几部经典影片赏析

几部经典影片赏析 《寻枪 》赏析 The Missing Gun 导 演: 陆川 主 演: 姜文 宁静 伍宇娟 刘小宁 出 品: 中国电影集团 发 行: 2002年5月 故事梗概 马山是一个在边陲小镇任职的警察，有一天一觉醒来，忽然发现自己的配枪神秘失踪了～于是马山沿着青石板开始了一段寻枪之路…… 虽然很多警察一辈子也没有机会朝人放枪，但是他们佩枪，“枪”就是他们的社会身份。所以马山对老婆说丢了枪，老婆大吃一惊，立刻放弃了对马山的恶言恶语，对切身利益的担心使她一语中地:“真的出事了,工作保不保得住,”马山被脱掉警服，仅穿一条大裤衩在潮湿的街道上走的时候，看起来好可怜好落魄，比一般老百姓还不如。 他没有丢枪的时候，是人人敬畏的“马探长”，喝喜酒的时候跟镇长和所长坐在一桌;但是，丢枪了以后——尽管所长说了“马山，你压力不要太大”，一切还是改变了，如果枪出了人命，他就给国家和人民的安全带来了损失，枪没出人命，他也影响了同事的荣誉和奖金。就连过去那么畏惧他的儿子，也怀疑父亲的能力，甩给他一本“福尔摩斯探案集”，让他“好好学习学习”。 小镇弥漫着重重浓雾，马山的内心感到了一种莫名的恐惧与绝望，因为枪维系着小镇的安宁与平和～一夜之间，熟悉的小镇变得陌生了，充满了危险诡异的气氛，熟悉的人、街道甚至自己的家庭都变得陌生了。命案的发生、危险的靠近使得马山深深地陷入黑暗，而马山珍视的信念激励着他在黑暗中呼嚎奔走，并最终用生命完成了对于信念的找寻和重建。在那个时候，马山突然发现自己真正体会到了生命中久已失落的真实与美好。 关于导演 提起陆川，现在媒体能想到的只有《寻枪》、《可可西里》、《南京南京》，殊不知，陆川也是热播电视连续剧《黑洞》(陈道明主演)的编剧之一。《寻枪》与《黑洞》的内容南辕北辙，毫不沾边，但共同点就是都有悬念，都好看。陆川在北京电影学院读研究生时，就拍了五部短片，风格多样，有艺术的，也有血腥的。1997年时，他执导了自己的第一部电视剧《刑警队长》。他还跟过两部戏当副导演，但他觉得“做副导演时就觉得自己像是个话筒，你做的东西还是别人的想法。” 编剧和导演陆川的言论，前后对比，很有意思。他先是说:“看我的电影观众绝对不会打瞌睡～”这也许是他最初的简单追求，因为是自己的第一部片子，所以憋足了劲:一定要让观众看下去，把观众抓住，把观众留住～不能让他们中途退席～后来，观众问了:你这个寻枪到底要达什么呢,寻枪寻枪寻出了啥子意义呢,问得陆川不自信了，想了半日，憋出一句来:“我要为中国男人寻枪～” 《寻枪》的语言 《寻枪》在用心地讲故事。情节饱满充足，准备的材料充分，根本没有多余的时间分配给废话，必须一句是一句。那些 ——他似乎要反复重申，不是自重复了两遍的话，都是别有用心的。马山:“不是丢，是不见了。”“不是丢，是不见了。” 己主动“丢”的，是“不见了”，自己主动找过了，可能的地方都找过了，但是没看到枪的踪影。领导对这微弱的责任辩解根本不理睬:“不见了就是丢了～” 再比如马山奇怪地问刘结巴:“你怎么不结巴了,”“你怎么又不结巴了,”刘结巴:“结，结，结巴的，我，我是看到你才不结巴的。”——他就是偷枪人，所以看到枪主才会紧张，一紧张反而不结巴了。怕观众没有印象，所以相似的情节重复一遍。 《寻枪》的镜头 有人说“追小偷”那场，是德国的《疾走罗拉》的;结尾，枪终于失而复得，姜文的灵魂悲喜交集的表情，是日本的《盗信情缘》的;回忆喜筵的情景，忽然出现了一张铺着红布的桌子，是美国的《落水狗》的…… 一(“抓小偷”～ 小偷抢了皮包，骑单车逃跑，镜头被清理得多干净，甚至失主都没有进入镜头，另一辆自行车无人驾驶自动地优雅地滑到马山胯下，然后，一场追逐赛，在欢快轻松的音乐中开始了。一条大道，弧线优美，无人无车，空出了绝对干净的场地。蓝天，绿野，美丽的油菜田。 追小偷追得多么抒情，小偷不得其解，告饶了:“大哥，你到底要咋样嘛,你咋就不累呢,”马山不累，他的枪不见了，被偷了，压抑和愧疚，搞得他要死，抓小偷使他畅快、每个毛孔都畅快，好久没这么畅快了，他可不想这么快停止，对小偷说:“跑嘛，继续跑，跑～” 二.“灵魂走了”。 警察的大部队总是在事情都搞定了才慌忙赶到，围着凶手和被命中两枪显然没救的马山一阵忙乎，可是，全然没有声音，世界寂静无声，这一切都跟马山无关了，枪回来了，凶手抓住了，对妻子孩子有过小小交待了，他尽责了，永远“光荣”了。他的灵魂悲喜交加，仰天大啸，可是无声，定格。 三.“红色喜筵桌”。 说到“昨天婚礼我坐在哪里,”空旷的场院里，忽然出现了一张的喜筵桌，鲜艳的红桌布还飘着，好像红色桌子不请自来，从天而降，自愿跑来帮助马山恢复记忆。多么奇妙而干净的手法。 四. “空屋回音”。 马山上路赴死之前，最后看了一眼自己的家。空无一人，只有回音，是老婆不满的声音:“马山，你到底管不管你的儿子……”最后一句回响在他耳边的竟是夫妻间的日常争吵，妻子一直误会着他，但他再没有机会说自己其实爱她，爱儿子，爱有过的一切，甚至争吵，他留恋这个家。 “枪”的象征意义 “枪”是一种国家体制和现代法律秩序的象征，对马山来说也是警察身份的象征，是国家力量在一个穷乡僻壤的贵州山区小镇的存在证明。这个人烟稀少的小镇让我们想起《秋菊打官司》里的陕北村落和《被告山杠爷》中的川西坝子堆堆坪，法学家苏力先生以这两部片子了本土资源与现代法治秩序之间的冲突。 马山丢了枪，同时也丢了做为公家人、男人、人的荣耀和尊严。而这怪不到任何人身上，不能对任何人发泄，只能怪自己。所以，马山要不惜一切找枪，找枪的压力加到了最大，对情节也起到了最大的助推作用。 1、寻枪和偷枪 尽管导演陆川声明这部电影的主题是关于寻找:警察马山寻找丢失的枪，马山的妻子寻找丢失的激情，马山的儿子寻找男女性征的启蒙，偷枪的刘结巴寻找心目中的正义，等等，其实寻枪故事的反面是一个偷枪的故事，姜文饰演的马山在寻枪过程中展现出的那种牛拉不回头的“轴”劲，是影片最引人注目的闪亮点。但到了片末一场戏，我们看到偷枪者刘结巴非要杀掉造假药的陈军、意欲为民除害的一股子“轴”劲，原来一点也不亚于马山。 