经济基础决定上层建筑

经济基础决定上层建筑 经济基础和上层建筑是对立统一的辩证关系。一方面，经济基础决定上层建筑。经济基础决定上层建筑的产生;经济基础的发展变化决定上层建筑的发展变化;经济基础的性质决定上层建筑的性质。另一方面，上层建筑又能对经济基础起到能动的反作用。当上层建筑适合经济基础需要的时候，它就会推动经济基础的发展和生产力的进步。当它不适合经济基础需要的时候，就会阻碍经济基础的发展和社会的进步。 (1)生产关系必须适合生产力状况的规律，包括生产力决定生产关系、生产关系反作用于生产力、生产力和生产关系之间的矛盾运动三项内容。 (2)根据生产力决定生产关系的原理，如果一个国家生产力发展水平比较低，不同地区、不同经济部门发展又不平衡，存在多层次的生产力，就应该在此基础上建立多种性质的生产关系。特别是经济文化落后的国家建设社会主义，不应该一开始就急于建立单一的社会主义公有制经济。 一、经济基础和上层建筑的辩证关系 经济基础决定上层 建筑，上层建筑反映经济基础，并具有相对的独立 性，对经济基础有反作用，这是二的辩证关系。经济基 础决定上层建筑主要表在:首先，有什么样的经济基础 就有什么样的上层建筑，经济基础决定上层建筑的基本 内容和性质。在阶级社会里，剥削阶级在经济上占统治地 位，在上层建筑领域里也就以剥削阶级在政治上和思想 上的统治为其主要内容。其次，经济基础的变化决定上层 建筑的变化和发展方向。旧的经济基础破新的经济基础 代替之后，旧的上层建筑也就或迟或早地必然被新的上 层建筑所代替。经济基础和上层建筑之间的辩证关系还 表现在上层建筑对经济基础具有反作用。上层建筑对于 经济基础不是消极的、被动的，它一旦产生即反作用于经 济基础，为经济基础服务，帮助经济基础的形成、巩固和 发展。上层建筑对于经济基础的反作用有两种情况:一种 是促进经济基础的发展，当上层建筑为先进的经济基础 服务时，它就成为促进生产力发展，推动社会前进的进步 力量;一种是阻碍经济基础的发展，当它为落后的经济基 础服务时，它就成为阻碍生产力发展，阻碍社会前进的落 后的力量。上层建筑对社会发展起何种作用，以它所服务 的经济基础的性质为转移。归根到底，取决于它是否有利 于生产力的发展。 生产关系一定要适合生产力反作用于经济基础，当前我国的经济发展迅速最重要的是生产关系在不断的朝着多元化的方向发展，公有制为主体，多种所有制共存的经济体制是适应声会主义市场经济的，但是我国的政治体制革新落后于经济体制发展，这是由于1，生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律的自身特点。 2，我国的国情所决定的。 这必然会阻碍经济的发展，所以为了与经济体制相适应必须加快政治体制改革。 经济基础与上层建筑的相互作用是指:经济基础对上层建筑起决定作用;上层建筑依赖于经济基础，又对经济基础起反作用。 经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用主要表现在:首先，经济基础决定上层建筑的产生。上层建筑是适应经济基础的需要而产生的。一定的经济基础必然会产生一定的上层建筑为它的巩固和发展服务。其次，经济基础决定上层建筑的性质。有什么样的经济基础，或早或晚就会有什么样的上层建筑。再次，经济基础决定上层建筑的发展。社会的经济基础发生了变化，上 层建筑必然或迟或早也要发生改变;经济基础还决定上层建筑的变化发展的方向。 上层建筑对经济基础有反作用:当它沿着与经济基础发展的同一方向起作用时，就会促进经济基础的发展;当它沿着与经济基础发展相反的方向起作用时，就会阻碍经济基础的发展。当上层建筑所服务的经济基础适应生产力的发展时，上层建筑就会促进生产力的发展，成为推动社会前进的积极的或进步的力量;反之，就会束缚生产力的发展，成为阻碍社会前进的消极的或反动的力量。当上层建筑严重地阻碍经济基础实现变革的时候，上层建筑的革新，对于经济基础的发展就有巨大的反作用。 经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾运动规律，是我国政治体制改革的理论基础。只有运用这一规律，我们才能正确地认识我国政治体制改革的必然性及其实质。首先，政治体制改革是我国上层建筑与经济基础矛盾运动的必然结果。社会主义上层建筑和经济基础之间既相适应又有矛盾，那末，我们就要及时地自觉地调整和改革上层建筑不适应经济基础的某些方面和环节，使经济基础和上层建筑协调地向前发展。