信达雅——还须从头说起

信达雅——还须从头说起 「信、达、雅」:还须从头说起 张耀平 摘要 严复的翻译思想借鉴中国古代文论和古代语言哲学的一些观点，继承并发展了中国古代佛经翻译的经验总结，触及到了翻译中几乎所有最重要、最本质的问题，是一份极其宝贵的理论遗产。但以往的研究多套用西方翻译理论的概念对它加以引申发挥。这样的研究不可能准确清晰地描述出严复翻译思想的独特个性和理论价值。因此，本文试图把它的三个核心概念「信达雅」放在中国古代翻译理论、古代文论、古代语言哲学以及汉语文言的语境中加以辨析。 关键词:翻译理论、翻译史、汉语文言 1 问题及研究 百年来的严复翻译思想研究一直是在没有夯实基础的情况下进行的，「信达雅」三个字的意义似乎始终没有得到认真的辨析，学者们的理解不仅不统一，而且有嫌模糊和欠准确之处。以「达」为例。关于「达」，大致存在三种不同: 一、「达」指传达，转达。翻译就是代人传话，就是使译文读者得以透过译文得到原文的信息。陈康所说的「达」「指人可以顺利的得到原文中的意义」(1984，页443)便代了这种意见。 二、「达」的意思是理解，明白。就是说，译文要让人看得懂，让人明白其中的意思。贺麟在〈严复的翻译〉一文中说:「严译虽非今日普通人所易解，但能使旧文人看明了，合于达的标准」(1984，页153)。茅盾在解释「信达雅」三字的意思时说:「达即译文能让人看懂」(1984，页518)。他们对「达」的理解形成了另外一种意见。 三、所谓「达」，是要求译文语言要通顺，流畅。林语堂就曾明确地说:「通顺就是『达』」(1984，页418)。另外，鲁迅在讨论严复对于古代佛经翻译经验的借鉴时说，相对于汉末的「质直」，唐代的「以『信』为主」，「六朝真是『达』而『雅』了」(1984，页275)。朱光潜在分析「信达雅」三者之间的关系时说「原文『达』而『雅』，译文不『达』不『雅』，还是不『信』;如果原文不『达』不『雅』，译文『达』而『雅』，过犹不及，那还是不『信』」(1984，页448)。鲁迅和朱光潜虽未及细解其中意思，但不难看出，他们对「达」的理解与林语堂的解释是相合的。这便构成了第三种意见。 如果说在「达」的问题上是诠解歧异，没有形成一个统一准确的认识的话，那么「雅」似乎就从未受到过严肃认真的对待。前人谈「雅」，有 2 把「雅」的理论主张同严复本人的翻译实践混为一谈，认定「雅」就是文言，就是提倡古奥的脱离民众的译文语言形式的;有把「雅」解作文采，以为「雅」就是不顾原文，在译文的再度表达过程中刻意追求繁辞丽句，因而加以排斥的;有把「雅」引申为风格、艺术美等意思的。这些观点虽 说全无道理，但都不是结合「信达雅」不能的原始语境，在有充分语义根据的前提下，对作为理论主张的「雅」进行学理上的考辨之后得出的结论，因而也就不免有望文生义之嫌。「信」则被简单地用现代翻译理论中「忠实」的概念所置换，所掩盖。至于说「信」本来的意义是什么,它是否就等同于「忠实」,这样的问题好像还没有人留意过。 近年来，虽有沈苏儒《论信达雅——严复翻译理论研究》、梁宏志《重释「信达雅」:二十世纪中国翻译研究》等这样的专出现，力图更 新的角度对严复的翻译思想加以梳理，研究严复翻译思想的为系统地或从 论文堪称层出不穷，但于「信达雅」三字意义的考订辨析，仍嫌不够细致明晰，原有歧解仍未得到有效解决(沈苏儒，1998，页37-48;梁宏志，1999，页80-87;贺文宣，1993;吴存民，1997;魏向清，1998;岳峰，2000;林璋，2000;王小平与胡海兰，2003;曹明伦，2006;刘云虹与许钧，2010)。 因此，鉴于学界对于「信达雅」的理解至今存在混乱、模糊乃至错误之处，在百年之后的今天，仍有必要加以申说，而且须从头，从厘清字义说起。 严复的翻译思想以中西文化在19世纪末20世纪初展开大规模交流之初的艰难对话为关注点，以汉语文言为载体，在很大程度上继承了中国古代佛经翻译经验、文论以及语言哲学的传统。所以，本文主要依据三方面的材料展开论证:一、把「信达雅」三字放在它们的出处——《〈天演论〉译例言》——以及严复论翻译的其他文字的语境中加以考察;二、通过古 3 代典籍中的例句和古代文论中的相关论述来确立「信达雅」的意义;三、视「信达雅」为中国古代佛经翻译思想的继承和发展，力求从它的理论渊源中去找寻它的思想意义的根据。 「信」指译文要反映原文的真实意思 一篇《〈天演论〉译例言》，阐述「信、达、雅」这一理论主张的只是前三节。其中前二节论「达」，第三节讲「雅」。 「信」似乎人所共喻，绝无异议，因此，严复未加详述。不过，他在为「达」辩护时所说的「意义则不倍本文」和「又恐意义有漏」等话，尽可看作是对「信」的间接的解释(1984，页136)。 如何理解严复的「信」，从根本上说取决于这个字在汉语文言中的意义。「信达雅」三字都是讨论翻译，讨论语言问题的。在古籍中，「信」用来说明语言的性质时，意思是「真」、 「真实」。 「信」的语言就是表达真实的心声或反映客观事物的真实面貌的语言。例如:《诗经•卫风•氓》:「信誓旦旦」(余冠英，1963，页42)。《谷梁传》:「所以为言者信也。言而不信，何以为言,」(杜预，1980，页2400)。