电影《寻枪》对小说中刘结巴杀人动机的修改，“周小刚造假药害人，你们要证据，我不要，我要为民除害”，挨近了这 ”的象征力量的颠覆和维护。 个主题，使得表面上的寻枪故事与暗地里的偷枪故事，成为了一场对于“枪 一把公务用枪在这个荒凉边镇其实并不具有实际的用途，马山丢枪之前，从来没有开过枪，最初发的三颗子弹还是三颗。它的作用更多体现为象征性的意义，即国家体制和法律秩序的强势存在。这种存在很大程度上又是外来的和异己的，一把冷冰冰的枪和当地社会没有任何渊源。马山丢枪之后，全镇的人都知道了此事，但全镇的人该怎样生活还是怎样生活。 丢枪带来的最大的困扰 局限在马山和公安局的国家机器内部因为丢枪就意味着丢失了国家体制的象征性存在寻枪的过程就是一个在边远小镇修复国家威权的过程。 2、颠覆和维护 马山寻找失枪的“轴”劲，部分地来自丢枪这件事被夸张了的意义。公安局长的出场令人印象深刻，他说出了整部影 片最有意思的几句台词，一是“三颗子弹落在坏人手里就是三条人命;落在职业杀手手里，一枪两命就是六条”，这种夸张极大地感染和震撼了马山，他在向老树精复述这句话时又自我发挥了一段，“如果一枪打中三个人，就是九条人命～” 另一段是局长得知丢枪已经,,小时后大惊道:“二十个小时～要是坐汽车已经到省城了～坐火车到北京了～要是坐飞机都到美国了～” 这些话并不仅仅是噱头，而是全剧的点睛之处。它使寻枪这件事的意义乃至枪所代表的国家体制力量，都呈现出异己的特性，也使得影片末尾刘结巴所代表的本地社会对于实体正义的执拗和对枪的秩序的藐视和颠覆，具有了部分的合理性。 在国家体制眼中，一个边远小镇的丢枪事件，最大的威胁不是针对本地社会，而是针对“省城”和“北京”。换句话说，之所以要维护枪所代表的国家体制力量在边远小镇上的强势存在，是为了维护山区以外的世界的安全。小镇本身的欲求被这一体制漠视了，被这一体制客体化，成为了维护全局利益的一个手段。就像秋菊所想要的说法在现代法律秩序的介入下被漠视了一样。 3、本土与山外 这一切的根源在于对这个贵州小镇而言，现代国家体制的力量是一种从外部强加而来的力量，一种自上而下被移植的秩序，它之所以与本土资源格格不入，因为它与本土之间是间离的，它的合法性没有搭建在本土社会的土壤之上。公安局长是对上面负责而非对刘结巴们负责。所以丢枪的被夸张的危险都被放在了朝上的方向，如果枪流到省城或北京出了事是局长无力承担的，而枪在本地出事则对他没有太大的影响。 但事实上，枪并没有如局长想象中那样流到山外，成为与国家安全相关的被夸大的宏伟叙事。故事局限在小镇之内，偷枪者的动机是杀掉开假酒厂的周小刚，并在小镇上制造出两起命案。国家体制的存在是异己的，而真正的矛盾和危险则是本地化的，这就构成了对寻枪事件所具有的秩序修复意义的莫大嘲讽。 一个要寻，一个要偷，一个要颠覆，一个要维护。之间形成了本土社会与国家威权体制以及实体正义与现代法治秩序的巨大矛盾和张力。这种张力是我们现实中面临的困局，却是艺术家的财富。攥住了这种张力，就会源源不断地产生出像《秋菊打官司》、《被告山杠爷》和《寻枪》这样的好电影。尽管像《被告山杠爷》和《寻枪》这样的电影，其故事本身的杰出性已经远远超过了导演的理解力。 寻枪是马山的事和国家的事，偷枪是刘结巴的事和小镇本地的事。枪的意义一方面被国家体制所肯定，并被无限夸张;另一方面被刘结巴们怀疑、被偷枪杀人的行为所颠覆。留给现实的真正问题是，如果必须要有“枪”，“枪”应当如何在每一个城镇、每一个乡村构建自己合法性的存在,枪不开时是冷冰冰的，无法威慑住偷枪的人。而枪声一响又滚热火烫，不免要令人心凉。 4、每个人都在寻枪 电影表面上是在告诉我们马山的寻枪过程，而实际是在告诉我们一个人在面对困境时那种焦虑以及对挣脱困境的一种渴望。从这种意义上说，在我们的内心都有着寻枪的过程——象马山一样的困惑，去怀疑身边的每一个人;象马山一样的面对困境而挣扎，到最后用生命去找到我们内心中丢失的那把“枪”。 一百个人眼中有一百个哈姆雷特。看这个影片每个人可能都有不同的解释。影片留给人更多的是一种无奈，虽然这种无奈被电影中那些紧张的追逐和搞笑的镜头所掩盖。从电影延伸出来的主题告诉我们:每一个人都终将摆脱不了那种寻枪的困境。(不过，电影没有告诉我们该如何去面对这样的困境，去寻找我们丢失的枪，因为对于每个人来说，寻枪的过程和原因都是不一样的。) 给《寻枪》挑刺 1、关于抄袭 在很多没看过《野良犬》的普通观众看来，《寻枪》确是一部不错的电影，让人有耳目一新的感觉。但是，如果把《野良犬》和《寻枪》放在一起来欣赏，相信很多人都会感觉不是滋味:原来被我们称为“另类电影的神话”的《寻枪》，一衣带水的邻邦半个世纪前就有了，而且还是大师级电影人黑泽明的作品。 ,《寻枪》与《野良犬》相比，主题都是“寻枪”，故事都发生在小镇上，主人公都是警察与罪犯，而且都有曾上过战场，都给人一种闷热的感觉。故事情节及其线索也非常相似，都是警察在车上失枪，在警局报告失枪，枪内都留有子弹只是数目 不同，都有寻枪过程，接着都发生血案把故事推向高潮，都有一场追逐嫌疑犯的追逐戏，结局都是与罪犯对峙、被杀。总体而言，《寻枪》无论是主题、象征还是具体细节，都有模仿《野良犬》的痕迹，虽然《寻枪》也有自己独创的东西，但是并没有超越大师。 ,我们的观点:从大师到经典，从好莱坞到日剧，凡是精彩的、畅销的，无论镜头、片段，还是故事、音乐，都可拿来、为我所用。但不要简单地抄袭，要有自己的东西。 ,如《精神病患者》女主角洗澡时被杀的场景:尽管过了这么多年，每次看到这里人们都不禁屏息惊叫。尽管很多人模仿过这一片段，并且人们总是乐此不疲，但对观众的视觉、心理形成的冲击总是无法和悬疑大师希区柯克相比。 ,再如《波坦金号战舰》长达十分钟的蒙太奇经典片段“敖德萨台阶”的 大屠杀场面: 惊心动魄，撼人心弦， 绝对是电影史上被 模仿最多，启发力最强 的段落。 ,谢飞:《寻枪》只是部情节片 内容太空泛 ,2002年东方网6月17日消息上海电影节闭幕的一天，记者在采访作为颁奖嘉宾的谢飞导演时，与他聊起媒体一致称赞的《寻枪》时表达了不同看法:“那不就是部情节片吗,视听做得那么夸张，内容太空泛，偷枪的人与警察马山没有发生情感或命运上的纠葛，丢枪只是个偶然因素造成的，所以导演想表达的那些所谓寻找的哲理引不起观众思考。