为了正常的体验网站,请在浏览器设置里面开启Javascript功能!

先有汉字还是先有拼音

2018-02-01 12页 doc 38KB 28阅读

用户头像

is_260251

暂无简介

举报
先有汉字还是先有拼音先有汉字还是先有拼音 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team inju...
先有汉字还是先有拼音
先有汉字还是先有拼音 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 我国原来没有拼音字母,采用直音或反切的方法来给汉字注音。直音,就是用同音字注明汉字的读音,如果同音字都是生僻字,就是注了音也读不出来。反切,就是用两个汉字来给另一个汉字注音,反切上字与所注字的声母相同,反切下字与所注字的韵母和声调相同。周有光先生称反切是“心中切削焊接法”。这两种注音方法,用起来都不方便。 唐代守温在分析汉语声母韵母和声调的基础上,制定了描述汉字语音的三十六字母,说明当时我国的语音分析已经达到很高的水平,可惜他用汉字来表示这些声母和韵母,因此,这样的字母没有进一步发展成拼音文字。 500年前我国部分穆斯林少数民族中曾经使用“小经”文字,这种文字是一种阿拉伯文字。用阿拉伯字母来拼写汉语,比唐代守温用汉字来表示声母和韵母又进了一步。共有36个字,其中4个字母是特有的,这可能是我国最早的用来拼写汉语的拼音文字,它不再带有汉字的痕迹,完全采用拼音字母。“小经“同时也为东乡、撒拉等民族使用。 明朝末年西方传教士来中国传教,为了学习汉字,他们开始用拉丁字母来拼写汉语。1605年,意大利耶稣会传教士利玛窦(Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610)在北京出版了《西字奇迹》,其中有4篇汉字文章加了拉丁字母的注音。这是最早用拉丁字母给汉字注音的出版物,比“小经”用阿拉伯字母给汉字拼音稍晚,“小经”大概是最早用字母文字给汉字拼音的尝试。《西字奇迹》原书已不容易找到,据说,梵蒂冈图书馆尚有藏本。 1626年,法国耶稣会传教士金尼阁在杭州出版了《西儒耳目资》,这是一本用拉丁字母给汉字注音的字汇。注音所用的是在利玛窦方案的基础上administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 修改的。 利玛窦和金尼阁的方案是以“官话读书音”为的,适于拼写北京语音。这种新颖的拼音方法给中国学者以很大的启迪。明末音韵学家方以智说:“字之纷也,即缘通与借耳。若事属一字,字各一义,如远西因事乃合音。因音而成字,不重不共,不尤愈乎,”清朝学者杨选杞说:“辛卯户糊口旧金吾期翁家,其犹子芸章,一日出《西儒耳目资》以示余,予阅未终卷,顿悟切字有一定之理,因可为一定之法”。但是,在两三百年间,利玛窦和金尼阁的方案只是在外国传教士中使用,没有在中国人当中广为传播。 1815年到1823年之间,在广州传教的英国传教士马礼逊编了一部《中文字典》,这是最早的汉英字典,字典中用他自己设计的拼音方案来拼写汉语的广东方言,实际上是一种方言教会罗马字。接着,在其他的方言区也设计了不同方言的方言教会罗马字。其中厦门的“话音字”1850年开始传播,仅在1921年就印刷出售五万册读物,直到新中国成立以前,大约还有十万人左右使用这样的方言教会罗马字。其他各地的方言教会罗马字,在南方的通商口岸传播,主要用来传教。 1867年,英国大使馆秘书威妥玛(Thomas F. Wade)出版了北京语音官话课本《语言自迩集》,他设计了一套拼写法,用拉丁字母来拼写中国人名、地名和事物的名称,叫做“威妥玛式”。 1931年到1932年间,有两个外国传教士提出了“辣体汉字”,这是一种根据《广韵》设计的、以音节为单位的汉语拉丁字母文字,同音字几乎都有不同的拼写法,拼写的是方言。 这些用拉丁字母拼写汉字的方案,为以后的汉语拼音运动提供了经验 《现代汉语拼音方案》源于近代以来在中国开展了拉丁化administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 新文字运动,中国的拉丁化新文字是20年代末30年代初在苏联创制的,其目的是在苏联远东的10万华工中扫除文盲,今后在条件成熟时,用拉丁化新文字代替汉字,以解决中国大多数人的识字问。当时的苏联政府把在苏联远东地区的华工中扫除文盲也列为苏联本国的工作任务,于是,在苏联的中国共产党员瞿秋白、吴玉章、林伯渠、萧三等人与苏联汉学家龙果夫、郭质生合作,研究并创制拉丁化新文字。瞿秋白写成《中国拉丁式字母草案》,于1929年由莫斯科中国劳动者共产主义大学出版社出版,1930年,瞿秋白又出版了《中国拉丁化字母》一书,引起很大反响。 1931 年5月,苏联各民族新文字中央委员会科学会议主席团对中国拉丁化字母的方案进行了审定,并批准了这个方案。1931年9月26日在苏联海参威召开的中国文字拉丁化第一次代表大会上,又通过了书面方案《中国汉字拉丁化的原则和规则》。拉丁化新文字方案通过后,首先在华工中推行,出版书籍47种,刊印10多万册,许多华工学会了新文字,可以用新文字读书写信。 1933年,拉丁化新文字介绍到国内。1934年8月,上海成立了“中文拉丁化研究会”,出版介绍拉丁化新文字的书籍。接着,在北方和南方的一些大城市都先后成立了拉丁化新文字团体,甚至在海外华人中也成立了这样的拉丁化新文字团体,据统计,从1934年到1955年二十一年中,拉丁化新文字团体总共有 300多个。 