环境科学专业英语名词解释

环境科学专业英语名词解释 【环境】相对于某中心事物而言的周围境况。与某一中心事物有关的周围事物，就是这个事物的环境。 【生态环境】生态环境指生物体周围的其他生物和无机自然界，以及与作为主体的生物之间存在着种种客观的生存、营养关系和因果关系。 【环境科学】环境科学是研究人类与环境之间相互关系的科学，涉及自然科学、社会科学和技术科学，综合性很强。 【人类生态系统】人类生态系统，是指居民与其生存环境相互作用的网络结构，也是人类对自然环境适应、加工、改造而建造起来的人工生态系统。 【恒星】由炽热气体组成的、能自己发光的天体,维持恒星辐射的能源主要是热核反应。 因短期内很难发现它们位置的相对变化,故名恒星。 【脉冲星】脉冲星，就是一种变化的恒星。因为这种星体不断地发射短暂而极有规律的电磁脉冲信号 【新星】光度突然增加的爆发性恒星。 【行星】行星指的是围绕太阳运转、自身引力足以克服其刚体力而使天体呈圆球状、并且能够清除其轨道附近其他物体。 【卫星】围绕行星运行的天体。卫星本身不发光，大小、质量相差极大，运动特性很不一致。 【星云】星云 银河系内太阳系以外一切非恒星状的气体尘埃云。 【地球】地球是太阳的从里往外数第三颗行星，距太阳大约有150000000公里。地球每 365.256 天绕太阳运行一圈，每23.9345小时自转一圈。它的直径为12756公里，只比金星大了一百多公里。 【高原】海拔高程在600m以上，表面较为平坦或略有起伏，四周常有崖壁与较低的地形单元分界。 【丘陵】地表起伏不大、山峦林立的低矮地形 【平原】地势宽广平坦，或略有起伏。海拔高程在200m以下的称为低平原。 【盆地】四周是高原或山地，中央低平的地区，外形似盆而得名。 【地球自转】地球绕其本身轴线的旋转运动。与太阳系的大多数行星一样，自转的方向是自西向东,从从北极上空向下看，为逆时针旋转 【太阳日】以太阳作参照，地球上的任意一点连续两次经过地心与太阳圆面中心连线的时间间隔，其长度是24小时。 【太阴日】月球作为参照，地球上任意一点连续两次经过地心与月球圆面中心连线的时间间隔，其长度是24小时50分。 【自转线速度】线速度是指地球上某点在单位时间内绕地轴所转过的线距离 【自转角速度】除南北两极外，地球各处的角速度都相同，平均角速度大约为每日 360?，或每小时15?。 【赤道】地球绕轴自转，称自转轴，亦称地轴。地轴与地球表面的交点，称地球两极。过地轴中点且垂直于地轴的平面与地球表面的交线，称为赤道。 【地球公转】地球沿一定轨道围绕太阳的运动，称为公转。从地球北极高空看来，地球的公转方向也是自西向东，呈逆时针方向。 【近日点、远日点】每年大约1月3日，地球最接近太阳，此时的位置称为近日点;大致7月4日，地球最远离太阳，此时的位置称为远日点。 【春分点 秋分点】赤道面与天球相交的大圆，叫天赤道，黄道面与天球相交的大圆，称为黄道。天赤道与黄道有两交点，分别为春分点和秋分点;春分点与秋分点之间的两个中点分别称为夏至点和冬至点 【黄赤交角】地球的公转轨道面(叫黄道面，是通过地心的一个平面，和地轴成66?34′center pin checks and anchoring the inner cylinder. According to While coupling alignment should keep oil out of cavity and locate the rotor axis neck raised are within the prescribed limits, there should be no gaps, Horn, Horn and Horn 0.05mm feeler gauges fit into. Center coupling, condenser water filling and water-filled according to factory requirement. For coupling three supported rotor Center, the mouth under the coupling between the value should be as stipulated in the manufacturer, usually 0.15~0.25mm. In the case of coupling connection, if possible, lifting only one bearing end of the support bearing of the rotor, remove the bearing, fitted with special tiles and special lifting tools, disc rotors, check the journal flutter tile, should generally be less than 0.10MM. When the couplings and rotor comes when there is a conflict, the coupling Centre shall prevail. 6.4.5.2.2 shaft looking for: ... 6.4.5.3. Provisional bolt confirmed the positioning of the rotor size, as well as the coupling between the adjustment shim thickness accuracy, drawings to meet the technical requirements. Plane, cylindrical and clean the coupling bolt holes should be clean and without burrs, scrap iron and grease-free, relative position of the coupling according to the drawing requirements are. Coupling top screws, round distance apart, indicators to monitor