其次，我国政治体制改革的实质是社会主义的自我完善。我国政治体制改革的目的是要在完善和发展社会主义上层建筑的基础上，充分发挥社会主义制度的巨大优越性，充分调动人民群众的社会主义建设的积极性，巩固和完善社会主义的经济基础，进而促进生产力的发展。因此，政治体制改革的实质是社会主义制度的自我完善。社会主义上层建筑与经济基础矛盾的性质和运动特点决定了这一改革绝不能采取使国家和社会生活发生激烈震荡的阶级斗争方式，而是在坚持社会主义制度的前提下对政治上层建筑中的政治体制进行改革，以使之不断完善。 经济基础决定上层建筑原理的形成过程及系 统论证 赵家祥 经济基础决定上层建筑的原理，是历史唯物主义的重要内容，在《马克思主义哲学原理》和《历史唯物主义原理》教科书中占有重要地位。但是，对于这一原理孕育、形成和逐步臻于完善的过程，对于为什么是经济基础决定上层建筑而不是上层建筑决定经济基础的系统论证，对于这一适用于阶级社会的原理是否也适用于无阶级社会以及从无阶级社会到阶级社会的转变时期等问题，理论界却很少有人涉及，这几个问题可以说至今仍是理论上的空白点。本文拟对这几个问题作些历史考察和理论论证，抛砖引玉，与理论界的同仁共同深入探讨这些问题。 一 马克思在1843年夏天写的《黑格尔法哲学批判》一书中提出的“不是国家决定家庭和市民社会，而是家庭和市民社会决定国家”的思想，虽然还没有完全离开黑格尔哲学的基地，并且在一定程度上受了费尔巴哈人本主义哲学的影响，还没有在哲学基本问题上转向历史唯物主义，甚至没有转向一般唯物主义，但毕竟已经接近提出经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理，开辟了通向历史唯物主义的道路。马克思、恩格斯沿着这条道路走下去，终于发现了(创立了)历史唯物主义，并且逐步对经济基础决定上层建筑的原理作了准确完整的表述。马克思在1844年4~8月写的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》一书，进一步接近于提出经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理。他说:“这种物质的、直接感性的私有财产，是异化了的人的生命的物质的、感性的表现。私有财产的运动——生产和消费——是迄今为止全部生产的运动的感性展现，就是说，是人的实现或人的现实。宗教、家庭、国家、法、道德、科学、艺术等等，都不过是生产 的一些特殊的方式，并且受生产的普遍规律的支配。”[1]p298马克思在这里虽然尚未提出经济基础和上层建筑这对概念，但他所讲的“物质的、直接感性的私有财产”、“生产和消费”等概念，已经在一定程度上具有经济基础的含义，而他所讲的宗教、国家、法、道德、艺术等等，几乎包括了他以后所讲的政治法律制度和社会意识形态等政治上层建筑和观念上层建筑的主要内容。马克思在这里实际上以不十分确切的术语论述了经济基础决定上层建筑的思想，进一步接近于提出经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理。 时隔不久，马克思、恩格斯在1844年9~11月合写的第一部著作《神圣家族》中，更加接近于提出经济基础决定上层建筑的原理，已经到了历史唯物主义形成的前夜。 首先，马克思、恩格斯提出或接近提出与经济基础概念处于同一序列的两个基本概念，即生产方式和生产关系概念。马克思、恩格斯在批判布鲁诺•鲍威尔时指出“:难道批判的批判以为，只要它从历史运动中排除掉人对自然界的理论关系和实践关系，排除掉自然科学和工业，它就能达到即使是才开始的对历史现实的认识吗,难道批判的批判以为，它不去认识(比如说)某一历史时期的工业和生产本身的直接的生产方式，它就能真正地认识这个历史时期吗,”[2]p191马克思、恩格斯讲的人对自然的理论关系指的是自然科学，人对自然的实践关系指的是工业，他们把自然科学和工业以及物质生产本身看作是生产方式的内容，尽管当时尚未对生产方式概念作出确切的规定，但毕竟是第一次提出了生产方式概念，并且认为如果不去认识某一时期的生产方式就不能真正地认识这个历史时期。马克思、恩格斯在批判蒲鲁东由于受资产阶级政治经济学的支配而不能用恰当的语言表达自己关于占有形式的思想时说了下面一段话“:实物是为人的存在，是人的实物存在，同时也就是人为他人的定在，是他对他人的人的关系，是人对 人的社会关系。”