《老子》:「言善信」(老子，1984，页32);「信言不美，美言不信」(页310)。《论语•卫灵公》:「言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮貊之乡，行矣」(杨伯峻，1980，页162)。《庄子•逍遥游》:「吾以是狂而不信也」(庄子，1978，页28)。白居易〈新乐府序〉:「其事核而实，使采之者传信也」(1990，页244)。严复所谈的是翻译，而翻译是一个把别人的话加以再度表达的过程，所以，「信达雅」的「信」所指的是译文要反映出原文真实的意思。 「信」源自中国古代佛经翻译思想 4 前文讲要把严复的「信达雅」说视为中国古代佛经翻译思想的继承与发展，从影响源头着眼来把握「信达雅」的意义。关于「信达雅」的思想渊源，尽管有学者认为来自英人泰特勒，但应该说，只要对「信达雅」稍作语义辨析，就不难看出，它同泰特勒要求译文在意义和风格上忠实于原文并与原文同样流畅的三原则实在不是一回事，而是明显地与中国古代佛 1经翻译理论一脉相承。 中国古代佛经翻译家多用「本」或「实」来指原文意旨(source message)，如支谦〈法句经序〉:「是以自偈受译人口，因循本旨，不加文饰」(1984，页22);道安〈摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经钞序〉:「译胡为秦，有五失本也……近出此撮欲使不杂，推经言旨，唯恐失实也」(1984，页24);道安〈道行经序〉:「因本顺旨，转音如已，敬顺圣 (1984，页25);慧观〈法华宗要序〉:「什自手执胡言，了不加饰也」 经，口译秦语。曲从方言，而趣不乖本」(1984，页32);僧睿〈小品经序〉:「会闻鸠摩罗法师，神授其文，真本犹存」(1984，页35);慧远〈三法度序〉:「依实去华，务存其本」(1984，页40);道宣〈大恩寺释玄奘传论〉:「汉魏守本，本固去华……不思本实，妄接词锋」(1984，页49)。严复的「信」同这里的「本」和「实」词义相通，它同中国古代佛经翻译思想之间的渊源关系应当是不容置疑的。不过同时还须指出，「信」是对「本」和「实」的概念的发展和超越。「本」和「实」是对进入翻译之前的原文意旨的描述;「信」则是把原文与译文的关系放 1 伍蠡甫就曾在〈伍光建的翻譯——伍光健翻譯遺稿前記〉一文中斷言,「信達雅」「來自西方,並非嚴復所創」。參見羅新璋編《翻譯論集》第461頁。錢鐘書在致羅新璋信中也表示贊同此說。參見羅新璋〈錢鐘書的譯藝談〉,《中國翻譯》1990年第6期第4頁。但辜正坤根據錢鐘書《管錐編》裏提供的線索,從翻譯理論的角度對支謙《法句經序》做了展開的分析,得出結論說,「信達雅」的論點,不僅在三國時期支謙的文字中能「逐字拈出」, 「在後來的中國譯論中,亦有多人多次重複」,根本不需要「嚴復到1500多年後的18世紀西方翻譯理論家泰特勒那裏去抄襲」,因此認為「信達雅」來自泰特勒的說法站不住腳。參見辜正坤〈當代翻譯學建構理路略論——文學翻譯學序〉,《中國翻譯》2001年第1期第11頁。 5 在翻译的转达过程中加以考察的，它所描述的是译文读者所获信息相对于原文本来的信息的关系。 「达」即传达或转达 在前文所述关于「达」的三种意见中，长期以来最为流行的是第三种观点:「达」指译文要「通顺」， 「流畅」。这是对严复翻译思想的最大误解。不错，「达」字确有「通顺」、 「畅达」的意思，但「信达雅」中的「达」则是「表达」， 「转达」的「达」。可以这样说，「达」是一个动态的过程;而「通顺」和「流畅」则是对译文语体的静态描述。作为严复翻译思想中一个重要范畴的「达」同「通顺」或「流畅」根本不是一回事。「达」作这一意思解，在古籍中比比皆是。例如，《论语?卫灵公》:「辞达而已矣」(杨伯峻，1980，页170)。《史记•滑稽列传序》:「《书》以道事，《诗》以达意」(史马迁，1959，页3197)。陆机《文赋》:「要辞达而理举，故取乎冗长」(1996，页147)。魏源〈诗比兴笺序〉:「词不可以径也，则有曲而达焉;情不可以激也，则有譬而喻焉」(1959，页3)。严复自己也说亚当•斯密的《原富》是「达用多于明体」(1984，页138)。这里的「达」都作「表达」解。 事实上，用「达」来描述翻译过程，并不是严复的发明，而是在古籍尤其是古代讨论翻译的文字中所习见的。如，《礼记•王制》:「五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译」(郑玄，1959，页584)。支谦〈法句经序〉:「今传胡义，实宜径达」(1984，页22)。另外，钱钟书在论及彦琮《辩正论》时，认为其中「正当以不关异言，传令知会通耳」一句的意思是:「正因人不通异域之言，当达之使知会而已」，并进一步解释说:「『关』如『交关』之『关』，『通』也，『传』如『传命』之『传』，达也」 6 (〈翻译术开宗明义〉，1984，页28)。翻译是一个再度表达的过程，翻译中的「达」不是直接表达自己的思想，而是把原文的信息表示出来，以使译文读者知道的过程，所以确切地说，这里的「达」应释为「传达」或「转达」。 