movement of the aircraft, its value is allowed to pass the value axis moving, mounted adjustment pads, note pads installation direction guide pin coupling with process end closed. The back wheels slowly tightened, when 2mm or so, with standard white bars where two back wheel bolt hole measurement above and below, confirm two back wheel bolt hole concentricity. Then, the symmetrical horizontal mount two temporary bolts tightened, attention to monitor dial indicator, then install the symmetrical temporary bolts, this time sites slowly moving rotor, in the measured circumference of 8 equal parts back wheel rim rock, each measuring relative changes in value should be less than 0.02mm. 6.4.5.4 coupling reamed and paired bolt reaming die reamer, adjustable reamers, boring mill, in several ways. 6.4.5.4.1 General requirements before reaming or boring, 的交角，则黄道面与赤道面之间的交角为23?26′，称为黄赤交角。 【恒星年】地球连续两次通过太阳和另一恒星的连线与地球公转轨道的交点所需的时间为365日6时9分9.5秒，称为一个恒星年。 【回归年】地球连续两次通过春分点的平均时间为365日5时48分46秒，称为一个回归年 【公转角速度】地球公转的平均角速度为每日 59′8″，在近日点时最大，为每日1?1′1″;在远日点时最小，为每日57′11 【公转线速度】线速度平均为每秒29.8千米。在近日点时最大，为每秒30.3千米;在远日点时最小，为每秒29.3千米。 【正午太阳高度】H=90?,γ，δ， H为某地某日的正午太阳高度;γ为当地的地理纬度，无论南北半球都取正值;δ为当天太阳直射点的地理纬度，夏半年取正值，冬半年取负值。 【矿物】由地质作用形成的具有一定化学成分和物理性质的天然单质(如金刚石、自然金等)和化合物(如方解石、石英等)，称为矿物 【晶体结构】指构成矿物的物质(原子、离子或分子)按一定规则重复排列而成，是具有一定空间格子构造的固体。 【非晶体结构】指构成矿物的物质呈不规则排列。 【光泽】光泽是指矿物新鲜面对光线的反射程度。 【透明度】透明度是矿物的透光程度，一般可分为透明、半透明和不透明矿物。 【矿物的硬度】矿物抵抗刻划和机械压力的强度，称为矿物的硬度，这里的硬度是相对软硬的程度。 【解理】矿物受力后，沿一定方向规则地裂开成光滑面的性质，称为解理，光滑的面称为解理面。 【断口】 矿物在受力后不沿一定的面裂开，破裂面参差不齐，这种破裂面称为断口。 【岩石】由一种或多种矿物有规律组合而成的矿物集合体。 【岩浆岩】岩浆岩又称“火成岩”，是地下深处的岩浆侵入地壳或喷出地表冷凝而成的岩石。 【沉积岩】地壳发展过程中，在地表或近地表常温常压条件下，由风化作用、生物作用和某些火山作用的产物经搬运、沉积和成岩作用而形成的岩石。 【变质岩】地壳中原有岩石，无论是岩浆岩、沉积岩还是变质岩，由于地壳运动、岩浆活动或地壳内的热流变化等的影响，其物理化学条件发生变化，导致岩石的矿物成分、结构、构造发生不同程度的变化，这种促使岩石性质发生改变的作用，称为变质作用。由变质作用形成的新岩石称为变质岩。 【构造运动】构造运动是指在地球内力作用下引起岩石圈的岩石发生变形、变位的机械作用，它反映在地表，表现为地形高低变化，海洋、陆地范围的改变，岩石产状的改变以及地震等。 【地壳运动】地壳运动是指地壳内部物质的一切物理和化学的变化，包括地壳的变形、变质作用、岩浆作用、地震等(广义)，或主要指由内力作用所引起的地壳隆起、拗陷以及形成各种构造形态的运动(狭义)。 【褶皱】褶皱是岩层在侧方挤压力的作用下发生的波状弯曲的塑性变形。岩层若只发生一个弯曲，称为褶曲;两个或两个以上的褶曲组合，叫做褶皱。 【背斜 向斜】背斜是指岩层向上拱起的弯曲，其持点是中心岩层(核心部位)的岩层时代较老且向上隆起，而倾斜向外的岩层时代变新。 向斜是指岩层向下凹的弯曲，其特点是核心部位的岩层时代较新且向下拗陷，两翼向中心倾斜，为老岩层。 【地震】地球内能引起的地球内力，作用于地壳，当这种应力超过岩层或岩体所能承受的限度时，地壳发生断裂、错动，同时急剧地释放出所积聚的能量，并以弹性波的形式向四周传播，引起地表的震动成为地震。 center pin checks and anchoring the inner cylinder. According to While coupling alignment should keep oil out of cavity and locate the rotor axis neck raised are within the prescribed limits, there should be no gaps, Horn, Horn and Horn 0.05mm feeler gauges fit into. Center coupling, condenser water filling and water-filled according to factory requirement. For coupling three supported rotor Center, the mouth under the coupling between