0-18岁儿童青少年的灾后心理保健

0-18岁儿童青少年的灾后心理保健 0-18岁儿童青少年的灾后心理保健 教师及志愿者指导手册 第一章 灾难后的身心反应 ................................................................................................................................................................2 (一)情绪反应................................................................................................................................................................................2 (二)身体症状................................................................................................................................................................................3 第二章 儿童与青少年的身心反应...................................................................................................................................................5 (一)所有年龄层儿童与青少年的共同反应:......................................................................................................................5 (二)不同年龄层儿童与青少年的典型反应:......................................................................................................................5 (三)孩子在灾难中失去亲友，是最常见的压力，也是最急需处理的危机，大多数会出现以下反应: ...........6 第三章 教师或志愿者从事灾后学生心理辅导工作的原则 ......................................................................................................8 (一)对学前阶段的儿童..............................................................................................................................................................8 (二)对学龄阶段的儿童..............................................................................................................................................................8 (三)对中学阶段的学生..............................................................................................................................................................8 第四章 在帮助儿童之际，别忘了照顾自己...............................................................................................................................10 (一)面对如此重大灾难之后，您可能出现以下反应: ..................................................................................................10 (二)您能为自己做些什么, ...................................................................................................................................................10 (三)然而，当您在面对儿童，试图帮助儿童走过大地震所带来的阴影与伤痛的过程中，很可能遭遇以下许多的挫折: ......................................................................................................................................................................................10 (四)当发生上述情形时，您能为自己做些什么: ...........................................................................................................11 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第一章 灾难后的身心反应 在灾难发生之后，许多人会经历亲友的伤亡，或是自己身体受到伤害。在这种情况下，受难者会因灾 难而产生一些心理和身体上的反应。 (一)情绪反应 , 害怕 , 很担心地震会再次发生 , 害怕自己或亲友会受到伤害 , 害怕只剩下自己一个人 , 害怕自己崩溃或无法控制自己 , 无助感 , 觉得人是多么脆弱，不堪一击 , 不知道将来该怎么办，感觉前途茫茫 , 悲伤、罪恶感 , 为亲友或其他人的死伤感到很难过、很悲痛 , 觉得没有人可以帮助我 , 恨自己没有能力救出家人 , 希望死的人是自己而不是亲人 , 因为比别人幸运而感觉罪恶 , 愤怒 , 觉得上天怎么可以对我这么不公平 , 救灾的动作怎么那么慢 , 别人根本不知道我的需要 , 重复回忆 , 一直想到逝去的亲友，心里觉得很空虚，无法想别的事 , 失望 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第一章 灾后的身心反应 , 不断地期待奇迹出现，却一次一次地失望 , 希望 , 期待重建家园，希望更好的生活将会到来 (二)身体症状 , 疲倦 , 失眠 , 作恶梦 , 心神不宁 , 记忆力减退 , 注意力不集中 , 晕眩、头昏眼花 , 心跳突然加快 , 发抖或抽筋 , 呼吸困难 , 喉咙及胸部感觉梗塞 , 恶心 , 肌肉疼痛(包括头、颈、背痛) , 子宫痉挛 , 月经失调 , 反胃、拉肚子 返回目录 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. „„ Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第二章 儿童与青少年的身心反应 第二章 儿童与青少年的身心反应 经历过这次大灾难，孩子们不论在生理、心理或行为上，均会产生许多的反应。一般而言，这些情绪反应并不会持续很久，但目前看起来状况很好的孩子也有可能在灾难发生数周后才逐渐地现出来。由于儿童对灾难事件(例如死亡)的想法与成人不同，因此表现出来的反应也稍异于成人。以下是针对不同年龄层的孩子，可能有的各种反应，分述如下: (一)所有年龄层儿童与青少年的共同反应: , 害怕将来的灾难 , 对上学失去兴趣 , 行为退化(行为上表现出幼年或更早期的特征) , 睡眠失调和畏惧夜晚 , 害怕与灾难有关的自然现象 (二)不同年龄层儿童与青少年的典型反应: 1(学龄前(1-5岁) , 吸手指头 , 害怕黑暗或动物 , 畏惧夜晚 , 说话困难(例如:口吃) , 尿床 , 粘人 , 大小便失禁，便秘 , 食欲减退或增加 这个年龄层的儿童，由于缺乏处理紧急压力的语言和思考能力，家人的帮助或安慰对于他们来说将是非常有效的，多关心陪伴他们，增加身体上的接触，如拥抱。 2(学龄儿童(5-10岁) , 易怒 , 粘人 , 明显地与弟弟妹妹竞争父母的注意力 , 逃避上学 , 在学校失去兴趣或不能专心 , 哭诉 , 在家或学校出现攻击行为 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. „„ Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities , 畏惧夜晚、做恶梦、害怕黑暗 , 在同伴中退缩 退化行为几乎是这个年龄层的典型反应，失去宠物或有价值的物品对他们而言是特别难处理的。 3(青春期前(11-14岁) , 睡眠失调 , 食欲不振 , 在家里造反 , 不愿意做家事 , 学校问题(例如:打架、退缩、失去兴趣、寻求注意的行为) , 生理问题(例如:头痛、不明原因的痛、皮肤发疹、排泄问题等) , 失去与同伴社交活动的兴趣 同伴活动在这个年龄层特别重要，孩子需要觉得他的恐惧是适当的，是和别人一样的。 4(青春期(14-18岁) , 身心症状(例如:排泄问题、气喘) , 食欲与睡眠失调 , 烦躁或减低活动、冷漠 , 不负责或犯法的行为 , 注意力不集中 , 疑病症(不断担心自己有病痛，但无医学上的根据) , 头痛与紧绷 , 月经失调与月经困难 , 对异性的兴趣降低 , 对父母控制、想要解放的反抗减少 大部分青春期的青少年活动与兴趣都集中在与他们同龄的同伴，他们特别容易因同伴活动的瓦解，以 及共同努力时失去大人的依靠而悲伤、难过。 (三)孩子在灾难中失去亲友，是最常见的压力，也是最急需处理的危机，大多数会出现以 下反应: , 不相信亲友已经永远离开 , 身体不适，例如没食欲、呼吸困难 , 觉得自己被拋弃，对过世亲人生气 , 对亲友的死亡自责 , 模仿过世亲友的行为或特征 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第二章 儿童与青少年的身心反应 , 变的容易紧张 , 担心以后没人照顾自己 , 出现跟以前很不一样的举动，例如特别乖、特别顽皮 返回目录 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. „„ Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第三章 教师或志愿者从事灾后学生心理辅导工作的原则 正如前述，学生在经历过这次灾变之后，普遍出现的身心症状包括焦虑、恐慌、畏惧夜晚、不明原因的生理问题、不爱上学、上课不易专心、情绪及行为的反应不稳定且容易失控等，因此，许多学生在这段期间会有有暂时性的成绩下降的现象。这时，做为教师的您，应该能了解面临灾变的这些正常反应，在日常的教学活动中若能利用每周固定的时间(如班会、或辅导课的时间)，对学生进行心理卫生教育或进行团体辅导，将可有效的抒解学生在此阶段所感受的身心压力。 以下则针对不同儿童及青少年发展阶段的身心需求，提供给教师或志愿者从事学生灾后心理辅导的参考。 (一)对学前阶段的儿童 此年龄层的儿童对他们身边赖以维生的安全世界的遭受破坏，会显得特别敏感，反应也极脆弱，他们通常无法有效的以口语能力来表达自身的需求，而期待身边亲近的大人能给予积极与适当安慰。我们建议以下的一些活动，重建学生的安全感。 , 提供他们足够的玩具、道具，鼓励他们以玩耍的方式重建在灾难中的经验与观察，灾区的教师则可以 就地取材，不需拘泥于真实的玩具，随处可见的石头、沙子、玩偶皆可以替代。 , 多给予孩子身体的拥抱与接触，或提供需相互碰触的团体游戏。 , 提供孩子绘画经验，最好有一张大的墙报纸，让孩子集体在纸面上尽情表达他的感受，之后再团体分 享，需要提醒的是，画笔最好不是水彩，此时要的是鼓励孩子画出具体的东西。 , 孩子此时的胃口可能并不是那么好，建议以多餐的方式提供他们在生理与情绪上的补充。 , 用一些不具威胁性或低威胁性的活动来鼓励他们来玩保护自己的游戏，如“假如怕狗狗的小英碰到一 只狗狗，她要怎么办,”“假如家里突然停电了，要怎么办,” , 告知家长，在孩子睡前要多安排一些睡前活动，以建立更高的安全感。 (二)对学龄阶段的儿童 此阶段的儿童虽已能表达他们的经验与感受，但他们往往缺乏具体且完整陈述的能力，此外，若他们失去心爱的宠物或物品，他们难过的心情也需要相当重视与安抚。以下是一些活动上的建议: , 对低年级的儿童来说，安排足够的玩具、道具，特别是一些布偶，鼓励他们以玩耍的方式重建在灾难 中的经验与观察仍然相当重要，灾区的教师则可以就地取材，不需拘泥于真实的玩具，随处可见的石 头、沙子、玩偶皆可以替代。 , 给孩子一面墙(贴好墙报纸)，让他们在上面作画，可以给他们一些小主题，如地震时，我家发生了什 么事,之后可以团体讨论的方式来陈述每个人的经验。 , 让学生编，也可以用绘画或用接龙的方式提高大家的兴趣，以便于整理与回馈。 , 以脑力激荡的方式，让大家来面对这次灾难发生后的身心症状进行调适，学生可以想出许多方法来解 决教师在整理后给予回馈。 , 亦可以脑力激荡的方式，对学生进行教室内及家中的防灾预防演练。 (三)对中学阶段的学生 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第三章 教师或志愿者从事灾后学生心理辅导工作的原则 此阶段的学生大都已能充分表达他们的经验与反应，处于同伴认同的阶段，他们往往最关心的是别人的看法，同时也认为自己已是个小大人，因此，我们建议可安排以下的活动: , 同伴间的团体讨论，让学生有机会抒发与合理化他们感受到的强烈情绪，教师或志愿者可能需要在过 程中不断向他们保证，他们所感受到的强烈情绪甚至是“疯狂想法”在此灾难中都是正常的。 , 让班上分为几个小团体，让他们谈谈救灾防治的工作，甚至是家园重建的工作，这可协助青少年建立 安全或对灾难的支配感，这也可让他们建立社会参与的成就感。 , 设定专题讨论，如“社区重建”、“家庭重建”、“防疫”等主题，让学生能先有系统的搜集资料后，加 以报告与讨论。 , 对地震的正确认识，对大自然的现象作有科学根据的了解与认识，避免听信坊间的不实传说，以建立 科学家实事求证的态度。 , 认识“创伤后的心理重建”的意义与价值，这需要透过学校较专业的教师，进行专题演讲，或由专业 的心理学文章的阅读，进行讨论。 , 艺术活动的表达，可以鼓励学生从事绘画、音乐、话剧等活动，将这次的灾难经验转化为具创造力的 方向。 返回目录 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. „„ Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第四章 在帮助儿童之际，别忘了照顾自己 各种灾难让儿童面临空前重大的压力。学校复学之后，儿童心理保健的责任便直接落在教师或志愿者的肩上。然而大多数的教师或志愿者同时也是灾难的受害者，承受着丧失亲友、财产的伤痛，同时身兼受灾者与救难者的双重角色。即便是自己未亲身经历灾害、丧失亲友，但经由媒体的报导或亲友间的传述，也真切地感受到灾难的震撼。因此，在复学之后，这势必成为校园内每一位成员所必须立即面对的，若教师或志愿者无法先平复自己情绪，将对儿童造成相当负面的影响。 故在此我们列出救灾人员在面临灾难后，可能出现的反应与自己能做的应对策略，期望能对教师或志愿者情绪的平复有所帮助。最后，我们列出教师们和志愿者们在帮助儿童时可能面临的挫折与应对方式，希望能对他们辅导儿童时有所帮助。 (一)面对如此重大灾难之后，您可能出现以下反应: , 对自己经历的一切感到麻木与困惑。 , 对幸免于难产生罪恶感。 , 过分的为受害者悲伤、忧郁。 , 因心力交瘁、精疲力尽而觉得生气，例如对周围亲友、政府官员、媒体感到愤怒，甚至出现暴躁易怒 的情形。 , 觉得自己可以做的更好、做得更多而产生罪恶感，怀疑自己是否已经尽力，有无充分帮助周围的人。 , 由于身心极度疲劳，休息与睡眠的不足，此时容易产生生理上的不适感，例如晕眩、呼吸困难、胃痛、 紧张、无法放松等。 , 对于接受帮助觉得尴尬、难堪。 (二)您能为自己做些什么, 出现上述反应时，请注意这些都是正常的心理反应。而您能为自己做的事，是利用以下的方式，试着减轻自己的心理负担与痛苦，早日从灾变的冲击中恢复过来。 , 不要隐藏感觉，试着把情绪说出来，并且让家人与自己一同分担悲痛 , 不要因为不好意思或忌讳，而逃避和别人谈论的机会，要让别人有机会了解自己 , 不要勉强自己去遗忘，伤痛会停留一段时间，这是正常的现象 , 别忘记家人和自己都有相同的经历和感受，试着与他们谈谈 , 一定要有充足的睡眠与休息，与家人和朋友聚在一起 , 如果有任何需要，一定要向亲友或相关机构表达 , 在伤痛及伤害过去之后，要尽力使自己的生活作息恢复正常 (三)然而，当您在面对儿童，试图帮助儿童走过大地震所带来的阴影与伤痛的过程中，很可能遭遇以下许多的挫折: , 因为觉得自己还可以为儿童做的更多而产生挫折感与罪恶感。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 第四章 在帮助儿童之际，别忘了照顾自己 , 为儿童的遭遇感到十分悲伤，甚至由儿童的反应与行为，回想到自己本身的情形，进而严重影响个人 情绪。 , 原来怀抱满腔热情想帮助儿童，却因为儿童拒绝谈论灾后创伤或拒绝关心而感到十分挫败。 (四)当发生上述情形时，您能为自己做些什么: , 肯定自己有这些心理反应，如罪恶感、悲伤、忧郁等，都是正常的。 , 可以与其它同行讨论，相互支持、鼓励。 , 对儿童多些包容。儿童面临如此重大压力、伤害时，可能出现一些反常行为，例如儿童会很粘老师、 愤怒攻击其他儿童、或出现一些幼儿时期才会有的行为。 , 确认孩子的需要，再提供可能的帮助。 自助而后助人，期望这本手册提供的方式能帮助教师或灾后援助的志愿者平复心情，使您更有效地帮助儿童安心就学，如此不仅能帮助儿童度过心理的困顿，也能减轻儿童父母的负担，不需要花费更多力气去安顿孩子的身心，而倾注更多心力于家园的重建。 返回目录 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. „„ Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities