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大学英语语法大全
大学英语语法大全
2017-09-28 50页 doc 314KB 20阅读
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大学英语语法大全大学英语语法大全
大学英语语法
(CET--4)
学习提纲
一、词类、句子成分和构词法:
1、词类:英语词类分十种:
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball,
. class, orange
2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, oran...
大学英语语法大全
大学英语语法
(CET--4)
学习提纲
一、词类、句子成分和构词法:
1、词类:英语词类分十种:
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball,
. class, orange
2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:num.one, two, three, first, second, third,
fourth.
5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,
here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词():用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:art..a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from,
above, behind.
9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans
(杰克每天打扫房间) the room every day.
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由
名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:
He can spell the word(.他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间
接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他
给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接
宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually
(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me keep their classroom clean.
(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French do my lessons.
.(老师要我自学法语) all by myself
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?同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate
(你的同学汤姆在哪里,) Tom ?
3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法:
(1)派生名词:?动词+er/or ?动词+ing ?动词+(t)ion ?形容词+ness ?其他,
如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness,
knowledge
(2)派生形容词:?名词+y ?名词+ful ?动词+ing/ed ?friendly ?dangerous
?Chinese; Japanese ?English ?French ?German ?国名+(i)an 如:snowy,
(每日sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily
的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词:?形容词+ly ?其它,如:slowly, angrily, full?fully, good?
等等。 well, possible?possibly
3、转换法:
(1)形容词?动词,如:dry(干燥的)?dry(弄干), clean(干净的)?clean(打扫,弄
干净),等等。
(2)动词?名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词?动词,如:(手)?(传递),(脸)?(面对)等等。 handface
(4)形容词?副词,如:early?early, fast?fast等等。
(5)副词?连词,如:when(什么时候)?(当„„时候),等等。
(6)介词?副词,如:in(到„„里)?(在里面;在家),on(在„上)?(进行,继续),等等。
二、名词:
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
?可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;
?不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil,
population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
?在单数名词词尾加s。如:map ? maps,boy? boys,horse? horses, table? tables.
?s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class?classes, box?boxes, hero?heroes, dish
?dishes, bench?benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo?photos, piano?pianos.
?以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family?families, city?cities,
party?parties.
?以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf?shelves, wolf?wolves,
?lives, knife?knives. life
2、不规则变化:man?men, woman?women, sheep?sheep,tooth?teeth, fish?fish,
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child?children, ox?oxen, goose?geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice?two bags of rice, a piece of paper?three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk
?five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格:
1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节),
(我姐姐的书) my sister’s book
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节) (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),
(中国的人口). China’s population
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关
系。如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]:
? ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the
(诊所) doctor’s
? 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露
西和丽丽合住的卧室)
? “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my
(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友) father’s
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问:
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动
词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的
发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
? 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
? 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of
.(三 班有张中国地图) China
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,
谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are
(院子里有一些绵羊) some sheep in the yard.
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very
(这个消息令人兴奋) exciting.
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot
(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of of students are playing baseball now.
(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句) time was wasted on that work.
7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,
谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和
他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种
出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four
.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子) chairs in the room
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9、用both„and„连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are
.(你和我明天要求都来) required to be here tomorrow
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with
. (一名妇女带着一a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road
个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either„or„或者 neither„nor„连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。
如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对
的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is
.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long not a short time
(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离) distance
13、主语中含有half of„ / (three quarters)of„ / all (of) the „.等词语时,谓
语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the
(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third Internet is in English.
(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边of the students were playing near the lake.
玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的
水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China?(中国人
口是多少,)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are
(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数) Arabs
5、部分名词用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念
较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运
动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。
如:People all around the world enjoy sports(全世界的人都喜爱运动.) / The
(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.
句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队
取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race(.汤他们很棒,赢得
了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai
(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Television Festival will be held next month.
(星期天是个假日,多数人不工Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays(在暑期?你打算做什么事情,)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的
长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览
多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多
指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行
这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定
主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour(.他步行观光去了) / He took
(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.
(圣地亚哥) during your travels(?旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗,) / Santiago
(在密林里边穿行是很危险的) Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.
4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指
人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上
的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a
(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice cry.
.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音) as a result of a bad cold
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5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in
(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢the pool.
鱼)
三、代词:
1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
第三人称单数 第一第二第一人 第二人 阳性 阴性 中性 人称人称第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 复数 复数
主 I you (你) he she it we you they (他
格 (我) (他) (她) (它) (我(你们,她们,
们) 们) 它们)
宾 me you (你) him her it us you them (他
格 (我) (他) (她) (她) (我(你们,她们,
们) 们) 它们) 1、主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天
我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗,) / Where have they
(他们上哪儿去了,) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他～) gone?