[2]p52这段话在费尔巴哈的人本主义语境下表达了生产关系思想。列宁在《哲学笔记》中曾说:马克思、恩格斯的这段话已经接近自己整个思想体系的基本思想，即“接近生产的社会关系这个思想”[3]p3。 其次，马克思、恩格斯多处论述了经济基础决定上层建筑的思想。例如，他们通过论述国家和人权、国家同其“自然基础”的关系，论述了经济基础决定上层建筑的思想。他们说:“现代国家承认人权同古代国家承认奴隶制是一个意思。就是说，正如古代国家的自然基础是奴隶制一样，现代国家的自然基础是市民社会以及市民社会中的人，即仅仅通过私人利益和无意识的自然的必要性这一纽带同别人发生关系的独立的人，即自己营业的奴隶，自己以及别人的私欲的奴隶。现代国家就是通过普遍人权承认了自己的这种自然基础。而它并没有创立这个基础。现代国家既然是由于自身的发展而不得不挣脱旧的政治桎梏的市民社会的产物，所以，它就用宣布人权的办法从自己的方面来承认自己的出生地和自己的基础。”[2]p145又如，马克思、恩格斯通过分析市民生活与政治生活的关系论述了经济基础决定上层建筑的思想。他们指出:正是人的需要这种“自然的必然性、人的特性(不管它们表现为怎样的异化形式)、利益把市民社会的成员彼此联系起来。他们之间的现实的联系不是政治生活，而是市民生活”。“在今天，只有政治上的迷信才会以为国家应当巩固市民生活，而事实上却相反，正是市民生活巩固国家”。[2]p154也就是说，把市民社会的成员连接起来的是人的物质需要和物质利益，而不是政治生活;不是国家巩固市民生活，而是市民生活巩固国家。再如，马克思、恩格斯认为历史的发源地不是在“天空的云雾中”，而是“在尘世的粗糙的物质生产中”。[2]p191这说明，他们当时已经认识到人类社会存在和发展的基础不是政治国家和社会意识形态，而是人们每时每刻都在从事的物质生产活动，这正是经济基础决定上层建筑的原理的最基本内容。 再次，马克思、恩格斯论述了物质利益在社会历史发展中的重要作用，这也是历史唯物主义关于经济基础决定上层建筑原理的重要内容。马克思、恩格斯认为，群众从事历史活动的目的不是为了实现某种思想，而是为了追求自己的利益，群众从事历史活动的“激情”、“热情”不是由某种空洞抽象的思想唤起的，而是由追求自己的实际利益唤起的。他们指出:“‘思想’一旦离开‘利益’，就一定会使自己出丑。”人们追求自己利益的“激情”、“热情”比任何思想都强大有力得多:法国“资产阶级在1789年革命中的利益决不是‘不成功的’，它‘压倒了’一切，并获得了‘实际成效’，„„这种利益是如此强大有力，以至顺利地征服了马拉的笔、恐怖党的断头台、拿破仑的剑，以及教会的十字架和波旁王朝的纯血统”。[2]p103马克思、恩格斯认为，离开追求自己利益的人的实践活动，思想不能起任何实际的作用，因为“思想从来也不能超出旧世界秩序的范围。在任何情况下它都只能超出旧世界秩序的思想范围。思想根本不能实现什么东西。为了实现思想，就要有使用实践力量的人”[2]p152。 尽管马克思、恩格斯在《黑格尔法哲学批判》、《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、《神圣家族》等著作中，他们的思想以极快的速度发生着日新月异的变化，一步一步地接近提出经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理，并且从多方面论述了有关这一基本原理的内容，但是他们毕竟尚未提出经济基础和上层建筑这两个基本概念，因而也就不能说已经形成了经济基础决定上层建筑这个历史唯物主义的基本原理，而只能说这个基本原理仍处在形成的过程中。 二 我国理论界认为，马克思、恩格斯在1845~1846年合写的《德意志意识形态》一书是标志历史唯物主义基本形成的著作，这部著作也标志着经济基础决定上层 建筑原理的初步形成。 首先，马克思、恩格斯在这部著作中提出，“在过去一切历史阶段上受生产力制约同时又制约生产力的交往形式，就是市民社会”，它是“全部历史的真正发源地和舞台”。[4]p87-88这里的“交往形式”或“市民社会”概念，已经有了十分明确的含义，它和生产力紧密相连，既受生产力的制约，又制约生产力，它的内容已经相当于生产关系或经济基础的内容。 其次，马克思、恩格斯把市民社会、交往形式决定国家和意识形态的思想作为他们的唯物主义历史观的基本思想。