养猪场的带猪消毒

养猪场的带猪消毒 《 中国畜牧兽医报 》( 2011年07月24日 04 版) 随着养猪业集约化、规模化的发展，广大从业人员已充分意识到消毒是养猪场预防疫病感染和暴发的重要措施，是猪场安全稳定生产的保证。虽然养猪场员工的消毒意识普遍增强，但是部分从业人员对有关消毒的知识不很清楚，尤其是对猪场带猪消毒操作不，使消毒工作流于形式，没有起到应有的作用。为此，笔者谈一下养猪场带猪消毒应注意的事项，供同行们参考。 消毒前应彻底消除圈舍内猪只的分泌物及排泄物 1.分泌物及排泄物中含有大量的病原微生物。 临床患病猪只的分泌物及排泄物中含有大量的病原微生物(细菌、病毒、寄生虫虫卵等)，即使健康猪只的分泌物及排泄物中也存在大量的条件致病菌(如大肠杆菌等)。消毒前经过彻底清扫，可以大量减少猪舍环境中病原微生物的数量。 2.粪便中有机物的存在可影响消毒的效果。 一方面，粪便中的有机物可掩盖细菌对病原起着保护作用;另一方面，粪便中的蛋白质与消毒药结合起反应，消耗了药量，使消毒效力降低。 选择合适的消毒剂 选择消毒药时，不但要符合广谱、高效、稳定性好的特点，而且必须选择对猪只无刺激性或刺激性小、毒性低的药物。强酸、强碱及甲醛等刺激性、腐蚀性强的药物，虽然对病原菌作用强烈、消毒效果好，但对猪只有害，不适宜作为带猪消毒的消毒剂。建议选用强效碘、百菌消、强力消毒灵、二氧化氯等药物，效果比较理想。 配制适宜的药物浓度和足够的溶液量 1.适宜的浓度。 消毒液的浓度过低达不到消毒效果，徒劳无功;浓度过大不但造成药物的浪费，而且对猪只刺激性、毒性增强，易引起猪只的不适。必须根据使用的要求，配制适宜的浓度。 2.足够的溶液量。 带猪消毒应使猪舍内物品及猪只等消毒对象达到完全湿润，否则消毒药粒子就不能与细菌或病毒等病原微生物直接接触而发挥作用。 消毒的时间和频率1.消毒的时间。 带猪消毒的时间应选择在每天中午气温较高时进行较好。冬春季节，由于气温较低，为了减缓消毒所致舍温下降对猪只的冷应激，要选择在中午或中午前后进行消毒。夏秋季节，中午气温较高，舍内带猪消毒在防疫疾病的同时兼有降温作用，选择中午或中午前后进行消毒也是科学的。况且，温度与消毒的效果呈正相关，应选择在一天中温度较高的时间段进行消毒工作。 2.消毒的频率。 一般情况下，舍内带猪消毒以一周一次为宜。在疫病流行期间或养猪场存在疫病流行的威胁时，应增加消毒次数，达到每周2次~3次或隔日一次。 雾化要好 喷药物时，要保证雾滴小到气雾剂的水平，使雾滴在舍内空气中悬浮时间较长，既可节省药物，又可净化舍内的空气质量，增强灭菌效果。 带猪消毒不但可杀灭或减少猪只生存环境中病原微生物，而且可净化猪舍内的空气质量，夏季兼有降温作用，是控制疫病发生流行的最重要手段之一，养猪场有关人员应认真遵循上述原则，做好养猪场的带猪消毒工作。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 蓝耳病毒确实存在新变异毒株 《 中国畜牧兽医报 》( 2011年06月19日 04 版) 近期，随着气温升高，蓝耳病病毒即将进入活跃期和高发期，养猪户担心“高热病”会接踵而来。事实上进入5月之后，蓝耳病发病猪场的数量已逐渐增多，近两个月蓝耳病的发病率明显上升。 当前蓝耳病流行有哪些特点,毒株发生了怎样的变化,今年是否会暴发大流行,如何正确认识和防控蓝耳病,带着这些问题笔者专访了中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所研究员、博士蔡雪辉。 蔡雪辉博士称，蓝耳病可引起种公猪精液质量下降、精液稀薄、精子活力下降，所配母猪返情率增高;引起怀孕母猪繁殖障碍，无乳症、弱仔率增加;可引起哺乳或保育猪的胸腺萎缩、淋巴细胞减少、免疫紊乱，使其他病原继发感染，导致死淘率增加。 历年来，我国蓝耳病的流行规律各地有其各自特点，但总体流行规律比较类似。本病多呈地方性流行，一年四季均可发生。但其发病率与季节和日龄关系密切。其中以6月份~7月份高发，春秋两季次之。即以高温高湿的夏季高发，冬季发病率较低。发病日龄逐步由保育阶段向中猪阶段转移。当继发病原较多时，临床表现尤为严重。