk space narrowing •Due to ligament laxity and degenerative joint disease Clinical OutcomesClinical Outcomes  So you see degenerative disk disease on imagingSo you see degenerative disk disease on imaging……now now what?what? –– Studies have found 25Studies have found 25--64% of asymptomatic patients 64% of asymptomatic patients have disk have disk herniationsherniations –– 2/3 of patients with symptomatic disc 2/3 of patients with symptomatic disc herniationherniation have have significant resolution of symptoms at 6 months.significant resolution of symptoms at 6 months. –– Radiologic findings do not correlate well with surgical Radiologic findings do not correlate well with surgical outcomesoutcomes –– Surgery may be useful in symptomatic patients with Surgery may be useful in symptomatic patients with signs of nerve root compression or severe canal signs of nerve root compression or severe canal narrowing if conservative therapy has failednarrowing if conservative therapy has failed Take Home PointsTake Home Points  Imaging not indicated for LBP unless more than 6 weeks have Imaging not indicated for LBP unless more than 6 weeks have past or a past or a red flagred flag is present in the historyis present in the history  Imaging of choice for DDD is Imaging of choice for DDD is nonnon--contrast MRIcontrast MRI  Common complications of DDD include disk Common complications of DDD include disk herniationherniation, spinal , spinal stenosisstenosis, and joint instability, and joint instability  Imaging findings do Imaging findings do notnot correlate well with symptom severity correlate well with symptom severity or surgical outcomeor surgical outcome  In the majority of cases, conservative management will lead to In the majority of cases, conservative management will lead to significant resolution of symptomssignificant resolution of symptoms ReferencesReferences Davis PC, Davis PC, WippoldWippold FJ II, FJ II, BrunbergBrunberg JA, Cornelius RS, De La Paz RL, JA, Cornelius RS, De La Paz RL, DormontDormont D, Gray L, Jordan JE, D, Gray L, Jordan JE,  MukherjiMukherji SK, SK, SeidenwurmSeidenwurm DJ, DJ, TurskiTurski PA, Zimmerman RD, Sloan MA, Expert Panel on Neurologic PA, Zimmerman RD, Sloan MA, Expert Panel on Neurologic  Imaging. ACR Appropriateness CriteriaImaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®® low back pain. [online publication]. Reston (VA): low back pain. [online publication]. Reston (VA):  American College of Radiology (ACR); 2008. 7 p.American College of Radiology (ACR); 2008. 7 p. 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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments  Dr. Gillian LiebermanDr. Gillian Lieberman  Maria Maria LevantakisLevantakis  Dr. Rafael RojasDr. Rafael Rojas  Dr. Jay Dr. Jay PahadePahade Imaging degenerative disk disease in the lumbar spine Learning Objectives Anatomy of the three joint complex Anatomy of the three joint complex Pathophysiology of disk injury Pathophysiology of disk injury continued Common features Common features Index Patient: Low back pain When to image for low back pain Index Patient: Persistent low back pain Imaging Modalities Imaging Modalities: Plain Film Imaging Modalities: MRI Imaging Modalities: CT Index Patient: Disk Herniation on MRI Index Patient MRI and Normal Comparison Index Patient: Osteophytes and Marrow Changes on MRI Companion Patient: Annular Tear on MRI Companion Patient: Disk Disease on Plain Film Common features Index Patient: Spinal stenosis on MRI Index Patient: Spinal stenosis on MRI with normal comparison Common features Companion Patient: spondylolysis on plain film Companion Patient: the Scotty dog sign on plain film Companion Patient: Spondylolisthesis on Plain Film Companion Patient: Spondylolisthesis on CT Index Patient: Instability on plain film Clinical Outcomes Take Home Points References Acknowledgments