马克思、恩格斯指出“:这种历史观就在于:从直接生活的物质生产出发阐述现实的生产过程，把同这种生产方式相联系的、它所产生的交往形式即各个不同阶段上的市民社会理解为整个历史的基础，从市民社会作为国家的活动描述市民社会，同时从市民社会出发阐明意识所有各种不同理论的产物和形式，如宗教、哲学、道德等等，而且追溯它们产生的过程。”并且指出:“这种历史观和唯心主义历史观不同，它不是在每个时代中寻找某种范畴，而是始终站在现实历史的基础上，不是从观念出发来解释实践，而是从物质实践出发来解释观念的形成。”[4]p92马克思、恩格斯在这里明确把交往形式或市民社会看作是与物质生产、生产方式相联系的，是从物质生产过程中产生的，把它作为整个历史的基础，即作为社会的经济基础，认为它决定政治国家和各种意识形态。 再次，马克思、恩格斯通过说明占统治地位的物质力量与占统治地位的精神力量的关系，论述了经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用。他们说:“统治阶级的思想在每一时代都是占统治地位的思想。这就是说，一个阶级是社会上占统治地位的物质力量，同时也是社会上占统治地位的精神力量。支配着物质生产资料的阶 级，同时也支配着精神生产资料，因此，那些没有精神生产资料的人的思想，一般地是隶属于这个阶级的。占统治地位的思想不过是占统治地位的物质关系在观念上的表现，不过是以思想的形式表现出来的占统治地位的物质关系。”[4]p98经济基础决定上层建筑，说的就是物质的社会关系决定思想的社会关系，人们(或阶级)在物质的社会关系中的地位，决定他们在思想的社会关系中的地位。马克思、恩格斯的这段话把这一基本思想表述得极为清晰。 最后，马克思、恩格斯不仅论述了经济基础决定上层建筑的思想，而且第一次提出上层建筑概念，并把上层建筑分为国家(即政治上层建筑)和观念上层建筑两部分;接近于提出经济基础概念，把市民社会即直接从生产和交往中发展起来的社会组织看作是经济基础的内容，认为这种社会组织既是国家(即政治上层建筑)的基础，又是观念的上层建筑的基础。马克思、恩格斯指出:“‘市民社会’这一用语是在18世纪产生的，当时财产关系已经摆脱了古典古代的和中世纪的共同体。真正的市民社会只是随同资产阶级发展起来的;但是市民社会这一名称始终标志着直接从生产和交往中发展起来的社会组织，这种社会组织在一切时代都构成国家的基础以及任何其他的观念的上层建筑的基础。”[4]p130-131 马克思在1851年8月~1852年9月写成的《路易•波拿巴的雾月十八日》这篇长文，运用经济基础决定上层建筑的思想分析了路易•波拿巴实现政变的阶级基础和经济条件。马克思在论文中分析了当时活动在政治舞台上的各个党派和政治集团赖以存在的经济条件及在此经济条件基地上所形成的政治态度和意识形态。马克思指出，在波旁王朝时期进行统治的是大地产连同它的僧侣和仆从;在奥尔良王朝时期进行统治的是金融贵族、大工业、大商业，即资本和它的随从者——律师、教授和健谈家。正统王朝不过是地主世袭权力的政治表现，而七月王朝则不过是资产阶级暴发户篡夺权力的政治表现。正统派和奥尔良派这两个集团 的彼此分离决不是由于什么所谓的思想原则，而是由于各自所依赖的物质经济条件，是由于两种不同的占有形式;他们彼此分离还由于城市和农村之间的旧有的对立，由于资本和地产之间的竞争。同时马克思也不否认，把正统派和奥尔良派同某个王朝联系起来的还有旧日的回忆、个人的仇怨、忧虑和希望、偏见和幻想、同情和反感、信念、信条和原则。马克思由此得出结论说:“在不同的占有形式上，在社会生存条件上，耸立着由各种不同的、表现独特的情感、幻想、思想方式和人生观构成的整个上层建筑。整个阶级在它的物质条件和相应的社会关系的基础上创造和构成这一切。”[4]p611这里不仅进一步规定了经济基础和上层建筑的内容，论述了经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用，而且继《德意志意识形态》之后，又一次使用了上层建筑概念。同时也应该指出，《德意志意识形态》和《路易•波拿巴的雾月十八日》对经济基础决定上层建筑思想的论述，与《黑格尔法哲学批判》、《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、《神圣家族》相比，虽然深入多了，并且提出了上层建筑概念，但是这两部著作毕竟还没有提出经济基础概念。这两部著作虽然在形成经济基础决定上层建筑原理方面大大前进了一步，但仍然处于这一原理形成过程中的一个阶段，这一原理至此仍未成熟，仍未作出完整的表述。 