发病特点表现为:该病传播速度快、发病覆盖面广;呈现三高一低的特点，即体温高、发病率高、死亡率高和治愈率低;母猪发病以发热、便秘、厌食、流产率在20%以上为主。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 蔡雪辉说，从2010年上半年开始，似乎蓝耳病的临床暴发趋缓，特别是近来哺乳仔猪腹泻病的流行，使人们对蓝耳病的防范意识有所放松。但恰恰是蓝耳病发生过或者蓝耳病疫情不稳定的猪场，腹泻与其他疫病的发病率较高，死亡率也相对较高。因此，蓝耳病的防疫不容忽视。 从目前实验室检测结果看，蓝耳病主要是变异毒株的感染为多。但仍可检到经典毒株的存在。国内已经分离到更新的变异毒株，在NSP2缺失1+29个氨基酸的基础上出现了NSP2缺失1+29+4个氨基酸的新毒株。从13个省市的60份样品中检出48株蓝耳病(PRRSV)变异毒株(80%)。蓝耳病变异株的分离与鉴定和变异毒株人工发病模型的建立试验证明，蓝耳病变异毒株是高热病的主要致病原之一。该分离株属于B群蓝耳病的变异毒株，与CH-1a株亲缘关系较近，与VR2332亲缘关系较远。人工发病模型表明，在30日龄~65日龄仔猪复制了主要的临床发病特征，感染试验揭示细菌对高热病发病起重要作用。 蓝耳病是单股正链的RNA病毒，并且RNA病毒缺乏校对功能。病毒在复制过程中RNA合成时因点突变、删除、添加和取代而具有很高的突变频率，具有广泛的抗原变异能力，这种变异性每时每刻都在发生，在2010年已经在我国个别地区分离到更新的变异毒株。至于“10年一变异、5年一流行周期”的说法并不太确切。事实上从2006年到2010年蓝耳病的流行就从未间断过。今年也不例外，但大流行可能性不大。 蔡雪辉表示，不同的猪场免疫程序各不相同，总的原则是种猪尽量少用蓝耳病活疫苗。原则上种猪应使用灭活疫苗，只有在感染压力加大时rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 才使用活疫苗。仔猪蓝耳病活疫苗应在断奶后进行，先免猪瘟苗后再免蓝耳病活疫苗，间隔一周。 在生产实际中，这种情况比较普遍，常常是母猪群免疫进口疫苗，小猪或商品猪免疫国产蓝耳疫苗。这种做法十分错误。往往是当时疫病控制效果不理想，也给将来病毒的基因变异和毒力返强埋下了隐患。 蔡雪辉说，在谈措施之前应对蓝耳病和高热病有个明确认识，首先蓝耳病变异毒株是猪高热病的主要病原之一，这是毋庸置疑的。但并不是说高热病就等于高致病性猪蓝耳病。首先在发生高热病的猪场有一部分猪场没有分离到蓝耳病变异毒株，同时有很多猪场长期存在蓝耳病变异毒株，但并没有高热病的发生。其次，临床上高热病暴发时，中大猪的死亡率较高，但在实验室很难复制这种临床现象，只是接种在70日龄以内保育猪，可以引起一定的死亡率，在实验室很难复制中大猪的死亡。 因此，如果以蓝耳病变异毒株为主的高热病，应以蓝耳病的防疫为主，即将发病猪和尚无临床表现的猪隔离开，病猪可采用中药对症治疗，抗生素此时慎用。对无临床表现的猪可采用蓝耳病活疫苗紧急接种。对用无蓝耳病变异毒株参与的“猪高热病”，也应实验室确诊后，根据确诊主要病原的特点采取相应措施。对症治疗一定坚持“缓慢通便，缓慢退烧”的原则。李丹 如何控制牛乳体细胞超标 《 中国畜牧兽医报 》( 2011年06月12日 12 版) 吉林省前郭县奶业协会会长上官辉 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 体细胞是动物及生物体中最小的功能单位，不同部位、不同种类物体，所拥有的细胞具有不同的功能和特性。生鲜牛乳中的体细胞主要来源有两个，一是来自乳腺分泌组织中的上皮细胞，也称腺细胞。二是来自与炎症、病毒进行抵抗过程中而死亡的白细胞。目前国际上对牛乳中体细胞的含量尚没有统一规定，一般认为，产次少的青年牛乳中,理想的体细胞含量应该控制在每毫升40万个以内，产次多的年龄较大牛乳中,体细胞含量应该控制在每毫升50万个以内。 腺细胞，按动物的客观规律，健康牛体每时每刻都会有数不清的体细胞，通过新陈代谢而被淘汰。腺细胞是奶牛乳腺在新陈代谢过程中被淘汰的产物，他是正常的体细胞。