「达」与「通」、 「传」、 「译」意同 在中国古代译论中，「达」和「通」、 「传」、 「译」三字意义大致相同，描述的都是翻译中用译文「传达」、 「转达」原文的过程。在前文所引《礼记•王制》一句中，「达」与「通」互文，意义相同。而从事与东西南北方各少数民族沟通翻译活动的官员分别称为「寄」、 「象」、 「狄鞮」和「译」，四者显然同义。孔颖达在解释其中的「鞮」字时说:「鞮，知也，谓通传夷狄之语，与中国相知」(郑玄，1959，页584)，「译」与「鞮」同义，而「鞮」即通传，可见「译」与「通传」相通。在〈法句经序〉一句里，「传」便是「译」的意思。在钱钟书解释《辩正论》的话里更是「通」、「传」、 「译」都用到了。类似的例子还可以举出不少，如，〈法句经序〉在另一处说:「天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语。名物不同，传实不易。维昔蓝调、安侯、世高、都尉、佛调，译胡为汉，审得其体，斯以难继。后之传者，虽不能密，犹尚贵其实，粗得大趣」(页22)。道安〈摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经钞序〉:「译胡为秦，有五失本……愚智天隔，圣人叵阶，乃欲以千岁之上微言，传使和百王之下末俗……」(页24)。道安〈大十二门经序〉:「天竺古文，文通尚质;仓促寻之，时有不达」(1984，页57)。僧睿〈大智度论序〉:「传而称之，不亦宜乎,……若备译其文，将近千有余卷。法师于秦语大格，维译一往，方言殊好，犹隔而未通」(1984，页38)。慧远〈三法度序〉:「其中弘通佛教者，传译甚众」(页41)。另外，《后汉 7 书•和帝纪》记载说:「都护西指，则通译四万」(范晔，1959，页195)(按，这里「通译」为名词，但从词源看显系动词名词化)。段玉裁《说文解字注》(1981)在「译」字下先给出一个作名词的意思——「传四夷之语者」，然后又说:「依李善、徐坚订《方言》，译，传也」(许慎， -02)。钱钟页101书在〈林纾的翻译〉一文中借用古人的话说:「『译』就是『传四夷及鸟兽之语』」(1984，页696)。可见，「译」就是「传」，就是「通」，就是「达」。「达」即「传达」、「转达」，就是通过译文把原文信息传递给译文读者。 「达」描述了翻译的过程和翻译的目的 严复在《〈天演论〉译例言》中论述「达」时是这样说的: 今是书所言，本五十年来西人新得之学，又为作者晚出之书。译文取明深义， 故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。 …… 西文句中名物字，多随举随释，如中文之旁支，后乃遥解前文，足意成句。故 西文句法，少则二三字，多则十百言。假令仿此为译，则恐必不可通，而删削取 径，又恐意义有漏。此在译者将全文神理，融会于心，则下笔抒词，自善互备。至 原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前后引衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达;为 达，即所以为信也。 不佞此译，颇贻艰深之讥，实则刻意求显，不过如是(页 136)。 严复是在为他的翻译方法辩护:由于中西语言殊异，由于所译原作本 8 身艰难深奥，他在翻译过程中做了种种经营调整;而经「明深意」，在于「求显」，在于使译文读者可以「共喻」;一句话，这一切「皆以为达。」原来「达」就是用译文「明」、 「显」原文的意思，从而使译文读者藉以「喻」原文的意思的过程。这就是严复的「达」。这一观点，严复曾在不同地方反复加以申说。在《与梁任公论所译〈原富〉书》中，他说:「设今之译人，未为律令名义，闯然循西文之法为之，读其书者乃悉解乎,殆不然矣」(1984，页141)。在《〈群己权界论〉译凡例》中又说:「原书文理颇深，意繁句重，若依文作译，必至难索解人，故不得不略为颠倒，此以中文译西书定法也」(1984，页144)。严复一再强调一个「解」字(义与《〈天演论)译例言》中的「喻」同)。无疑，翻译的功用和目的就在于使读者通过译文「解」原文内容，而「使解」不正是「传 「转达」吗,前文所举译界关于「达」的第二种观点只站在译文读达」、 者的立场对译文提出要求，而没有审视翻译的全过程，显然也不是严复的「达」的本意。综上所述，严复的「达」指的是翻译要实现它的传达功能。 钱钟书曾在一篇题为〈论不隔〉的短文中说:「翻译学里『达』的标准推广到一切艺术便变成了美学上所谓『传达说』(theory of communication)。作者把所感受的经验，所认识的价值，用语言文字，或其他媒介物来传给读者」(1997，页498)。钱钟书在这里并不是专论「信达雅」，文章的主题甚至不是翻译理论，但这段话尽可看作是对严复的「达」的精辟阐释。严复所说的「达」如果用英文表述，communicate 大概是最准确的一个词了，它所体现的确实就是一个 communication 的问题。相比之下，把「达」释为「通顺」、 「流畅」等意思则是明显的不应发生的错误，因为它同严复自己在《〈天演论〉译例言》中的表述根本就是格格不入的。