马克思1859年写的《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》是经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理最终形成和臻于完善的标志。马克思在这篇序言中第一次用精确的语言完整地表述了这一历史唯物主义的基本原理。他说“:人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以他们的意志为转移的关系，即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构，即有法律的和政治的上层建筑竖立其上并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在，相反，是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。社会的物质生产力发展到一定阶段，便同它们一直在其中运动 的现存生产关系或财产关系(这只是生产关系的法律用语)发生矛盾。于是这些关系便由生产力的发展形式变成生产力的桎梏。那时社会革命的时代就到来了。随着经济基础的变更，全部庞大的上层建筑也或慢或快地发生变革。”[5]p32-33这段话对经济基础和上层建筑这两个概念作了明确的界定，说明了经济基础决定上层建筑原理与生产力决定生产关系原理的内在联系，阐述了物质生活的生产方式在社会历史发展中的决定作用，指明了社会存在对社会意识的决定作用，阐明了上层建筑将随着经济基础的变更而改变，并且说明了生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾运动与社会革命和社会形态变更之间的关系。 以上我们通过对《黑格尔法哲学批判》、《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、《神圣家族》、《德意志意识形态》、《路易•波拿巴的雾月十八日》、《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》六部著作的考察，说明了经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理孕育、形成和逐步臻于完善的过程。当然，我们说经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理在1859年的《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中臻于完善，也只是相对的。无论是在所谓的臻于完善以前，还是在臻于完善并用精确的语言完整地表述以后，在相当长的一段时间内，马克思、恩格斯都还没有深入系统地论述过为什么是经济基础决定上层建筑，而不是上层建筑决定经济基础。对经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义基本原理作出深入系统论述的是恩格斯在1876~1878年写成的《反杜林论》一书。 三 恩格斯在《反杜林论》中，系统论述了马克思主义哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义三个主要组成部分以及它们之间的相互联系，并第一次深入系统地论证了为什么是经济基础决定上层建筑，而不是上层建筑决定经济基础。 继马克思的《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》之后，恩格斯在《反杜林论》中又一次对历史唯物主义最核心的内容作了概括:原始社会解体以来的全部历史“，都是阶级斗争的历史;这些互相斗争的社会阶级在任何时候都是生产关系和交换关系的产物，一句话，都是自己时代的经济关系的产物;因而每一时代的社会经济结构形成现实基础，每一个历史时期的由法的设施和政治设施以及宗教的、哲学的和其他的观念形式所构成的全部上层建筑，归根到底都应由这个基础来说明。这样一来，唯心主义从它的最后的避难所即历史观中被驱逐出去了，一种唯物主义的历史观被提出来了，用人们的存在说明他们的意识，而不是像以往那样用人们的意识说明他们的存在这样一条道路已经找到了”[6]365。