当然制作得不错，但如果拿到外国电影节上去参赛肯定不会被选上。” ,对于有人质疑影片模仿黑泽明的《野良犬》一事，他表示:“我没看过不知道，前不久我看《十七岁的单车》，影片就有点模仿《偷自行车的人》，但情节丰富，让人看到导演的真感情。” 2、《寻枪》:难以自圆其说的虚伪深刻 从这部电影中看出，陆川为首的新生代导演，仍对商业电影的流畅叙事捉襟见肘，仍是沉迷在玄而又玄、微言大义的怪圈中难以自拔，最终使自己也失去了方向感，导致了严重的难以自圆其说的结局。 我们认为《寻枪》的失衡之处表现在以下三个方面: ,一是热衷于主题的寓言意义，而忽略了情节的合理性。 ,影片中的姜文扮演的马山在没有丢枪之前可谓是一个优秀的民警，那个奖金五千元可谓是他辉煌业绩的金钱价位。他可谓是誉满小镇，囊括各项荣誉。 ,突然之间，枪丢失了，如果马山的丢枪是不能原谅的罪过的话，那么层层剥茧揭示出的小镇的黑幕，却在无情地说明着马山昔日的荣誉与成就的极度虚弱性。 ,通过尾随着周小刚进入一个山洞，发现了假酒工厂，交待出这些假酒曾经在小镇上产生家破人亡的惨剧，然而这一切都没有进入人民警察马山的视线，他旁若无人地继续浑浑噩噩地闲逛在这个小镇中，视而不见日积月累的民事纠纷正在转化为刑事案件，充耳不闻杀手早已潜伏在他的身边，他根本没有意识到由于他的出警不力或者说警戒心全无，没有为小镇带来应有的公正与正义，所以导致一个假酒的受害者不得不诉诸于武力寻求公平。 ,由此可见，看似平静的小镇早杀气腾腾，可是我们的人民警察马山却是毫无察觉啊，却凭着这种一触即发的表面的平静，而赢得了上级的嘉奖，这真是绝妙的讽刺啊。 ,因此，寻枪就不是一个无意义的事件，而恰恰是对马山失职的最滑稽的抨击。这样的寻枪就具有了彻底否定马山的实绩的意义。 ,影片中极尽渲染马山寻枪的过程，这个过程正是对他否定的过程，通过这种否定，马山还能作为一个成功的警察吗,一个对小镇居民都认识不清，对相互关系、相互恩怨都没有基本认识的警察，他能说得上合格吗, ,影片几乎以一种“执着”的溢美之词戴在马山寻枪的行动中，企图以此表现他不折不挠的高尚精神，但是，马山的昏愦与糊涂，却冲淡了这种精神，这就是影片无法自圆其说的失败所在。 ,影片从另一个意义上，颠覆了寻枪的神圣性，只是为马山的窝囊的一生划上句号，最后他死于自己的枪口下所获得的那种警察的成功感，只是一个失败者的无能为力的自救，用自己的生命补偿自己的过失，这就是他失职后应该承担的职责。 ,影片一方面以歌颂马山的样式出现，另一方面，又揭露出是马山的一次次过失导致了他的被动与失利，这两者相互矛盾、相互抵消，使马山形象大打折扣，彻底否定了他的寻枪的价值。 二是热衷于性格的偏执揭示，而忽略了人物的兼容性。 , 自从第五代导演上台后，中国电影的人物都是孤独的、木讷的、无法沟通的，像第五代的开山之作《黄土地》中的 八路军战士，只是用他的形体去顺应那些木讷的氛围，而无法像五、六十年代电影去感召什么。 ,《寻枪》中的人与人之间沟通起来相当困难。比较突出的就是马山与妻子之间的关系了。父亲与儿子同样难以沟通。儿子没有与父亲有什么沟通与交流，只是像一个道具一般时而老练、时而简单，甚至马山也无法弄清楚儿子的所思所想，一度产生怀疑儿子拿枪的判断。直到最后，父亲与儿子也没有讲过什么触及心灵的对话。 ,夫妻之间的孤独感应该是通过那个性事失败来表达的。通过影片，我们看到了对性的强调，而对人与人之间感情的忽略，而这正是第五代导演们经常犯的毛病。陆川也照搬不误。 三是热衷于技术，忽略了整体的节奏感。 ,在个别的细节中，电影节奏甚快，切换频繁，特别是虚拟镜头的运用，极大地提高了镜头的内涵。但是我们同时看到，新生代导演在糅合这些新技术的层面上，还缺乏总体把握的功力。这就像张艺谋电影经常会出现一样，当他自己如醉如痴地超长地营造某一个细节的时候，却忽略了从整体上的把握，使影片的总体节奏严重失衡。 中国电影何处“寻枪” ,尽管投资6部电影5部亏本，巨星影业公司总裁邓建国还是矢志不渝地要将业务重心从电视剧转向电影，因为在2002年，他已经看到了民营电影制作的春天。 ,但是，现行的电影审查是很多制片商的一块心病。据说在中国，每1000部剧本中，能通过审查顺利进入市场的不足100部 。 ,投资回收的尴尬 , 一般而言，电影生产包括制片、发行和放映三个主要环节，这是一个封闭的体系:制片商负责投资，发行商控制渠道，最后的投资回收依赖电影院的票房收入，三者从票房中的分成比例一般是35,、17,、48,。 ,事实上，一些国内发行商不大看好的国产电影，却每每有国外公司愿意收购做海外发行。去年，国产电影《那山、那人、那狗》被日本发行商买走，在国外创下了超过3.5亿日元的票房成绩。华纳也曾经购买了《菊花茶》、《我的1919》、《玻璃是透明的》等不被国人看好的影片，准备将其推向美国市场。 ,除票房之外，电影后期产品应该是制片商收回投资的另一个重要渠道。在美国，电影工业总收益的20,来自银幕营销，80,来自于电影后期产品开发;但是在中国，电影后期产品大多仍未跳出音像制品的框框，而猖獗的盗版实际上几乎堵死了这一重要电影投资回收渠道。 ,电影业何处“寻枪”, , 资本已经跃跃欲试，沉闷的中国电影业走到了不得不“寻枪”的十字路口。 , 许多问题仅靠电影局进行体制改革是无法解决的，比如盗版问题，光靠电影局就是束手无策。 制片商应该主动挖掘回收投资的其他渠道。 1、利用电影的传播效应，进行跨行业合作。 2、同样是利用电影的传播特性，在电影中插入“软广告”也是收回成本的一个重要渠道。《007系列》中的宝马和欧米茄，《古墓丽影》和《毁灭者》中的爱立信，都是值得国内片商借鉴的经典范例。 3、对于审查制度，欲在商业片领域发展的《寻枪》导演陆川希望电影管理层能够切实放宽尺度，用法规而不是用很多约定俗成的方式来管理:“管理者应该知道如果不让投资者觉得他们是电影市场的主人，不给他们选择题材和制作方式的自由，单单许诺拍电影的自由显得有些空泛。” 影片《天堂电影院》赏析 【导演】朱塞佩•托纳托雷(意大利) 【主演】菲利普•诺瓦莱、雅克•佩兰、萨尔瓦多•卡西奥 【简短评论】 •“天堂电影院并不仅仅是间放映厅。