拉丁化新文字的传播还得到了文化教育界人士的热情赞助。1935年12月,蔡元培、鲁迅、郭沫若、茅盾、陈望道、陶行知等688位知名人士,共同发表文章《我们对于推行新文字的意见》,其中说:“我们觉得这种新文字值得向全administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 国介绍。我们深望大家一齐来研究它,推行它,使它成为推进大众文化和民族解放运动的重要工具”。这是拉丁化新文字运动的一份革命宣言。 毛泽东对于当时新文字运动给以极大的赞赏。毛泽东对于新文字运动是积极支持的。他在 1940年1月发表的《新民主主义论》中说:“文字必须在一定条件下加以改革,言语必须接近民众”。1941年1月,陕甘宁边区政府成立“新文字工作委员会”,正式宣布新文字与汉字有同等的法律地位。同年,在延安出版的 《Sin WenziBao》(《新文字报》)第一期上,发表了毛泽东的题字:“切实推行,愈广愈好”;朱德也题了字:“大家把实用的新文字推行到全国去”。 拉丁化新文字运动一直延续到1958年《汉语拼音方案》公布时为止,历时近30年。它对中国的文字改革事业,对制定和推广《汉语拼音方案》,都有着重大而深远的意义。 1949年中华人民共和国成立后,就马上着手研制拼音方案。1949年10月成立了民间团体“中国文字改革协会”,协会设立“拼音方案研究委员会”,讨论拼音方案采用什么字母的问题。 在1951年,毛泽东就指出:“文字必须改革,必须走世界文字共同的拼音方向”。但是,究竟采用什么形式的拼音方案,他本人也是经过了反复斟酌的。毛泽东到苏联访问时,他曾经问斯大林,中国的文字改革应当怎么办;斯大林说,中国是一个大国,可以有自己的字母。毛泽东回到北京之后,指示中国文字改革研究委员会制订民族形式的拼音方案。同时,上海的新文字研究会停止推广北方拉丁化新文字,等待新方案的产生。 1955 年10月15日,全国文字改革会议在北京举行。这次会议上印发给代表们六种拼音方案的草案,有四种是汉字笔administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 画式的,一种是拉丁字母式的,一种是斯拉夫字母式的。会议之后,当时的中国文字改革委员会主任吴玉章向毛泽东报告,他说,民族形式方案搞了三年,难以得到大家都满意的设计,不如采用拉丁字母。毛泽东同意采用拉丁字母,并在中央开会通过。 1956年1月20日,毛泽东在知识分子问题会议上,发表了赞成拉丁字母的讲话。他说,“关于文字改革的意见,我很赞成。在将来采用拉丁字母,你们赞成不赞成呀,我看,在广大群众里头,问题不大;在知识分子里头,有些问题。中国怎么能用外国字母呢,但是,看起来还是采用这种外国字母比较好。因为这种字母很少,只有二十几个,向一面写,简单明了。我们汉字在这方面实在比不上。比不上就比不上,不要以为汉字那么好。有几位教授跟我说,汉字是„世界万国?最好的一种文字,改革不得。假使拉丁字母是中国人发明的,大概就没有问题了。问题就出在外国人发明,中国人学习。”(转引自郑林曦《论语说文》)。 在中国制定拼音方案的时候,苏联已经不再搞拉丁化,改为搞斯拉夫化,把所有的拉丁化民族文字一律改成了斯拉夫字母。蒙古人民共和国也把蒙古字母改成了斯拉夫字母。50年代,中国向苏联一边倒,有人主张采用斯拉夫字母,跟苏联在文字上结盟。苏联派到中国的语言学家谢尔久琴柯也提出使用斯拉夫字母的建议。据说,苏联的一位副总理来中国访问时,曾经向陈毅副总理说,希望中苏两国都采用相同的字母。陈毅副总理回答说,中国文化必须跟东亚和东南亚联系,东亚和东南亚都习惯用拉丁字母。这样,中国才没有采用斯拉夫字母。 1955 年10月,国务院成立“汉语拼音方案审定委员会”,经过一年的工作,于administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 1957年10月提出《修正草案》,11月1日由国务院全体会议第60次会议作为新的《汉语拼音方案(草案)》通过,提请全国人民代表大会审议,1958年2月11日,第一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议正式批准《汉语拼音方案》。 1958年秋季开始,《汉语拼音方案》作为小学生必修的课程进入全国小学的课堂。 1977年,联合国地名标准化会议决定采用《汉语拼音方案》作为拼写中国地名的国际标准。1978年9月,国务院转发了《关于改用汉语拼音方案作为我国人名地名罗马字母拼写法的统一的报告》。1982年8 月1日,国际标准化组织(ISO)文献工作技术委员会决议采用汉语拼音作为世界文献工作中拼写中国专有词语的国际标准,标准号:ISO7098- 1982。《汉语拼音方案》已经从中国标准发展成为国际标准。 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6
/
本文档为【先有汉字还是先有拼音】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑, 图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。 本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。 网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。

历史搜索

    清空历史搜索