白细胞，也称白血球，是血液中的细胞体。白细胞是动物体内主要的免疫、防御性细胞，当动物身体遭受病菌侵袭时，血液中的白细胞将会应激释放，通过毛细血管的内皮间隙转移到血管外的受害部位，与细菌、病毒等病原体进行抗争，吞噬一些坏死的组织，在杀灭感染病菌的同时还可以修复损伤的组织。当奶牛乳房感染疾病或受机械性创伤时，血液中将会释放出大量的白细胞，最终从乳腺及牛乳中排出。一旦白细胞进入牛奶中，体细胞含量将会明显增加。 牛乳中体细胞超标的危害 健康牛体乳汁里的体细胞是新陈代谢过程中的正常产物，对牧业和乳业以及饮食健康等不会造成危害。随着乳业的发展进步，行业内在逐渐提高牛乳里体细胞含量的，有的企业把牛乳体细胞含量标准提高到每毫升30万个以内。一般认为，牛乳里体细胞含量超过每毫升50万个，尤rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 其超过每毫升100万个时，将会对奶牛养殖、乳品生产、饮食健康等造成明显的不利影响。 牛乳中体细胞超标直接影响奶牛养殖利益牛奶的质量检测报告相当于奶牛的“健康晴雨表”，每项指标都在反映奶牛身体生理和病理上的变化。其中体细胞含量增高，基本可以确认奶牛的乳房或乳腺患了疾病，或患有其他疾病导致对乳房或乳腺产生病理反应，体细胞超标幅度可以预示奶牛乳腺被细菌感染的程度。在奶牛养殖生产中，因乳房疾病造成淘汰牛占有很大比例，如果不及时监测发现奶牛乳房、乳腺患有疾病，不能及时采取治疗措施，将会导致奶牛产奶量下降、淘汰率增加。乳品加工企业对于体细胞超标的牛乳，轻者降价收购，对体细胞含量过高的牛乳只能拒收倒奶。奶牛淘汰率增高、牛奶降价或倒奶，无疑会给养殖户的利益带来直接影响。 牛乳中体细胞超标直接影响乳制品加工利益牛乳中体细胞的含量与微生物、酸度成正比，随着体细胞含量的上升，微生物和酸度指标也相应增高。当牛乳中微生物和酸度升高时，又直接对牛乳中酪蛋白进行腐蚀、酸败。受腐蚀、酸败的牛奶将会直接影响乳制品生产利益。一是在乳品加工过程中，腐败的蛋白质很容易沉淀、挂壁，导致增加生产成本和设备维护成本。二是受腐蚀、酸败的原料牛奶制出的产品，其风味、保质期以及优等品率难以保障，降低生产成品的附加值，甚至导致经营亏损。 牛乳中体细胞超标给饮食健康带来威胁目前绝大多数乳品企业对牛乳中体细胞的检验只局限在“体细胞的含量”上，而对于体细胞中是否含有其他致病菌不具备检验能力。白细胞与细菌等病原体进行抗争、吞噬rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 时，一般一个白细胞在处理5个~25个细菌之后，它本身也就死亡了，并排入牛乳汁中。在死亡的白细胞里掺杂着细菌等病原体的分解物，这些不明物体里含有对人身体有害的致病菌，给食用乳制品的人身健康带来直接威胁。 造成牛乳体细胞超标的原因 牛乳中正常的体细胞是源于奶牛新陈代谢生理因素，超出正常范围的体细胞主要源于奶牛的病理因素。由于饲养员不按规范管理奶牛、不按规范操作挤奶、饲养环境不达标等，都是造成奶牛患乳腺炎、牛乳体细胞超标的主要原因。 乳房创伤在使用机械挤奶过程中，由于挤奶工不按规范操作，挤奶机负压过大，空吸时间过长、脉动频率不稳、橡皮奶衬老化等都会给奶牛乳房、乳头造成创伤，有的恶癖牛在栏内互相攻击，也可造成奶牛乳房伤害，从伤口发生到愈合过程中可导致牛奶中体细胞数量的增加。 乳腺炎创伤性乳房炎如不及时采取治疗措施，将会导致乳房内及乳腺患有疾病。在奶牛养殖生产中，奶牛发生乳腺炎的主要原因大多源于卫生不达标，尤其在挤完奶之后乳房和乳头非常疲劳，如果在挤奶操作、牛舍环境等卫生不达标时，细菌很容易从牛乳奶眼中侵入，对乳房、乳腺造成感染。如果对患有乳腺炎的奶牛不能及时隔离、治疗，将会出现交叉感染并扩大污染群，从而导致牛乳中体细胞数量大幅度增加。 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 其他疾病奶牛尤其是泌乳高峰期，除乳房、乳腺的其他部位患有疾病，如患有感冒、高烧、消化不良、外伤、停奶方法不当等，都会对奶牛乳房、乳腺产生不利影响，也是导致牛奶中体细胞数量增加的因素。 