the value should be as stipulated in the manufacturer, usually 0.15~0.25mm. In the case of coupling connection, if possible, lifting only one bearing end of the support bearing of the rotor, remove the bearing, fitted with special tiles and special lifting tools, disc rotors, check the journal flutter tile, should generally be less than 0.10MM. When the couplings and rotor comes when there is a conflict, the coupling Centre shall prevail. 6.4.5.2.2 shaft looking for: ... 6.4.5.3. Provisional bolt confirmed the positioning of the rotor size, as well as the coupling between the adjustment shim thickness accuracy, drawings to meet the technical requirements. Plane, cylindrical and clean the coupling bolt holes should be clean and without burrs, scrap iron and grease-free, relative position of the coupling according to the drawing requirements are. Coupling top screws, round distance apart, indicators to monitor movement of the aircraft, its value is allowed to pass the value axis moving, mounted adjustment pads, note pads installation direction guide pin coupling with process end closed. The back wheels slowly tightened, when 2mm or so, with standard white bars where two back wheel bolt hole measurement above and below, confirm two back wheel bolt hole concentricity. Then, the symmetrical horizontal mount two temporary bolts tightened, attention to monitor dial indicator, then install the symmetrical temporary bolts, this time sites slowly moving rotor, in the measured circumference of 8 equal parts back wheel rim rock, each measuring relative changes in value should be less than 0.02mm. 6.4.5.4 coupling reamed and paired bolt reaming die reamer, adjustable reamers, boring mill, in several ways. 6.4.5.4.1 General requirements before reaming or boring, 【火山】岩浆喷出地表的地方叫火山。火山喷发是地球内部物质和能量在岩石圈较脆弱处骤然强烈释放的一种形式。 【滑坡】斜坡上大量土体、岩体或其他碎屑堆积物沿一定滑动面作整体下滑的现象称滑坡 【风化作用】岩石圈深部形成的物质(岩石和矿石)接近或出露地表后，由于物理化学条件发生巨变，失去了原有的平衡，在太阳辐射、大气、水及生物作用下，岩石和矿物在原地发生崩解、破碎、分解等一系列物理和化学过程，这个过程称为风化作用。 【重力作用】重力作用是指岩石圈表面的各种土层、风化岩石碎屑、基岩、松散沉积物等由于自身的重量，并在各种外因所促成的条件下产生的运动过程 【滑动作用】湿的岩体、土体或碎屑堆积物在重力作用下，沿着一个或几个滑动面整体向下滑移的过程，称为滑动作用。 【泥石流】泥石流是山区常见的一种突发性的严重的自然灾害，它是含有大量泥、沙、石块等固体物质和水流的具有强大破坏力的特殊洪流。 【三角洲】在河流人海、入湖地区，水体的动力结构发生变化，常形成平面上呈三角形的堆积体，称三角洲。 【大气气溶胶粒子】大气中还悬浮着多种固体微粒和液体微粒，统称大气气溶胶粒子。 【气温】表示空气冷热程度的物理量，实质上是空气分子平均动能的表现。 【平均气温】将某一天的最高、最低气温加在一起除以2，即得日平均气温;将一整月的日平均气温加以平均即得到月平均气温;将全年的日平均(或月平均)加以平均即得到年平均气温。 【湿度】湿度是指空气中存在的水汽数量，用以表示大气干湿程度的物理量。 【饱和水汽压】在一定温度下，水汽达到饱和时的压力，叫饱和水汽压 【绝对湿度】单位容积空气中所含的水汽质量，称为绝对湿度。 【相对湿度】大气中实际水汽含量与饱和时水汽含量的比值，水汽压(e)与同温度下饱和水汽压(E)之比，称为相对湿度。 【太阳辐射光谱】太阳辐射中辐射能按波长的分布，称为太阳辐射光谱。 【太阳常数】就日地平均距离来说，在大气上界，垂直于太阳光线的lcm2面积内，1min内获得的太阳辐射能量，称太阳常数， 【散射】太阳辐射通过大气遇到空气分子、尘粒、云滴等质点时，改变辐射的方向，以质点为中心向四面八方传播开来，形成散射。 【大气稳定度】大气稳定度是指气块受任意方向(特别垂直方向)扰动后，返回或远离原平衡位置的趋势和程度。 【雾】雾是悬浮于近地面空气中的大量水滴或冰晶，使水平能见度小于l千米的物理现象。 【降水】从云中降落到地面上的液态或固态水，称为降水。 【对流运动】对流运动是由于某团空气温度与周围空气温度不等而引起的。当某空气团的温度高于四周空气温度时，气团获得向上浮力产生上升运动，升至上层向外流散，而低层四周空气便随之辐合以补充上升气流，这样便形成了空气的对流运动。 【大气环流】大气环流是指大气圈内空气作不同规模运动的总称 【湍流】湍流是大气的无规则运动。 【天气】天气是一定区域短时段内的大气状态(冷暖、风雨、干湿、阴晴等)及其变化的总称。 【气团】团是指在广大空间存在着水平方向上物理属性比较均匀的大块空气。 【锋】两个具有不同性质的气团相互接触时，在它们中间就会形成一个狭窄的过渡地带，这个过渡地带就叫做锋。 【暖锋】暖锋 暖锋的坡度较小，通常为1,150，暖空气沿着锋面缓慢上升，可达到很center pin checks and anchoring the inner cylinder. According to While coupling alignment should keep oil out of cavity and locate the rotor axis neck raised are within the prescribed limits, there should be no gaps, Horn, Horn and Horn 0.05mm feeler gauges fit into. Center coupling, condenser water filling and water-filled according to factory requirement. For coupling three supported rotor Center, the mouth under the coupling between the value should be as stipulated in the manufacturer, usually 0.15~0.25mm. In the case of coupling connection, if possible, lifting only one bearing end of the support bearing of the rotor, remove the bearing, fitted with special tiles and special lifting tools, disc rotors, check the journal flutter tile, should generally be less than 0.10MM. When the couplings and rotor comes when there is a conflict, the coupling Centre shall prevail. 6.4.5.2.2 shaft looking for: ... 6.4.5.3. Provisional bolt confirmed the positioning of the rotor size, as well as the coupling between the adjustment shim thickness accuracy, drawings to meet the technical requirements. Plane, cylindrical and clean the coupling bolt holes should be clean and without burrs, scrap iron and grease-free, relative position of the coupling according to the drawing requirements are. Coupling top screws, round distance apart, indicators to monitor movement of the aircraft, its value is allowed to pass the value axis moving, mounted adjustment pads, note pads installation direction guide pin coupling with process end closed. The back wheels slowly tightened, when 2mm or so, with standard white bars where two back wheel bolt hole measurement above and below, confirm two back wheel bolt hole concentricity. Then, the symmetrical horizontal mount two temporary bolts tightened, attention to monitor dial indicator, then install the symmetrical temporary bolts, this time sites slowly moving rotor, in the measured circumference of 8 equal parts back wheel rim rock, each measuring relative changes in value should be less than 0.02mm. 6.4.5.4 coupling reamed and paired bolt reaming die reamer, adjustable reamers, boring mill, in several ways. 6.4.5.4.1 General requirements before reaming or boring, 高的高度。 