对我来讲，这是一个奇特的、文化与社会启蒙的地方。一代意大利人曾在这里受到熏陶。我倾向于认为，电影院对一个人来讲或许可以说是一种生活目的，在影片和他本身，和他的愿望、期待之间，也许就存在一种联系。” ――朱塞佩•托纳多雷 •《天堂电影院》 •第四十二届戛纳电影节评委会特别大奖(1989) •第六十二届奥斯卡最佳外语片(1990) •第四十七届金球奖最佳外语片(1990) •第二届欧洲电影奖评审委员特别奖、最佳男演员(1989) •第四十四届英国电影学院奖最佳外语片、最佳电影配乐、最佳原著剧本、最佳男演员最佳男配角(1991) •这是一部自传性色彩很浓的影片，导演有意在回忆中选择了童年多多的视角，而这一规定性就必然在创作过程中对真实历史的选择发生作用。意大利的四五十年代的贫困、落后和猖獗的黑手党活动没有被着意表达，反而在多多的视角中被净化为充满趣味的片断。 •每一代的人都有一些隐埋在记忆深处的情愫，或许和电影有关，或许与电影无关，但总有那么一些情感是在岁月流转后依然让我们怦然心动的，如同露天影院之于六十年代生人，《射雕》、《上海滩》之于七十年代生人一般。电影成为一代人回忆的载体，在集体记忆中得到认同。 •“生活和电影不同，现实要艰难得多”这是影片《天堂电影院》留给人们最深刻的思考。 •影片是“一部个人生命历程的史诗，也是一部电影的兴衰的史诗”，个人的成长史和银幕变迁史紧密相连，而以它们为表面，更深一层的则是一种文化的底蕴。在电影中，小镇的人们既渴望虚幻的银幕艺术世界能滋润他们的心田，又尽量把它世俗化，以娱乐他们的生活。 •在影片中，影院不但是小镇上的人，也是生活在尘世中的人们心目中的一座“天堂”。它可以使人忘记，甚至超脱现实生活中的种种艰难，沉浸在电影艺术浓缩的爱恨情愁和酸甜苦辣之中，哪怕只是暂时的。 •天堂电影院不仅是一家放映厅，这是一个奇特的文化与艺术启蒙的地方，是一个时代文化生活的缩影，一带意大利人曾在这里受到艺术熏陶。 •《天堂电影院》以自然、流畅的回叙语态将生活往事与电影往事天衣无缝地融合到一起，直接或间接的表现了电影艺术和技术发展的一段历史。 •这部片藉着淘气的多多来诉说着人们童年的回忆，一种欢笑与无忧的美梦。片中特有的“意式幽默”，作为一部欢乐的电影，却在结束后，令人有无限沉思。我们是否已将过去的理想遗弃在心中不知名的角落中很久了呢,无论现在的你是如何，让我们再重新出发寻找那尘封已久的自己。 •托纳托雷通过一个多多的成长历程，在将一个人的生命历程与电影文化的发展历程紧紧结合的同时，满怀敬意的回顾了人与人，人与电影之间曾经的那种自然，淳朴，真诚的情感。在物质文明高度发达，人们普遍浮躁，人与人关系日渐疏远的时代，这部真挚的充满温情的影片，显的弥足珍贵。 【分析解读】 一、结构 •《天堂电影院》这部影片，是一部缅怀电影历史以及个人的情感历程的怀旧之作。影片采用倒叙结构，以萨尔瓦多的视角展开回忆，因此一开篇就给人带来一种绵长、悠远的怀旧气息。这种倒叙的结构也确立了影片的两条时间线索:一条是现实中的萨尔瓦多的生活，表现在影片中是短短的几天;另一条是回忆中的历史变迁、人物成长的时间流程，表现在影片中是十几年。这两条线索交错进行，而又以后者为主。 •影片以(现实)中年萨尔瓦多回到寓所——> (回忆)童年多多看电影、放电影、影院着火——> (现实)中年萨尔瓦多在回忆——> (回忆)青年多多恋爱——> (现实)中年萨尔瓦多在回忆——> (回忆)青年多多参军、离开故乡——> (现实)中年萨尔瓦多回到故乡的方式展开全片。 •“戏中戏”结构 • 在《天堂电影院》中，影院里上映的影片，不仅是一个重要的道具，也是一个重要的叙事、表情的元素。导演通过一系列经典影片的片段表现了电影艺术的发展历程，这里出现了让•雷诺阿的《底层》、鲁奇诺•维斯康蒂的《大地在波动》、弗立兹•朗格的《狂怒》、约翰•福特的《关山飞渡》，还出现了卓别林、基顿、劳莱、哈代、艾立克•冯•斯特劳亨、丽塔•海华兹等等曾经令无数影迷倾倒的影星们。他们顺序地出现在电影银幕上，好似历史极富人情味地在从头搬演。 二、物像 1、电 影 院 • 在《天堂电影院》中，电影院好似生活在尘世中的人们建构的一座“天堂”，它使人们超脱了现实生活中的种种艰难和困扰，而沉浸在欢乐中。该片用大量带有喜剧色彩的生活细节，展现了在电影院这一梦幻天堂中，一代意大利人特殊的生活状态。 • 有个男人一直把影院当作他最好的睡觉场所，不管别人多热闹，他的鼾声一如既往，结果屡遭孩子们的捉弄。 • 影院正在放映一部已公映过的悲情影片，一个男子泪流满面地在片中演员开口以前就背出了全部台词，甚至包括最后的字幕“End”(结束)。 2、广 场 •据说，导演朱塞佩•托纳托雷曾花了四个月时间，在六个不同的小镇拍摄出姜卡尔多乡村背景的一系列镜头。其良苦用心营造出的“广场”这一空间环境，确实渗透了浓郁的生活气息。比如广场上小贩在大声地叫卖尼龙袜子，妇女们肩扛水罐到水龙头前排对打水，老婆婆用心地踩着纺车捻羊毛，男人们给小孩子理发的同时，也忙着给驴子剪毛…… 以上的这些场景在影片中都不承担什么叙事功能，但却让人感到一股满怀深情的怀旧气息，看似闲笔，其实韵味无穷。 •当电影散场后，人们便回到广场;当人们被影院拒绝以后，他们聚集到广场。广场与影院，是那个时代意大利人生命中现实与天堂的对列，苦难与快乐的隐喻。 三、人物 •阿尔夫莱多 •在《天堂电影院》中，阿尔夫莱多这个人物承担着双重角色:其职业角色是乡村影院的放映员;其生活角色是影片主人公萨尔瓦多的好友和导师。 •作为萨尔瓦多的好友和导师，阿尔夫莱多是一个与“新生代”相联系、相对比而存在的“老一代人”的形象。他指引、督促着萨尔瓦多的前进、变化。他自己却又是一个不变的、缺少行为主动性的形象。他一生都没有离开那个狭小的放映间，离开那个封闭的乡村小镇。但，他能清醒地看到这种命运的悲剧性，并且指导年轻一代的萨尔瓦多去追求更美好的生活。 •当童年的小多多当上放映员，想要放弃上学时，阿尔夫莱多语重心长地告诉他:“不，别这样，不上学你将来会后悔的。