控制牛乳中体细胞超标的方法 强化对牛场卫生防疫的管理搞好牛舍、挤奶厅、运动场的卫生，及时清除粪便垃圾，并存放到指定的垃圾场，及时排除场内污水，牛舍内要保持通风良好，及时清除牛槽内的剩余食物，灭除蚊蝇、鼠害，经常对牛舍进行消毒;在人畜进出的走廊上设紫外线灯，进行照射消毒;在奶牛舍的设计过程中要尽可能考虑增加阳光的直射面积和时间，充分利用太阳紫外线对牛舍消毒;对不明病因的死牛要送到无害化处理场进行焚烧、深埋处理;对异常病牛进行隔离治疗，把好饲料卫生质量关;凡采用外购的工业产品饲料、添加剂时，首先要检查产品的《合格证》、《饲喂说明书》以及相关的生产卫生批准手续。先在小范围内试喂1周~2周，在确认可靠后再批量购进;养殖户自己用农副产品饲喂奶牛时，要求饲草饲料清洁干净、不霉烂、不变质;饮用水要符合国家饮用水卫生标准;奶牛严禁使用屠宰场下脚料生产的动物性饲料;不提倡使用摧奶之类的激素或添加剂，不提倡饲喂刺激性异味的饲料，不提倡对泌乳期奶牛饲喂尿素，以防牛奶中含有残留异味;严格执行对奶牛的春秋两季注射疫苗接种，以预防为主，增强奶牛自身的机体免疫力;存栏奶牛至少每年要通过县级动检部门，进行一次采血体检，对体检合格的奶牛发《健康证》，允许其生产牛奶，发现带有传染性病原的奶牛要及时淘汰处理;凡从外地购进的奶牛，rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 均要严格执行异地检疫、隔离观察等制度，凡携带病原菌的奶牛一律不准入境。健全牛场卫生岗位责任制度，落实责任不留死角。场大门口明显处要设立“外来人禁入”的警告标识，有特殊情况必须入场的人员、车辆要进行消毒，严禁其他动物进入牛场。牛场四周要绿化植树，场内排水畅通，道路硬化，牛场的进出口大门要设置消毒池，把好外来疫病的传染关。 推行CMT奶牛乳腺炎监测法牛奶中体细胞数反映泌乳牛的乳房健康状况，体细胞含量的高低反映乳房受感染的程度，一般体细胞数超过每毫升50万个，即表现为临床乳房炎症状，体细胞数在每毫升30万个~40万个时，该牛可能患有隐性乳房炎。因此，定期(每月不少于两次)检测，及时发现奶牛乳房疾病，及时采取隔离、治疗措施，这是减少奶牛淘汰率、保障奶牛养殖效益的有效措施。目前比较简便利于操作的监测奶牛乳腺炎方法是CMT牛乳检验法。牛奶检测结果为“-”，表示均匀无沉淀颜色呈微黄物，属于阴性、健康状态，一般体细胞数在每毫升30万个以内;牛奶检测结果为“-+”，牛奶有微型颗粒物颜色呈黄色，检验观察结果属于亚性、疑似乳腺炎，体细胞数在每毫升30万个~40万个;牛奶检测结果为“+”，验盘内牛奶有明显絮片物，颜色呈黄绿色，检验观察结果属于阳性，判断为乳腺炎，体细胞数在每毫升50万个~150万个;牛奶检测结果为“++”检验盘内牛奶有黏稠物，颜色呈绿色，检验观察结果属于强阳性，判断为严重乳腺炎，体细胞数在每毫升150万个以上。 按规范挤奶挤奶员在开机前对所用的设备和工具要进行检查，对有问题的要及时修理或更换。其中挤奶杯、奶管、真空管的橡胶不准有老化rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 破损现象;真空泵进油管路畅通，真空表的读数在45~50之间，脉动次数每分钟50次~65次;电压表的指针显示为380;制冷罐温度表的读数与温度计在制冷罐里的比较读数近似，开机前对所用的消毒毛巾、流动水、药浴杯、头三把奶检测杯、乳房炎检测器皿、异物奶桶准备就绪，将挤奶场内外卫生打扫干净，对奶桶(计量奶瓶)、奶杯、奶管等所用的器具内部用70?~80?的热水进行消毒清洗，外部用常温水清洗干净，达到内外无异味、无赃物。检查奶牛的体表卫生，督促饲养员在待挤场内将奶牛体表卫生清理干净，对初次进站的奶牛要耐心训练，不要恐吓和鞭打。奶牛进入挤奶台后，奶工要用温水毛巾擦洗按摸乳房，在清理乳房卫生的同时也刺激奶牛放乳速度。擦洗乳房的毛巾要求编号，做到一牛一巾，用手工先挤出头三把奶放入专用杯中观察是否有块状、血乳等异物为保护乳头减少乳腺炎的发生，挤完奶脱杯后对乳头进行药浴3秒~5秒，然后停留30秒钟。挤完奶后要打扫室内外卫生，将头三把奶、纸巾、化验用过的牛奶、药品送往指定的垃圾点，将用过的毛巾、化验器皿进行消毒清洗。 