这个概括把经济基础决定上层建筑原理与阶级斗争理论联系起来了，这是比《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中的概括前进的地方。杜林认为:“政治关系的形式是历史上基础性的东西，而经济的依存不过是一种结果或特殊情形，因而总是次等的事实。”“本原的东西必须从直接的政治暴力中去寻找，而不是从间接的经济力量中去寻找。”[6]p501恩格斯通过批判杜林的这种政治决定经济的历史唯心主义观点，深入系统地论述了经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用。 第一，通过分析经济对政治的“基础性”地位，阐明经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用。首先，恩格斯认为，把重大的历史事件看作历史上起决定作用的东西的这种观念，是一种支配以往整个历史观的古老观念。由于这种古老观念，使人们看不到人民群众创造历史的作用。这种古老观念虽然被法国复辟时代的历史学家所动摇，但杜林却对此毫无所知。其次，恩格斯认为，经济利益是目的，政治暴力仅仅是达到经济利益的手段，目的比用来达到目的的手段要具有大得多的“基础性”。同样，在历史上，关系的经济方面也比政治方面具有大得多的“基础性”。再次，私有财产是由于经济原因产生的，即由于生产关系和交换关系发 生变化，是为了提高生产和促进交流。在这里，暴力没有起任何作用。因为在掠夺者能够用暴力占有他人的财产以前，私有财产的制度必须是已经存在了;暴力虽然可以改变占有状况，但是不能创造私有财产本身。最后，在资产阶级革命中，市民等级所以能够战胜封建贵族，是由经济状况决定的，而不是由政治状态决定的。在资产阶级革命以前，就政治状态来说，封建贵族拥有一切，市民等级一无所有;可是就经济状况来说，那时市民是国家最重要的阶级，而封建贵族已经丧失了他们的全部社会职能。资产阶级革命不是按照杜林的原则，使经济状况适应政治状态，而是相反地把陈腐的封建废物抛开，并造成使新的经济状况能够存在和发展的政治状态。 第二，通过分析暴力工具对经济状况的依赖，阐明经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用。首先，恩格斯认为，暴力不是单纯的意志行为，它要求具备各种实现暴力的作用的非常现实的前提，特别是工具即武器，其中较完善的战胜较不完善的。其次，这些工具(武器)必须是生产出来的，所以同时也可以说，较完善的暴力工具(武器)的生产者战胜较不完善的暴力工具(武器)的生产者。可见，暴力的胜利是以武器的生产为基础的，而武器的生产又是以整个生产为基础的，因而是以“经济状况”、“经济力量”，以可供暴力支配的物质手段为基础的。因此，决不能说“本原的东西必须从直接的政治暴力中去寻找，而不是从间接的经济力量中去寻找”。恰恰相反，暴力本身的“本原的东西”是经济力量。 第三，通过分析政治权力与经济发展的关系，阐明经济基础对上层建筑的决定作用。首先，一切政治权力起先都是以某种经济的社会的职能为基础的，随着社会成员由于原始公社的瓦解而变为私人生产者，因而和公社共同职能执行者更加疏远，这种权力不断得到加强。其次，“政治权力在对社会独立起来并且从公仆变为主人以后，可以朝两个方向起作用。或者按照合乎规律的经济发展的精神 和方向去起作用，在这种情况下，它和经济发展之间没有任何冲突，经济发展加快速度。或者违反经济发展而起作用，在这种情况下，除极少数例外，它照例总是在经济发展的压力下陷于崩溃”[6]p526。再次，恩格斯还以一个民族对另一个民族的征服为例说明政治权力的作用受经济发展程度的制约。他指出“:由比较野蛮的民族进行的每一次征服，不言而喻，都阻碍了经济的发展，摧毁了大批的生产力。但是在长时期的征服中，比较野蛮的征服者，在绝大多数情况下，都不得不适应由于征服而面临的比较高的‘经济状况’;他们为被征服者所同化，而且多半甚至不得不采用被征服者的语言。“”经济发展总是毫无例外地和无情地为自己开辟道路”[6]p526-527。 四 以上讲的马克思、恩格斯关于经济基础决定上层建筑的原理，都是以阶级社会为对象的。这些原理是否适用于无阶级的原始社会以及从无阶级的原始社会到阶级社会的转变时期，一直是一个悬而未决的问题，这个问题是马克思晚年在“古代社会史笔记”中解决的。