这并不是你真正的工作，现在天堂需要你，你也需要天堂，但这只是暂时的。有一天，你会去做其他事情，更重要的事情。相信我，世界上还有许多比这更重要的，重要得多的大事。” •当青年萨尔瓦多从部队回到故乡，感到一阵茫然与失落时，阿尔夫莱多又指点他:“生活和电影中不同，现实要艰难得多。离开这儿吧，回罗马去，你还年轻，世界是属于你的。” 阿尔夫莱多把他用一生换来的经验教给了萨尔瓦多，年轻而不知世事的萨尔瓦多于是超越了阿尔夫莱多，一步步走向更广阔的天地。可以说，没有这个守候在故乡的阿尔夫莱多，就没有日后著名的导演萨尔瓦多。 •阿代尔费奥神父 • 在影片中也具有双重角色象征。 • 一方面，他是与人的欲望相对立的宗教力量的象征。在老天堂电影院中，他掌握着公映影片的审查权。导演在表现他的审片过程时，采用了仰拍的摄影角度，神父黑黑的身影出现在影院银幕的正中间，盖住了银幕的画面，体现了一种控制一切的威力。而一旦黑影片中出现接吻的镜头，神父便可以摇铃让放映员将其删剪掉，体现出对人的情爱欲望的毫不迟疑的打击。但是，等新的天堂电影院建好以后，宗教的力量就没有这么强大了，神父失去了审片权，人们终于看到了影片中的接吻镜头。 •另一方面，阿代尔费奥神父作为一个有血有肉的人，在他自己身上也体现出了人性对神性的胜利。在老影院里审片时，每当银幕上的人翩翩起舞，神父自己也会跟着哼起音乐。当新影院的银幕上第一次公映出接吻镜头时，人们欢呼起来，神父无力回天，只得愤愤地说:“我可不看这种电影。”说话的同时，他的眼睛却紧盯着银幕。 •在《天堂电影院》一片中，宗教对人的欲望的任意压制，以及人类情感对宗教力量的最后胜利，就巧妙地体现在阿代尔费奥神父这个形象身上。当年轻的萨尔瓦多离开故乡远赴罗马之时，送行的人有母亲、妹妹和阿尔夫莱多，神父却迟到了。当神父远远地赶来时，萨尔瓦多的火车已离开了站台。这个场景别有意味地暗示观众:在萨尔瓦多的行囊中，没有神父那一套压抑人性的东西，有的是种种美好的情感和寄托着厚望的叮嘱。 •疯 子 •在中外电影史上，常常可以看到一些或疯或傻的人物形象。但是“疯子”绝不是一个轻易、或随意就出现的形象。他们往往要负载一些特殊的意义。比如，英国影片《简•爱》中的疯女人、德国电影《锡鼓》中的疯子、日本电影《乱》中的小丑、英国影片《哈姆雷特》中的奥菲莉娅…… 在《天堂电影院》里，那个常常叫嚷着“广场是我的”的疯子，也具有不同寻常的象征意义。 •“广场”本来是一个属于大家的公共场所，疯子却企图独占，把人们都赶走。当大家都在为老影院毁于大火而伤心时，疯子却在人群中又跳又笑，喊着:“哈哈，全烧光了，你们看不成电影了。”疯子，是一个站在人民对立面的狂妄的邪恶的独裁者，但他的“独裁”是没有力量的，最终将被人民扫进历史的垃圾箱。 •疯子首次出场，是猛地出现在镜头前，他成为画面的前景，而广场上其他人成了后景，两相对比，疯子的形象是有力量的。但是，他的地位很快就急转直下，在画面上，疯子转过身向后景跑去，他在画面上占的面积迅速地由大变小。他所代表的那种力量，看来也不过是外强中干而已。 •另一次出场是在人们聚集在广场上看电影时，笑声惊醒了睡在一个平台上的疯子。他爬起来大喊:“广场是我的。” 这时的画面构图是:疯子在画面上方，而人群在画面下方，疯子似乎是高高在上的。可是，紧接着下一个画面是:疯子在后景，人群在前景，疯子陷入人群的缝隙里，疯子的地位再次一跌而下。 •在衰败的“新天堂电影院”被炸毁的一场戏中，疯子又出现了(在人类历史上，邪恶的力量大概是永远也不会消失的)， 不过这次他的力量就显得更衰落了:他拖着垃圾袋从人群中穿过，嘴里嘟囔着:“广场是我的，广场是我的。” 没有一个人搭理他。当他向前走时，街道上挤满了汽车，他不得不从汽车中间绕行了。 《小城之春》赏析 SPRING IN A SMALL TOWN ,1948年，文华影业公司摄制 ,编剧:李天济 ,导演:费穆 ,摄影:李伟才 ,主演:韦伟 李纬 石羽 张鸿眉 ,导演费穆，字敬庐，号辑止，生于1906年的上海，戴着那个时代的圆眼镜，酷似作家沈从文，你也许想不 到他精通五国的语言，是一位学贯中西的艺术家。 ,1932年《城市之夜》 暴露旧社会都市黑暗，贫富对立 ,1936年《狼山喋血记》 宣扬爱国精神和抗日意志 剧情简介: ,《小城之春》通过夫妻、情人、朋友、兄妹之间的感情纠葛与矛盾冲突， 从人的内心世界角度，通过情感 世界与现实关系的矛盾，揭示人的道德意识。影片充分肯定了人的精神、情感、人性需求的正当性。 ,《小城之春》是我国著名电影导演艺术家费穆为中国电影艺术宝库贡献的一部极其优美的电影精品，这部 作品为我国的电影事业赢得了世界性声誉。它的突出特征在于优美、精致的艺术形式，真实生动地表现了中 国知识分子的人性感情、道德伦理、民族心理、行为方式。整部影片贯穿着一条情与理的冲突线，然而却以 “发乎情止于礼”终结。 人情与人性: ,中华民族有着悠久的文明历史，从而也就形成了具有民族特征的人生哲学、伦理原则、道德操守，它以集 体无意识的自觉行为贯穿于人们的整个人性精神世界。这部影片正是通过夫妻、情人、朋友、兄妹之间的感 情纠葛与矛盾冲突，极富于民族文化内涵地揭示了中国人的优美情感与道德风貌。 ,《小城之春》从人的内心世界角度，通过情感世界与现实关系的矛盾，揭示人的道德意识。 ,可贵的是，在情感与理义的矛盾冲突上，艺术家分寸得当地把握住了高尚的道德意识与封伦理的界线，体 现出了一种完美的人格和真挚的人性，这正是这部影片长久的艺术魅力所在。 ,影片充分肯定了人的精神、情感、人性需求的正当性。女主人公玉纹长年生活在那样一种令人窒息的环境 里，她对爱情的渴望、幸福的追求是完全正当的。当昔日的恋人出现在面前时，情不自禁地发生了一场又一 场感情波澜，这是合乎人性的真情火花。但她毕竟是已成婚的妻子，负有应有的道德感与责任感。 ,丈夫礼言被病魔所弦缠，他软弱却很善良，他也渴望爱情，却身不由己，他更懂得妻子为他所作的牺牲， 他深感对不起妻子，他甚至真诚地设想，玉纹如果嫁给志忱该多好～为了妻子的幸福，他甚至试图自杀。这 些均表现了礼言是一个善良、正直、令人同情的好人。 ,再说志忱，他一直爱着玉纹，但他与礼言有着深挚的友情。