【气旋】气旋是占有三度空间的中心气压比四周低的水平空气涡旋，又称低压。 【反气旋】反气旋是占有三度空间的、中心气压比四周高的水平空气涡旋，又称高压。 【赤道辐合带】赤道辐合带是低纬大气中一种行星尺度的天气系统，呈东西向带状分布，有时几乎环绕地球一周 【天气】天气是指某一地区在某一瞬时或某一短时间内大气中气象要素(如温度、湿度等)和天气现象(如云、雾等)的综合。 【气候】气候则是指在太阳辐射、下垫面性质、大气环流和人类活动长时间相互作用下，在某一时期内人员天气过程的综合。它不仅包括该地多年来经常发生的天气状况，而且包括某些年份偶而出现的极端天气状况 【热岛效应】城市气温比郊区高。天气晴朗无风时，城区气温与郊区的气温差值更大，可达6?~10?。 【大陆架】大陆架(或称大陆浅滩)是与大陆毗邻的坡度平缓的浅水区域，是大陆在海底以下的自然延伸部分 【大陆坡】大陆坡和大陆基是大陆与大洋盆地之间的过渡地带。 【潮汐】潮汐是由月球和太阳的引潮力所产生的。 【洋流】洋流是指在天文、水文、气象因素或重力作用下，海洋中的水团沿某一方向的水平流动。 【暖流】暖流:指洋流的水温高于其流经海区海水温度的洋流，多自低纬度向高纬度流动。 【寒流】寒流:指洋流的水温低于其流经海区海水温度的洋流，多自高纬度向低纬度流动。 【三角洲】河流的入海口(入湖处，或注入其他河流处)称为河口。在河口经常有大量泥沙沉积，形成多汊道的河口，称为三角洲。 【水位】水位指水体的自由水面高出基面的高程。 【流量】单位时间内通过某一过水断面的水量，称为流量 【径流】沿地面和地下运动着的水流，称为径流。 【湿地】湿地是一个生态系统，在底土层或接近底土层有不断的、周期性的浅水淹没或处于饱和状态。 【纬度地带性】纬度地带性，是指自然地理环境各要素组成大致沿纬线方向延展，并按纬度方向有规律的变化。 【经度地带性】经度地带性是指地理环境各组成要素和自然综合体按经度方向由海洋向内陆变化的规律。 【垂直地带性】植被和土壤随高度而分异的现象，称为自然地理环境的垂直地带性规律或高度地带性规律。 【自然区域】自然区划是按自然特征相对一致性原则，将地球表面划分为众多处于不同等级水平的自然区域。 center pin checks and anchoring the inner cylinder. According to While coupling alignment should keep oil out of cavity and locate the rotor axis neck raised are within the prescribed limits, there should be no gaps, Horn, Horn and Horn 0.05mm feeler gauges fit into. Center coupling, condenser water filling and water-filled according to factory requirement. For coupling three supported rotor Center, the mouth under the coupling between the value should be as stipulated in the manufacturer, usually 0.15~0.25mm. In the case of coupling connection, if possible, lifting only one bearing end of the support bearing of the rotor, remove the bearing, fitted with special tiles and special lifting tools, disc rotors, check the journal flutter tile, should generally be less than 0.10MM. When the couplings and rotor comes when there is a conflict, the coupling Centre shall prevail. 6.4.5.2.2 shaft looking for: ... 6.4.5.3. Provisional bolt confirmed the positioning of the rotor size, as well as the coupling between the adjustment shim thickness accuracy, drawings to meet the technical requirements. Plane, cylindrical and clean the coupling bolt holes should be clean and without burrs, scrap iron and grease-free, relative position of the coupling according to the drawing requirements are. Coupling top screws, round distance apart, indicators to monitor movement of the aircraft, its value is allowed to pass the value axis moving, mounted adjustment pads, note pads installation direction guide pin coupling with process end closed. The back wheels slowly tightened, when 2mm or so, with standard white bars where two back wheel bolt hole measurement above and below, confirm two back wheel bolt hole concentricity. Then, the symmetrical horizontal