试想，在译文中连平仄都讲究的古文家严复怎么竟会把文 9 字通畅也作为译事之一难而慨然感喟呢,严复说:「用汉以前字法句法，则为达易;用近世利俗文字，则求达难」(《〈天演论〉译例言》，页136)。难道他的意思是，用「汉以前字法句法」就容易做到通顺晓畅，用「近世利俗文字」就难以做到吗,他引述的孔子的话「辞达而已」难道是指只要文字通顺就行了吗,显然不是。在「信达雅」三字中，如果说「信」道出了翻译的性质和翻译的本质要求，没有「信」的规定的翻译就不成其为翻译的话;那么「达」则描述了翻译的过程和翻译的目的，不能传达给译文读者的「信」是毫无价值的「信」，这样的翻译是没有实现翻译的功用的翻译。在「信」而外提出一个「达」的要求，严复实际是在翻译理论中引入了转达效率的概念，使翻译理论的视野从一般的「原文?译文」的模式扩大而为「原文?译文?译文读者」的模式。这可能是严复翻译思想给我们的最大启迪了。 「雅」有三层意思:「尔雅」， 「文」， 「汉以前字法句法」 与「信」和「达」相比，「雅」似乎是一个更复杂，遭到非议更多的问题。分析「雅」，不仅需要弄清什么是「雅」，而且需要回答一个不可回避的问题:为什么在「信」、 「达」而外还要求「雅」,严复在《〈天演论〉译例言》第三节讲「雅」，表述如下: 《易》曰:「修辞立诚。」子曰:「辞达而已。」又曰:「言之无文，行之不 远。」二者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。此不仅期以行 远已耳，实则精理微言，用汉以前字法句法，则为达易;用近世利俗文字，则求达 难。往往抑义就词，毫厘千里，审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也，岂钓奇 哉～不佞此译，颇贻艰深文陋之讥，实则刻意求显，不过如是(页136-37)。 10 在这里，严复对「雅」做了界定:「雅」指的是「尔雅」，是「文」，是「汉以前字法句法」。或许只有从这三个方面同时着眼展开分析，方可见出严复求「雅」的深意。 「雅」或「尔雅」即正，即:翻译须使用规范的译入语言 从「雅」和「尔雅」在古籍中的意义来看，据〈毛诗序〉:「言天下之事，形四方之风，谓之雅。雅者，正也」(毛亨，1999，页344)。《汉书•儒林传序》:「文章尔雅，训辞深厚。」颜师古对这一句解释说:「尔雅，近正也，言诏辞雅正而深厚也」(班固，1962，3594-95)。《释名》: 「《尔雅》:尔，昵也;昵，近也。雅，义也;义，正也。五方之言不同，皆以近正为主也」(刘熙，1984，314) 。段玉裁《说文解字注》:「雅之训亦云素也，正也」(许慎，1981，141)。可见，「雅」和「尔雅」都是「正」的意思，用现代汉语说就是「规范」。《论语?述而》中所记载的「子所雅言，《诗》、《书》、执礼，皆雅言也」(杨伯峻，1980，71)，就是说孔子在读《诗》《书》和行礼的时候，都用规范的「普通话」。当然，这里说的是语音角度的规范。三国时曹丕在〈典论?论文〉里说「夫文体同而末异，盖奏议宜雅，书论宜理，铭诔尚实，诗赋欲丽」(1996，页13)，把「雅」同「理」、「实」同「丽」相对照而言，意思是写奏议应当采用规范严正的语言风格。因此，从这个意义上说，「雅」就是要求在翻译中使用规范的译入语言。 当然，「规范」是一个历史的概念，每一个时代都有不尽相同的规范的语言。在严复从事翻译活动的清代末季，文言文便是规范的汉语书面语言。严复对此虽未正面阐述，但他把白话文鄙夷地称作「近世利俗文字」而加以排斥，显然就是从反面肯定文言文的「规范」地位。历史地看，严 11 复选择这种语言形式进行翻译本无可指摘，因为毕竟我们无法从理论上证明，不可以用文言文翻译西方著作。后人对于「雅」的批评在很大程度上并不是在翻译理论的层面上讨论问题，而是把它扯到了意识形态或政治的层面上。 「文」:务「雅」即所以为「达」 关于「文」，需要多说几句。严复求「雅」的理论根据是:「《易》曰:『修辞立诚。』子曰:『辞达而已。』又曰:『言之无文，行之不远。』」 「修辞立诚」出自《周易?干?文言》「君子进德修业。忠信，所以进德也。修辞立其诚，所以居业也」(陈戍国，2004，页3)。从句式结构看，「忠信」和「修辞立其诚」分别是「进德」和「居业」的手段;而「修辞」又是「立其诚」的手段——即修辞，所以立其诚。「诚」不指「忠信」已然涵盖的诚实，而是所要表达的真实的思想。就是说，君子内要有「忠信」的德性，外要以得当的辞令准确表达自己的意思;否则，纵然有德，谈吐言不及义，也难以有功业可居。放到严复论翻译的语境里，「修辞立诚」便是在讨论「雅」和「信」的关系:只有注重译文的语言形式，精心加工修润，才能准确转达原文意旨。 「辞达而已」出自《论语•卫灵公》。它从反面加以警告，告诫人们语言的用途在于表达思想，所以对语言的加工修润有一个限度，能「达」，足以表达意思即可;超过这一限度的加工修润就会因辞害意，只能导致表达的失败。 「言之无文，行之不远」见于《春秋左传•鲁襄公二十五年》:「仲尼曰:『志有之:言以足志，文以足言。』不辩谁知其志,言之无文，行而不远。晋为伯，郑入陈，非文辞不为功，慎辞哉～」(左丘明，1957， 12 页1458)关于「文」的意思，章学诚归纳说:「胡虔氏曰:『文』自古有二训:『依类象形谓之文』，此文字之『文』也;『青与赤谓之文』，『五彩备曰文』，此文质之『文』也。其以文质之『文』为赞美辞之美者，《易》之『旨远辞文』，《左传》之『言之无文，行之不远』，皆是也」(1998，页312)。《汉语大词典》也认为这里的「文」就是文采，对这句话做了这样的解释:「说话没有文采，就传播不远」(罗竹风，1997，页6507)。这样的诠释不能说错，但容易引起误解，让人误以为「辞之美」或「文采」是与意义表达不相干的浮辞。这不是《左传》这段话的意思。在这段话里，「文」不是凭空堆砌华丽词句;「文」的目的在于「足言」(即通过加工修润语言手段使自己的表述更加完备)，在于「辩」(即清楚明白地表达思想)，在于行远(即让自己说的话使人喜闻 」，务须「慎辞」(即遣词乐见，从而传播广远);而要做到这样的「文 造句务须慎加斟酌)。荀子也曾论及「辩」和「文」的关系，他说「君子必辩。……故君子之于言无厌。鄙夫反是:好其实不恤其文，是以终身不免埤污佣俗」(1996，页175)。荀子的观点和《左传》相合。他也认为，要做到「辩」，须「于言无厌」，不仅要重其「实」，还要重其「文」。 孔子既提倡「辞达而已」，又鼓吹「言之无文，行之不远」，乍一看，似有自相矛盾之处。王安石就抓住这一点议论道:「而曰『言之不文，行之不远』云者，徒谓辞之不可以已也」，认为这不是「圣人作文之本意也」(1999，页144)。但同一时代另一位大文豪苏轼却持不同的看法:「孔子曰:『言之无文，行之不远。』又曰:『词，达而已矣。』夫言止于达，疑若不文，是大不然。求物之妙，如击风捕影，能了然于心者，盖千万人而一遇也，而能了然于口乎,是之谓词达。词至于能达，则文不可胜用矣」(1999，页163)。既然辞能达即可，何必还要求其文呢,苏轼的精彩论述令人信服地解开了这种困惑，使我们看到为什么「修辞」 13 才能「立诚」，使我们看到「达」实在就是对「辞」的最高要求了。这也就是《仪礼?聘礼》中所说的「辞苟足以达，义之至也」(彭林，2001，页245)。语言要想「立诚」， 「行远」，要想曲尽物妙，产生影响，绝非易事，必须精心加工修润才行。那么，在翻译中，用另一种语言去间接地传达别人十分艰难地用一种语言表现出的体悟情感，又该是怎样艰难啊,又需要怎样的加工修润啊,至此，可以看出，严复搬出「辞达而已」和「言之无文，行之不远」的圣人之言，实际是藉以阐发「雅」同「达」的关系:用译入语言再度表达原文信息并成功传递给译文读者绝非易事，所以在译文形成过程中必须反复推敲，精心加工修润;「雅」是「达」的手段和保证，务「雅」即所以为「达」。 「汉以前字法句法」的正面启示 前文说「雅」有三义。在辞源学的意义上，「雅」的意思是正，站在翻译理论的角度，可引申为要求译文采用规范的译入语言形式;在严复的翻译思想体系中，「雅」指「文」，就是要求译者在形成译文的过程中谨慎斟酌，细加修润，就是要求译文富有表现力，从而得以使翻译最大限度地实现它的传达功能;在实际操作中，严复在译文中追求「汉以前字法句法」， 「雅」表现为先秦风格的文言文。无论是「汉以前字法句法」，还是先秦风格的文言文，意思一目了然，无须赘述;但是，「雅」为什么表现为这样一种译文语体则需要展开分析。 历史地看，「雅」表现为先秦风格的文言文同它的另两层意思是一致的，这种语体既是规范的(前面已经做过讨论)，而且也是富有表现力的。在《〈天演论〉译例言》论「雅」的一段文字中，严复一再申说的一个意思就是，他之所以选择「汉以前字法句法」作为译文载体，是因为这种语言形式易于「达」原文的微言大意;与「近代利俗文字」相比，它不 14 至于在再度表达过程中造成「抑义就词，毫厘千里」的意义扭曲;这样做的目的全在「刻意求显」。质言之，他之所以选择这种语言形式，是因为它富有表现力，用它来翻译能够获得更高的转达效益。至少就严复这样的译者而言，这大概是事实。文言作为一种有着几千年发展历史的高度成熟的语言形式在熟练掌握它的人看来无疑是富有表现力的。至于说严复弃而不用的白话文，即他所说的「近代利俗文字」，虽然在小说方面确已取得巨大成就，但在严复翻译《天演论》的19世纪末，如果作为一种规范的、为全民族所接受的书面语言形式来要求的话，显然还没有脱离发育阶段，表现力尚嫌苍白。这一点，后来的瞿秋白、周作人、傅雷等均有过深切的 2感喟。 除了表现力而外，严复还谈到另外两方面的考虑:原文内容和译文读者对于译入语言形式的要求。严复在《〈天演论〉译例言》中一再强调，原文「本五十年来西人新得之学，又为作者晚出之书」， 「至原文词理本深，难于共喻」， 「又原书论说，多本名数格致及一切畴人之学」(页136)。言下之意是，只有选择合适的译入语言形式，才能把原文的深刻内容和庄肃风格传递过去。这样的考虑在《与梁任公论所译〈原富〉书》中得到进一步展开阐说:一方面，「窃以谓文辞者，载理想之羽翼，而以达情感之音声也。是故理之精者不能载以粗犷之词，而情之正者不可达以鄙倍之气。」并进一步引司马迁和韩愈的话说:「而迁之言曰:『其志洁者其称物芳。』愈之言曰:『文无难易惟其是。』仆之于文，非务渊雅也，务其是耳」(严复，1984，页141)。