他处在恋情与友情的交叉路口上，他珍惜这两 种情，不愿伤害其中任何一种情，但这又不可能，在情与理的冲突中，他是最为难、最痛苦的人物。无论是 志忱、无论是玉纹，毕竟是中国传统文化熏陶下成长的知识人士，他们在感情上经受多大痛苦，最终总是服 从礼仪的约束和道德的规范，这是符合中国文化人的作人准则的，因而也是最真实的，令人信服的。 ,这部影片所揭示的夫妻之情、恋人之爱、朋友之义，这样复杂的情理矛盾纠葛，既是真实的，又是符合中 国文化情义原则的。影片在艺术表现上是细腻的、优美的，体现出了中国知识分子丰富完美的人性美。 电影风格: ,《小城之春》是一部风格化比较强的影片。影片中只出现了妻子、丈夫、朋友、妹妹、仆人5个人物，在 小城中再未出现其他人影，这样的环境表现，表面看似不真实，然而它正体现了一种独特的净化的造型风格。 这是为了更突出、更集中、更清晰地体现感情世界的人物关系，并利用女主人公的独白形式揭示了人物隐秘 的内心感情。 ,影片中多次展现荒凉的小城城头，它既含蓄地隐喻当时的时代背景，也烘托女主人公的精神世界，使人物 的情感与环境浑然一体，产生了一种含蓄幽深的意境，令人回味无穷。特别是几个人物的饰演者，表演非常 真实自然细腻，每个人的丰富、复杂的感情都是如生活中一样，是自然流露出来的，没有任何人为表演的痕 迹。 ,这是一部中国人的电影。中国人的家庭，中国人的伦理，中国人的爱欲，中国的退让，试探或者含蓄，中 国人的诗，中国人的画，中国人的哲学……中国人的《小城之春》。 ,但这远不是1948年中国的主流。 ,回首费穆走过的创作道路，我们会发觉他那“美的历程”是一生一世的事，在历史的洪流中，他不急不徐地 稳步向前，择善而固执，且最终能自我完成。这在深受意识形态干扰的中国电影史上，确是异数。他总是让 我想起那些执着于自己所扎根的文化土壤，不惜违背电影现有文法，传承历史的影人们，比如侯孝贤，比如 小津安二郎。他们终其一生，用宽容和体谅的目光，用尊重和人道的精神，用弥漫着生命寂寥色彩的风格来 书写一种东方韵味的电影文本。 ,夫长期患病，消极失落，妻出于道义照顾他。一日，夫的昔日同学来访，原来也是妻的初恋情人。就在这 样一个时间和空间都凝固了的处境里，费穆以罕见的细腻笔触，刻画出人物的反应，透过他们的眼神，举止 和极端细微的表情变化，把影片带进了一个复杂的心理层次。影片巧妙运用了中国京剧的做手技巧，丰富了 演员的表现力，三番四次的跳溶技巧，交代出时空的交融，处处表现出一种今日看来，仍然异常尖端的电影 观念。 ,该片最大的成就在于打破了在这之前所有中国电影的叙事形式，以一种电影文法中从来没有的形式来拍电 影，甚至直到今天仍无后继者。全片中只有五个人物:夫，妻，妹，仆，客。还有一只鸡。没有一个完整的 故事，只有一个处境。 《小城之春》的长镜头: 我们试以《小城之春》的长镜头为例来谈其镜头语言的大家风范。 (1)戴秀为志忱唱歌，周玉纹是整场戏场面调度的中心，后景是戴秀和志忱，左边后面的床上坐着礼言，前景是在为礼言斟药的玉纹，志忱用余光看着玉纹，戴秀提醒志忱注意他。 (2)镜头缓移至戴秀与志忱的中景镜头，志忱凝视玉纹的方向。 (3)镜头摇至四个人的全景，玉纹给礼言吃药，后给礼言铺床。 (4)再摇至志忱和戴秀的中景镜头，志忱忘情凝视玉纹。 (5)礼言从左边入画，走到志忱边上，志忱方才回过神来，礼言拍拍他的肩。 (6)戴秀唱完歌，大家鼓掌。 ,从这个长镜头看: (1)固定的机位 ,尽量避免移动摄影，以及上下移动摄影机或是镜头摇摄，设法不使画面的构图因摄影机的移动而发生变化。 费穆对构图的准确性十分重视，从而使画面充满了一种稳定平和，舒缓自然的美感。 (2)人物的布局和调度 ,当四个人同时出现在一个画面时，四个人形成了一个环形的布局，有一种调和，和谐的感觉，玉纹和礼言 的走动，使画面不致呆板。当玉纹走到礼言的位置时，随后礼言变走到志忱身边，以免画面重心倾斜，有种 “失重”的感觉。 (3)禁止大幅度动作和对细节的刻画 ,避免画面中出现人物的激烈动作，以免观众分散注意力，同时，要使这些“不动”的人物有魅力，就必须对 他们的每一点表情变化甚至手指的动作等细小的环节都加以细致入微的刻画。 (4)无对白和音乐贯穿 ,此时无声胜有声。说一千句话抵不上一个眼神。在这个长镜头里，费穆让人物索性一言不发，更加能使观 众集中注意在那些暧昧或热烈的眼神上。为了避免沉闷，安排了戴秀唱“一朵玫瑰花”的情节，在少女优美抒 情的歌声下面，流动的是四个人各自难以启齿又无法排遣的情思，颇有点“以乐衬哀”的意味。 (5)长镜头的必要 ,和欧洲的长镜头不同，并非一种对生活状态的描述，这个长镜头在整个故事中并没有多重的叙事意义，但 就在这个表面上温和安乐的镜头下面，内中蕴涵着高度的紧张，一种情感的暗流在静静的海洋下面凝聚，有 一种无形的张力，这个长镜头若被间隔，这种情感便被打断了。 (6)人物的关系和处境 ,在这个长镜头里，展现了四组人物关系:礼言和玉纹的夫妻关系，礼言和志忱的朋友关系，志忱和玉纹的 旧情人关系，以及礼言和戴秀的兄妹关系。不仅如此，用极细微的表情和巧妙的动作，揭示了每个人的处境。 ,玉纹为礼言斟药和铺床，是因为她是他的妻;礼言无言接过药，一个愧疚的眼神，他已经拖累她很久了; 志忱忘形而热烈的注视，那是他无法忘怀的昔日情人;戴秀提醒志忱专心听她唱歌，她是专门唱给他听的; 礼言拍拍志忱的肩，这个死气沉沉的家因他的到来而有了活气和歌声。 ,中国人其实活得很累的。在表面的平衡下，每个人努力扮演自己应该扮演的角色:体贴的妻子，欣慰的丈 夫，热情的客人，活泼的少女……“应该”成为什么角色，而并非“希望”成为什么角色，这正是扼杀人性的中 国人伦积攒了数千年的一整个体系作用下的结果。 ,这是一个中国家庭的长镜头。 (7)诗的韵律和节奏 ,不仅画面和故事流露出诗的清雅和悠远，在镜头内也张扬着诗的韵律和节奏。不难发现，这个镜头是由“全 ——中——全——中——中——全”的景别组成，错落有致，层次分明。 (8)隔与不隔 ,含而不露，这是中国人表达感情的方式，所以周慕云只问苏丽珍一句:“如果多一张船票，你会不会跟我走,”哀而不伤，这是中国人欣赏和玩味的美感。