优化奶牛群体结构老龄、病弱奶牛乳腺炎病原菌携带几率大，免疫功能低更易患病，牛奶体细胞数常常较高。对老、弱、病、残和低品质奶牛，尤其是易患乳腺炎的牛应及早淘汰，即便是把乳腺炎治愈了，但是复发性很强、产奶水平明显下降。因此，在奶牛养殖中要提倡“不宜恋群、不追求头数”，树立“主动淘汰”思想，培养优质、高产、高效的奶牛群体。 培养高素质职工队伍以往“生产队牛倌”时代的放牛方式，已远远不适应现代牧业发展的要求。发展优质、高产、高效的奶牛养殖业，首先要rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 具备高素质的对口专业牧场员工队伍，包括饲养、防疫、治疗、繁育、挤奶、饲料供给、标准化牧场的规划建设等岗位人员，都应熟练掌握从事高效牧业的专业技能。牧场要适时引进国内外前沿奶牛养殖技术，组织员工培训，不断提高牧场员工队伍技术水平，这是切实保障奶牛健康状态、有效抑制牛奶体细胞含量超标的基本措施。 奶牛产奶稀谁在“作怪” 《 中国畜牧兽医报 》( 2011年06月12日 12 版) 牛乳中脂肪和蛋白含量是牛奶最重要的两个质量指标。牛奶中脂肪和蛋白的增加，不仅增加了牛奶的稠度，提高了营养价值，而且提高了牛奶的收购标准，直接增加了养牛户的经济效益。 养牛实践表明，奶牛随着年龄和胎次的增长，所产奶中乳脂率和乳蛋白率略有下降。泌乳前期奶量增加，乳脂率、无脂固形率都减少;泌乳后期奶量减少，乳脂率、无脂固形率增加。 饲料及饲养管理因素 奶牛日粮精料过多，粗饲料严重不足。为了追求高产奶量，给产奶牛过多增加精饲料喂量，粗饲料不足，使瘤胃乙酸生产下降，乳脂率降低。牛瘤胃产生的挥发性脂肪酸中，乙酸除了作为能量来源外，同时可以作为牛乳脂肪合成的原料，而乙酸的来源是粗饲料中的纤维素，特别是干草。实践中，日粮中干草维持在1公斤~2公斤时，牛乳中的脂肪率将会降低rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 0.3%~0.5%;最适宜的日粮应含有5公斤干草。日粮中，若用秸秆代替40%的干草，可以大幅度降低产奶量和乳脂率。因此粗饲料的数量和质量对提高乳脂率非常重要。当日粮中粗饲料所占比率降至40%以下时，乳脂率含量明显下降;粗饲料比例低于10%时，乳脂率含量降至2%以下(正常为4%)。 精饲料含有丰富的碳水化合物，饲喂过多会增加丙酸的形成，降低乙酸的含量，丙酸不能用于合成乳脂，因而导致乳脂率降低。建议产奶母牛每产1公斤奶，精料不要超过300克。“以料换奶”的生产方式，不但造成精料的浪费，增加饲养成本，而且会影响奶牛的繁殖，易引起瘤胃酸中毒、瘤胃迟缓等的发生，降低养牛效益。 粗饲料品种单一，质量较差。据调查，农户实施全株带穗玉米青贮饲喂奶牛的不足20%;饲喂玉米秸秆青贮的农户约占30%;喂玉米秸、麦秸的农户占50%以上。绝大多数奶农没有种植牧草或胡萝卜，奶牛的青饲料仅靠田间路边野生杂草，时断时续地供给。许多奶农给奶牛的日粮主要为“青贮+精料”或“麦秸+精料”。而且青贮料由于保管不善，二次发酵发霉变质的现象普遍存在，导致青贮料质量下降，奶牛采食量减少，因而影响了产奶量和奶的质量。 日粮粗蛋白含量下降，导致乳蛋白率下降。当日粮粗蛋白含量从17%降至9%时，粗蛋白下降1%，乳蛋白下降0.2%。 管理环境不良。牛舍相对湿度大于90%，乳脂率将下降0.16%~0.18%;环境温度过高，也将促使乳脂率下降。由于环境卫生条件rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities 差，使产奶牛患上乳房炎，乳成分合成机能明显降低;由于饲料饲喂不均衡、饲喂变质饲料等原因，造成乳脂率下降，无脂固形物合成减少，牛奶变稀。 暑热刺激。因天气酷热造成产奶牛采食量不足，奶牛体力下降和乳腺机能降低等。 挤乳技术不正确。不良的挤乳准备工作、挤奶机的真空度及脉动次数等不正确，不仅影响奶产量，也影响乳脂率的提高。此外，环境突变、原有饲喂程序的破坏、疾病等对产奶量和质量都有影响。 选种选配奶牛中的错误 片面追求产奶量，忽略乳脂率的提高。