在翻译中，原文决定译文的传达形 2 瞿秋白痛感當時漢語白話文的「貧乏」,認為它難以表現「細膩的分別和複雜的關係」,因而提出,翻譯的一項重大任務是「把新的文化的言語介紹給大眾」。參見羅新璋編《翻譯論集》第,,,頁。在一封寫給林以亮的信中,傅雷說「白話文……剛剛從民間搬來」,與文言相比,表現力尚嫌貧弱,並認為周作人所說的用文言翻譯效果更好的話:「倘用駢散錯雜的文言譯出,成績可比較有把握:譯文既順眼,原文意義亦不距離太遠」:「是極有見地的說法。」參見羅新璋編《翻譯論集》第,,,頁。 15 式。理精情正的原文，是不应也不可能用「粗犷」 「鄙倍」的译文形式去传达的;而语言只是表现思想和情感的工具，经营语言的目的不在语言本身，而在「是」，即「信」，在于把原作者表现在原文中的思想情感准确地传达给译文读者。从预期的译文读者方面来看，「不佞之所从事者，学理邃赜之书也，非以饷学童而望其受益也，吾译正以待多读中国古书之人」(严复，《〈天演论〉译例言》，141)。严复的译作所针对的是在他看来能够直接影响国家决策，影响国内思想界的士大夫阶层这样一个特定的读者群，而这一特定的读者群的阅读习惯和阅读趣味也是他选择译文语言形式时需要考虑的一个因素。 对于一篇(部)原文来说，任何一种译文都是无限多种可能的译文中的一种。决定译文语言形式的因素，除了原文内容的要求和译者社会历史文化背景和语言能力等的客观条件而外，译者所针对的特定读者群的阅读要求也是应当考虑的。严复为他心目中的读者选择他们易于接受，乐于接受的译入语言形式，完全是正当的，合理的。不过，应当看到，原文一成即不变，而译文则大体上是应时的，是服务于某一时代、某一群体的特定读者的。严复为他预期的读者所选择的规范的富有表现力的译文形式，在不过二、三十年之后，到了瞿秋白、陈西滢等人那里就变成了「腐朽」， 3变成了为后来的读者所抛弃，因而也就失去了传达功能的东西。这正说明译入语言形式和译入语境对于翻译活动的重要性。 「汉以前字法句法」作为「雅」在特定历史文化条件下的一种具体表现形式无疑已经过时了，但它给我们以正面的启示:翻译是一种跨文化交际活动，译者在译文读者面前代表原文，在面对原文，寻求用另外一种语 3 瞿秋白對嚴復在「信」、「達」而外提出「雅」的要求深惡痛絕,認為文言的翻譯既不可能譯得「信」,對於大眾讀著,也不可能「達」。參見瞿秋白〈魯迅和瞿秋白關於翻譯的通信:瞿秋白的來信:〉,見羅新璋編《翻譯論集》第,,,頁。陳西瀅則認為,「雅」的要求「不但是多餘,而且是譯者的大忌。」參見陳西瀅〈論翻譯〉,見羅新璋編《翻譯論集》第,,,頁。 16 言以新的形式对它进行再度表达时，则代表译文读者的阅读要求、阅读习惯和阅读的社会历史文化条件;只承认原文对于翻译活动的本质规定，认为翻译过程完全由上游的原文决定，一味强调「忠实」，而视译文读者为被动的受体，事实上难以高质量地实现翻译的转达功能。 这便是「雅」。 研究严复的翻译思想显然必须从廓清「信达雅」三字的意义做起;而「信达雅」三字渊源有自，只有把它们置于中国古代文论、古代语言哲学和古代翻译理论的语境中，才可能准确地、全面地确立其意义。这无疑是一个艰巨的任务，恐怕不是一篇文章就能轻易完成的。我们愿借此文唤起翻译理论界对这一问题的重视，从而把严复翻译思想研究推向深入。 17 参考文献 1、(三国)支谦(1984)〈法句经序〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页22)。北京:商务印书馆。 2、(汉)毛亨(1999)〈毛诗序〉。见张少康与卢永璘(编)《先秦两汉文论选》(页342-358)。北京:人民文学。 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44、(南北朝)慧观(1984)〈法华宗要序〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页32-33)。 45、(南北朝)范晔撰，(清)王先谦注(1959)《后汉书集解》。北京:中华书局。 46、鲁迅(1984)〈鲁迅和瞿秋白关于翻译的通信(鲁迅的回信)〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页273-279)。 47、(宋)黎清德编，王星贤点校(1986)《朱子语类》。北京:中华书局。 48、钱钟书(1984)〈林纾的翻译〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页686-725)。 49、钱钟书(1984)〈翻译术开宗明义〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页28-31)。 50、钱钟书(1984)〈译事三难〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页23)。 51、钱钟书(1997)〈论不隔〉。见钱钟书《钱钟书散文》(页496-501)。杭州:浙江文艺。 52、岳峰(2000)〈试论信达雅论的误区〉。