克制和泄露，微妙游走，于是便有了隔与不隔的意境。 《杀手莱昂》段落分析 •《杀手莱昂》一片是标志吕克贝松转向的一部重要作品，即由作者电影向商业电影的转向。集编剧、导演 于一身的吕克贝松在这部影片里向好莱坞证明了自己拍商业电影的能力。吕克贝松作为一个对电影流程及其 技巧以及好莱坞电影运作模式极为熟悉的导演，在这部电影里的视听语言运用得极其纯熟。 •《杀手莱昂》是一部难得的商业电影。影片中每个段落都有自己的经典之处，并且各具特色。整体的成功， 也正是建立在每个环节的精雕细琢上，它兼具了美国人的勇气和法国人的浪漫，细心又不缺少足够的大气。 和影片的主人公莱昂一样，粗中有细、刚柔并济。 一、影片的开场 •全片的第一个镜头便是那个著名的航拍镜头。摄影机从湖水、森林掠过，接着镜头摇至远处耸立着的高楼 大厦。从开始的俯视湖面、再到森林，直到最后与远处楼群的平视，这一系列镜头是蕴涵深意的。当镜头与 城市外观平行时，我们感觉到的是摄影机与城市的一种对视。这种对视在这儿成为了“对立”，摄影机被导演 赋予了情感，也成为影片里的一个角色而存在。这种“对立”便将本片的主题以最视觉化的方式表现了出来。 •在这个航拍镜头里，湖水、茂林和楼群被放置在一起，又形成了强烈的对比，从物质本身上讲，湖水、树 木是自然的生物，而远处的楼群则是人为建筑的，是无生命的，与大自然比起来，它显得冷漠、麻木。从运 镜上看，对自然界采用快速划过的俯拍，而对城市则用的是近乎于定格的极远景，一种拍摄距离较近，也更 加亲切，一种很远，立即产生了疏远的感觉。 •影片的开始，也就是在字幕的部分，运用了几个航拍的镜头就简约地向观众介绍了这个电影发生的地点: 海洋——公路——城市的大街——小巷——最后是渐隐，黑屏。(注意～这是黑色电影的标志——黑色，地 下。)我们看到的城市是被切割得很分散的街景，介绍了故事发生的背景。影片由一个黑色镜头引出了主角。 •但是，导演并不想这么快就让我们知道LEON的正面形象，而是同过一系列的超级大特写来营造人物的神 秘感。一双放在桌子上的手，两只手中间有一杯牛奶。就是这杯牛奶在影片的开始部分暗下了伏笔，以便后 面揭示人物特性之用。最精练的对白，LEON的镜片反射出对面坐着的他的老板点烟的形象——镜片节省了 反打的镜头～在这场戏里那个胖子的照片出现了两次，给了我们足够的暗示，那是转场的标志。 •下一个镜头就是照片上的胖子气势汹汹地走来。看门的那个老头脸部不断被走过的人的阴影所遮挡，预示 着将要发生的事情和这些人的身份——没有一句多余的台词，完全是运用了光影的变化揭示人物的身份特 征。 •LEON的出场令人叫绝～胖子的五个手下在被LEON杀的时候，镜头里几乎没有LEON的正面的特写形象: 几声枪响，带血的电话听筒掉在地上;站在走廊里的人象楼下张望，镜头从他背后慢慢推进，这让观众以为 杀手在其背后，但这人最终却是被来自上方的绳索勒死的……从这短短的几个镜头里就可以看出好莱坞电影 的制作风格——一定会让你看到你想看到的，但运用的方式是你永远想象不到的～ •最后胖子发现自己的手下都死于LEON之手后，画面里是他慌乱地在房间里寻找能逃跑的各种途径，声音 是他急促的喘息。就当胖子拨通警察局的电话时，一把刀子从他身后伸出来架在他的脖子上——音乐，音响 (胖子的喘息)都停止了，画面里除了打在胖子和LEON身上的一束侧光之外是一片漆黑。导演只让我们看 到这两个人～ •妓女的的出现有何用意,因为之前LEON和胖子的对峙相当紧张，这时候妓女看着这两个人尴尬的笑了笑， 然后走开了。导演用了很少的几个镜头就勾勒出了一个典型的物质女孩。这是好赖坞的又一大特点——人物 的出现必须担负一定的使命，否则就干脆不让他出现。在这个故事里，妓女起到了缓和气氛使观众放轻松的 作用。 •LEON和胖子对峙的这场戏——最后胖子吓得求饶，画外的警笛大作。从声音上提示我们——该转场了。 二、莱昂与玛莲达的生活 ——发展段 •这一段是整部电影的中间段落，占了近三分之二的篇幅，在这一段落里需要做的是向最后结局推进、过度， 引出纠葛，生出变形体，进一步深化人物，为直达高潮服务。 1、新的生活 这是一个“标记性”段落，它是整个叙事进展的开始。在影片里，吕克?贝松使用了一个具有非常意义的长镜头来表现“新生活”的开始。 •这一镜头紧接上一个镜头，在上一个镜头里，莱昂无奈地答应了玛莲达的请求，马上画面从狭小的内景转 切到了宽敞的外景，画框的取景格式也由近景变成了远景。我们看到，在整个画面近三分之一的地方是地平 线，左边是街上的吊灯，右边近处及纵深处是林立的高楼，玛蒂达和莱昂一左一右从地平线上“升起”。人物 从一个平面上缓缓地“升起”可以说是对“新生活”最为恰当的诠释。 •这里，声音和画面同样起到了转场的作用，上一场还是低吟绵绵的平和乐，在这一场景中突然一转，变成 了富有节奏的鼓点和有些怪异的弦乐组合。从平淡的、了无生机的环境很快跳到了一个充满生命动感的世界。 导演的调度既微妙、又精巧，玛莲达弱小的身躯却捧着植物、拎着大堆物品，物与人显得不成比例，莱昂只 是轻松地提着长盒，这两个人在一起，表现了莱昂对收留玛莲达所持的态度，也表明玛莲达跟定莱昂的决心。 2、房顶试枪 这一段是影片里唯一交代莱昂教玛莲达的段落，因此在全片中的主要作用是交代和提示。在这之后的都是莱昂与玛莲达的生活片段。 •这一段的本身亦有双重功能:首先是增强悬念，进一步塑造人物特点。对枪的运用是此段的一个重点。对 于杀手和杀人知识，观众和玛莲达一样，都是这方面的“弱智”。这样，自然而然地就因为这样的对比，莱昂 被赋予了“高手”的光环。重要的是其作为杀手的“游戏规则”，最令人印象深刻的，莫过于“不杀女人和小孩”。 即使是这样一个并不十分重要的场景，导演还是精心雕饰、制造悬念。从开始时，镜头低角度的横移，富有 节奏感的鼓点，到瞄准孔中的升格画面、运动的镜头、紧张的背景声音，让观众仿佛是一起参与了这场练习， 即便它并非实弹。 •第二个功能是对影片主题的阐释。这一主题是生命。我们看到，一个人的生命可以这样轻松地被结束，不 管是什么样的人，只要被瞄准器(死神/命运)瞄准了，他就可能失去生命。