选择种公牛配种时，只注意产奶量指数，忽视了乳脂率指数，因而选择了高产奶量、低乳脂率的公牛，结果女儿牛产奶量虽然提高，但奶却更稀了;为了贪图便宜，使用未经正式鉴定过的公牛配种，最终不但女儿牛的产奶量未得到提高，奶的质量也未得到改进。许基 rAt present, we have formed a "three-three" Park. …… Industrial Park, according to ... ... The instructions of comrade, focus on development needs in the next decade, based on the original, and then extended the 6 square kilometers. Of the Park, to further improve the roads, power supply, communications, water supply and drainage and sewage pipe network and other infrastructure, to achieve full coverage of infrastructure and interconnection with the facilities and raise capacity. Each park to determine 1 leading industries, in particular stone Materials, cans, gloves, through guided, force and other measures to promote the "road company" Park, industrial agglomeration. Currently, to focus on building better ... ... Industrial Park, ... ... Wood Park as the starting area of the industrial park, planners need to take out plan, start construction as soon as possible, undertake in a timely manner ... ... Transfer of the wood industry. This opportunity slip by, so the timing must be tight. Second is to optimize government service. Low efficiency of government services, departments do not coordinate the views of businesses large, poor business environment, it is ... ... Short Board, decide to change. We will continue to deepen reform of the administrative examination and approval system, good digestion, implement the Government canceled, adjustment and devolution of administrative examination and approval matters, strengthen the existing supervision in matters of administrative power, has made it clear to cancel, are not allowed to keep or disguised approval. To do list list of administrative powers and responsibilities