《福建师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)(福州)，2，87-90。 53、魏向清(1998)〈「信达雅」的语义学基础及其实践模式初探〉。《外语教学》(西安)，4，38-42。 54、(清)魏源(1959)〈诗比兴笺序〉。见舒芜(编)《近代文论选》(页3-4)。北京:人民文学。 55、严复(1984)《〈天演论〉译例言》。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页136-138)。 56、严复(1984)《〈名学浅说〉译者自序》。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页145-146)。 57、严复(1984)《〈群己权界论〉译凡例》。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页142-145)。 21 58、严复(1984)《与梁任公论所译〈原富〉书》。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页140-142)。 59、罗竹风主编(1997)《汉语大词典》(缩印本)。上海:汉语大词典出版社。 60、罗新璋(1984)〈中国自成体系的翻译理论〉。见罗新璋(编)《翻译论集》(页1-19)。 61、罗新璋(1990)〈钱钟书的译艺谈〉。见《中国翻译》(北京)，6，3-10。 62、苏轼(1999)〈答谢民师书〉。见陶秋英(编)，虞行(校)《宋金元文论选》(页163-164)。北京:人民文学。 22 Yan Fu’s “Xin, Da, and Ya”: An Reexamination Yaoping Zhang Doctoral Candidate, Peking University ABSTRACT Yan Fu’s writings on translation, touching almost all the fundamental questions involved in translation, are valuable with peculiar theoretical significance. However, in spite of their heavy indebtedness to the cultural heritage of ancient China—the literary theories, the linguistic philosophy, and the translative ideas deriving from the practice of Buddhist rendition, they have often been most indiscriminately and most misleadingly interpreted in the terms of western translative theories. As a result, such interpretations have only obscured Yan Fu’s ideas, rather than clarifying their specific theoretical value. Hence the present essay sets out to reexamine three of his central concepts—“xin, da, and ya”—in the contexts of those intellectual elements on which Yan Fu drew on. Key Words: translative theory, translative history, ancient Chinese 23 ,英文版 , Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the 24 Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully 25 meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above 26 situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, 27 views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political 28 criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the 29 party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp 30 several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and 31 the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and 32 leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of 33 misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate 34 violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the 35 general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different 36 conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of 37 Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in 38 general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations 39 implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it 40 requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second 41 article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new 42 regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the 43 political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council 44 introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review 45 provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" 46 and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute 47 rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, 48 formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, 49 given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be 50 disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according 51 to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant 52 provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. 53 The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and 54 the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the 55 cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and 56 implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to 57 maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of 58 the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom 59 line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX 60 District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and 61 publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and 62 timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" 63 to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as 64 supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 65