马克思的“古代社会史笔记”，主要指马克思在1879~1881年间撰写的五个笔记，包括《马•柯瓦列夫斯基〈古代土地占有制，其解体的原因、进程和结果〉(第1册,1879年莫斯科版)一书摘要》、《路易•亨•摩尔根〈古代社会〉一书摘要》、《约翰•菲尔爵士〈印度和锡兰的雅利安人村社〉(1880年版)一书摘要》、《亨利•萨姆纳•梅恩〈古代法制史讲演录〉(1875年伦敦版)一书摘要》、《约•拉伯克〈文明的起源和人的原始状态〉(1870年伦敦版)一书摘要》。经济基础和上层建筑的关系，是阶级社会社会结构的“骨架”，这种阶级社会的社会结构的理论，是否能够用于分析和说明无阶级的原始社会的社会结构，是长期没有解决的一个理论上的难题。马克思通过研究原始社会的家庭和亲属制度的关系，认为氏族社会的家庭属于社会的经济基础，其亲属 制度则属于社会的上层建筑。亲属制度随着家庭制度的变化而变化，就意味着上层建筑随着经济基础的变化而变化。摩尔根在《古代社会》一书中说:“这种亲属制度和古老形式的氏族组织，通常是一起被发现的。家庭是一个能动的要素，它从来不是静止不动的，而是由较低级的形式进到较高级的形式。反之，亲属制度却是被动的;它把家庭经过一个长久时期所发生的进步记录下来，并且只有当家庭已经根本变化了的时候，它才发生根本的变化。”[7]p353马克思在《摩尔根笔记》中摘录了这段话，并且补充说:“同样，政治的、宗教的、法律的以至一般哲学的体系，都是如此。”[7]p54这表明，马克思认为，适用于阶级社会的经济基础决定上层建筑的原理，也适用于说明原始社会的社会结构。英国历史学家格罗特否定血缘关系是氏族制度的基础，认为氏族只是观念地有一个共同的祖先，“根本的结构和观念的基础在一切氏族中都是相同的”。马克思在《摩尔根笔记》中辛辣地予以讽刺:“亲爱的先生～不是观念的，是物质的，用德语说是肉欲的～”[7]p503马克思的意思是说，血缘关系是一种物质的社会关系，属于氏族制度的经济基础，而关于氏族的观念，则属于氏族制度的上层建筑。 由以公有制为基础的原始的无阶级社会向以私有制为基础的阶级社会的转变，至少包括以下三个方面的内容:(1)由生产资料公有制向生产资料私有制的转变;(2)由无阶级的社会组织向有阶级的社会组织的转变;(3)由氏族机构向国家政权的转变。我们知道，对生产资料的关系不同是阶级划分的基础，而国家是阶级矛盾不可调和的产物和表现。因此，生产资料私有制的出现、阶级的产生、国家的形成是三位一体的过程，是历史唯物主义关于社会结构理论与历史发展过程理论的一个基本的主题。梅恩不懂得这个道理，他把国家权力看成是脱离社会的经济基础和阶级利益冲突而独立存在的一种永恒的社会制度。马克思对梅恩的这种观点进行了严厉的批判。他在《梅恩笔记》中指出“:梅恩忽略了深得多的东西:国家的看来是至高无上的独立的存在本身，不过是表面的，所有各 种形式的国家都是社会身上的赘瘤;正如它只是在社会发展的一定阶段上才出现一样，一当社会达到迄今尚未达到的阶段，它也会消失。先是个性摆脱最初并不是专制的桎梏(如傻瓜梅恩所理解的)，而是群体即原始共同体的给人带来满足和乐趣的纽带——从而是个性的片面发展。但是只要我们分析这种个性的内容即它的利益，它的真正性质就会显露出来。那时我们就会发现，这些利益又是一定的社会集团共同特有的利益，即阶级利益等等，所以这种个性本身就是阶级的个性等等，而它们最终全部以经济条件为基础。这种条件是国家赖以建立的基础，是它的前提。”而梅恩却把“政治优势”“当做某种驾于社会之上的、以自身为基础的东西”[7]p646-647。这说明，马克思认为，经济基础决定国家等上层建筑的原理，也适用于从无阶级的原始社会到阶级社会的转变时期。 毛泽东在1957年发表的《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》中说:“在社会主义社会中，基本的矛盾仍然是生产关系和生产力之间的矛盾，上层建筑和经济基础之间的矛盾。不过社会主义社会的这些矛盾，同旧社会的生产关系和生产力的矛盾、上层建筑和经济基础的矛盾，具有根本不同的性质和情况罢了。”[8]p767这说明，毛泽东认为，经济基础决定上层建筑的原理，也适用于未来的社会主义社会。统观马克思、恩格斯、毛泽东以上的论述，经济基础决定上层建筑的历史唯物主义的基本原理，不是只适用于某一个或某几个社会形态的理论，而是适用于人类历史发展全过程的基本理论。 参考文献: (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.