mount two temporary bolts tightened, attention to monitor dial indicator, then install the symmetrical temporary bolts, this time sites slowly moving rotor, in the measured circumference of 8 equal parts back wheel rim rock, each measuring relative changes in value should be less than 0.02mm. 6.4.5.4 coupling reamed and paired bolt reaming die reamer, adjustable reamers, boring mill, in several ways. 6.4.5.4.1 General requirements before reaming or boring, center pin checks and anchoring the inner cylinder. According to While coupling alignment should keep oil out of cavity and locate the rotor axis neck raised are within the prescribed limits, there should be no gaps, Horn, Horn and Horn 0.05mm feeler gauges fit into. Center coupling, condenser water filling and water-filled according to factory requirement. For coupling three supported rotor Center, the mouth under the coupling between the value should be as stipulated in the manufacturer, usually 0.15~0.25mm. In the case of coupling connection, if possible, lifting only one bearing end of the support bearing of the rotor, remove the bearing, fitted with special tiles and special lifting tools, disc rotors, check the journal flutter tile, should generally be less than 0.10MM. When the couplings and rotor comes when there is a conflict, the coupling Centre shall prevail. 6.4.5.2.2 shaft looking for: ... 6.4.5.3. Provisional bolt confirmed the positioning of the rotor size, as well as the coupling between the adjustment shim thickness accuracy, drawings to meet the technical requirements. Plane, cylindrical and clean the coupling bolt holes should be clean and without burrs, scrap iron and grease-free, relative position of the coupling according to the drawing requirements are. Coupling top screws, round distance apart, indicators to monitor movement of the aircraft, its value is allowed to pass the value axis moving, mounted adjustment pads, note pads installation direction guide pin coupling with process end closed. The back wheels slowly tightened, when 2mm or so, with standard white bars where two back wheel bolt hole measurement above and below, confirm two back wheel bolt hole concentricity. Then, the symmetrical horizontal mount two temporary bolts tightened, attention to monitor dial indicator, then install the symmetrical temporary bolts, this time sites slowly moving rotor, in the measured circumference of 8 equal parts back wheel rim rock, each measuring relative changes in value should be less than 0.02mm. 6.4.5.4 coupling reamed and paired bolt reaming die reamer, adjustable reamers, boring mill, in several ways. 6.4.5.4.1 General requirements before reaming or boring,