我们每个人每天就是这样，生活 在“靶心”之中，包括莱昂与玛莲达也是。而这也使原本平静和谐的世界成了罪恶、恐怖的滋生地，生命在这 个罪恶之城没有丝毫的安全可言。 3、生活蒙太奇 •接下来是一系列表现玛莲达的生活片段，集中于她干活时的笨拙，以及她的疲惫与困倦。然后，莱昂把花 放上阳台让情绪一转，节奏由渐静变成了渐动，往后是莱昂与玛莲达做仰卧起坐，摄影机的运动范围相对大 了。之后又有一个相同的场景、动作，摄影机运动也是相同的，但玛莲达由做仰卧起坐变成做健美操，莱昂 只是无奈地摇着头，这个镜头表明:莱昂开始接受这个女孩，玛莲达正在成长中。 4、模仿秀 在阐释本片主题时，我就曾提到这一段在影片中发挥的作用。在整个剧情结构中，它强化了莱昂与玛莲达之间的交流，与上一段的“生活蒙太奇”相比，这一段显得俏皮、逗趣。导演利用频繁的正/反打表现各自对对方的放映，在这一过程中，又省略了两个人更变装扮时换衣服的情景，使他们装扮的“人物”仿佛是在舞台上登场亮相。这场室内戏较之一强更为明亮，音乐也区别了上一场，以风琴演奏，让节奏舒缓，却又饱含着生活带来的快乐。 5、关于植物的对话 这个段落所占篇幅很少，但在影片中有着非凡的意义。在这里，导演借莱昂之口说出了这盆植物在影片中的地位。 此段的开始是玛莲达把植物放在窗台上(注意，放植物的人由莱昂变成了玛莲达)，然后她盯着植物看得出神。接下来就是两人意味深长的对话。 •莱昂:“它是我最好的朋友，永远快乐，不问问题……它就像我，没有根”(暗示兰花和莱昂之间的紧密联 系，并表现出莱昂本人不得意的一面)。 玛莲达:“真爱它的话，该把它种在公园，这样便会长根……要我成长你就得替我浇水”(说出了莱昂心中的 结，也预示着影片的结局，与结尾相呼应)。 6、“我想我爱上你了” •这是全片最富浪漫气息的一段。玛莲达躺在红色的大床上，望着天花板说道:“莱昂，我想我爱上你了。” 莱昂一下子把奶呛到了身上。一位身经百战的杀手在“爱情”二字面前竟然手足无措了。再来看一看导演的调 度，一张红色的大床，热烈、奔放，又带有神秘感;仰头躺在床上的玛莲达敞开衣服，双眼迷离，她以一名 少女青春期特有的对爱的憧憬，以一个孩子所具有的直接、无忌表达了自己。 •结局 •影片安排了玛莲达和LEON的恋情。并且安排了一个变态的警察形象，这在好莱坞电影和西方的主流社会 里是不可能出现的～但该片的结尾处给了观众一个令人满意的结局:LEON和那个警察同归于尽了。尽管影 片给我们展示里一个极为有人情味极为可爱的杀手，但杀手毕竟是杀手，是不被整个主流社会所允许生存的 人物。 •吕克贝松聪明在让整个影片有两个结尾——一是让LEON死掉，二是让小女孩玛莲达重返校园。 •结尾奠定了整个电影的基调——面对的观众是绝大多数普通人，换句话说这个结局也反映了影片的主要特征——商业性。 Pretty Woman麻雀变凤凰/漂亮女人/风月俏佳人 ,导演:加里?马歇尔 Garry Marshall ,主演: ,理查?吉尔 Richard Gere ,朱莉娅?罗伯茨 Julia Roberts ,反映爱情浪漫史的电影为数众多，其中就必然形成了一定套路。 ,《风月俏佳人》就是一部这种类型的成功之作，它是90年美国最卖座的影片之一。 ,《风月俏佳人》是一部浪漫轻喜剧式的爱情故事，无论从内容结构还是人物性格上，对白马王子与灰姑娘 的爱情传奇这种古老的模式都既有借鉴又有发扬。 一、风格 ,从整体风格上看， 《风月俏佳人》满堂亮的布光和流畅认同的经典电影语言都在竭力营造一个梦幻的空间。 这种平实的电影语言被称为“看不见的电影语言”。 ,即:认真揣摩观众的好奇心和窥视欲，利用蒙太奇技巧来交代情节、人物情感关系和状态，在完成叙事的 同时尽量不被意识到。它隐藏了故事和观众之间庞大的摄制组，让我们在观影过程中无暇想到摄影机、录音 机、导演、剪辑和整个电影工业的存在，让我们毫无阻碍地参与叙事，进入人为的梦境。 ,欧达尔在他的《论缝合体系》中把这种隐藏技巧和意识形态的好莱坞式剪辑手法称为“零度剪辑”。 现实主义主要有这几个因素: 1、古希腊亚里斯多德《诗学》以来的模仿说 2、从创作者来说，它要求按照生活本来的样子去表现 3、它是指艺术形态上的一种风格(在现实主义的中，现代技术的使用、表演、叙事都要求按照艺术的规律，按照美的规律，都有唯美化、都有夸张、变形) 4、这种现实主义只是一种艺术手法，只是表现生活的一种形态，并不担保反映生活的“真实”。它与我国文艺理论中的“革命现实主义”有很大差别。 二、剧作 1、叙事动力 ,以爱情和爱情的阻力二元对立为叙事动力 2、双情节线结构 (1)男女主人公情感发生、发展、磨难和结局(主线) (2)男主人公生意进展(副线) 服装 ,在所有灰姑娘模式的故事里，漂亮的衣裙都是构成美梦的重要道具，也是其进入上流社会的通行证。在某 种文化霸权下，衣着品位的优劣是掩饰不住和改变不了的阶级(class)身份。于是衣着就有了符号化的剧作 ,异化 ,认同 ,拯救 ,爱情成了抵制异化的救命稻草 三、思想内涵 ,资本主义社会对人性有一个基本假定，即:人是自私的，金钱关系是人与人关系的基础，而人际交往则可 以用合理利己主义原则加以规范。 ,我们可以把《漂亮女人》看作是合理利己主义的注脚——人们只有承认了金钱关系才能真正地超越金钱关 系。 ,爱情的力量在于彼此的拯救，在于把相爱的人从金钱关系的束缚中解放出来。人的尊重和解放是相互的、 对等的。人的自由是彼此依存的。爱情、政治、经济莫不如此。 ,“任何一种解放都是把人的世界和人的关系还给人自己。” ——马克思《犹太人问题》 四、大众文化 ,“大众文化显然绝不仅仅是背景，也就是说，绝不是主流文化的消极框架，而是定期出现、反抗等级世界的 颠覆力量，具有自身的正式庆典和日常规范”。 ——(德)哈贝马斯《公共领域的结构转型》1990年版序言 五、影片分析 一、初始情境 二、聚类关系 三、组合关系 四、喜剧之“趣” 五、社会问题的象征性解决 ,英文版 , Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.