2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:(今Who teaches you English this year?
年谁教你们的英语,) / Help me!(救救我～) / We often write letters to
(我们常给他写信) her.
3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也
可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:--Who is it?(是谁,) –It’s I/me.(是
我。)
4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you?he?I”的顺序表达。
如:
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公
司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿,) –You and me.(你和我) 5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”
等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名
词或者名词性从句。如:--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎
样,)—It’s fine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦,) –It’s 12:
(12点) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three 00.
(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that days to clean his house.
(很显然,公众想the public want to know when these men can go into space.
知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a
.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的) foreign language well
3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。
第三人称单数 第一人第一人 第二人 第二人阳性 阴性 中性 称复 第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 称复数 数
形容 my your his her its our your their (他们的,她词性 (我(你的) (他(她(它(我们(你们们的,它们的)
的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的)
名词 mine Yours his hers its ours yours theirs(他们的,她性 (我(你的) (他(她(她(我们(你们们的,它们的)
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的) 的) 的) 的) 的) 的)
1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:
Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗,) / I often go to see my aunt on
(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书) Sundays.
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主
语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine(?这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿,) / Your
.(你们的教室很大,我们的classroom is very big, but ours is rather small
相当小)
3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指
若干朋友中有一个来看我。)
[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指
我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)
4、反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。 反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词。它的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语，使施动者把动作在形式上反射到施动者自己。因此，反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性、数上保持一致。
第一人 第二人 第三人称单数 第一人称第二人称第三人称复数 称单数 称单数 复数 复数 阳性 阴性 中性
myself yourselhimself herself itself ourselves yourselvethemselve
(我自己) f (他自(她自(它自(我们自s s (他们/她
(你自己) 己) 己) 己) (你们自们/它们自
己) 己) 己)
1、反身代词在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself(不要玩刀子.,那会割伤你的)
2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)
6、 指示代词: 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。
单数 复数 含义
this(这个) these(这些) 指较近的人和物
that(那个) those(那些) 指较远的人和物
such (这样的人/物) 指上文提过的人和物
same (同样的人/物) 指和上文提过的相同的人和物
it (这人/这物) 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时
指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:
What’s this?(这是什么,) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型
飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要
做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ ---Who
(是谁,) ---It’s me!(是我～) is it?
6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。
1、关系代词who 、which、 that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的
关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。
如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)
2、关系代词who / whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你认识那个戴着红帽子的男
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人吗,)
3、关系代词which 指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Have you found the book
(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗,) which you lost several days ago?
4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Can you see
that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男the man/dog
人/狗了吗,)
7、连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。
英语中连接代词主要有:what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁的)。
详见相应从句。
8、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。
the 复合不 each either, 单数 / / one so other, 定代词 (every) neither 含义 another
little, 不可数 some no much / / / 含义 a little any none
others, all / /few, 复数 many ones both the 含义 a few others
※ 注:复合不定代词有12个:something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人),
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), anything
(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人). no one
(1)some和 any 的用法:
一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词some
或不可数名词。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/
.(他们有朝一日会去那儿) They will go there some day
some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some
?(你要加糖的咖啡吗,) coffee with sugar
any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修
饰可数或不可数名词。如:They didn’t have any friends here. (他们在
这里没有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗,)
any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)
(2)no和none的用法:
no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数
名词。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) /
.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借) They had no reading books to lend
none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,
表示复数或单数。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有
一个在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的
书,但没有一本是有趣的)
(3)all和both的用法:
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词;也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。
both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、
表语、定语等。如:I know all of the four British students in their
(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or school.
.(你要这个还是那个,两个都要。) that one? –Both
all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用
“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:All (of)
.(是男孩都调皮) (the) boys are naughty
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(4)every和each用法:
every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念; each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,
表示单个概念;each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放
在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前
every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也
可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students
(他班上每个学生学习都很用功) / They are in his class studies very hard.
(他们很忙,人人都有事干) very busy. Each of them has something to do.
(5)either和neither的用法:
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两
个都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如:I don’t care
(我不介意喝些什么,much for what to drink. Either of the two will do.
两个之中随便哪个都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither.
(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去,一个都不坐,我坐火车I will go there by train.
去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法:
意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。other
another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting
.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话) on the grass talking
/ (你已经You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?
吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块,) / I want another four books.(我
还要四本书)
another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两
个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。如: This is one of your socks.
(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢,) / I have eaten Where is the other one?
.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。) 4 cakes, but I still want anotherothers与the others的主要区别:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others
指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while
(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看) / Two of others are watching them.
.(十个the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them
男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)
(7)many和much的用法:
意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用;much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连many
用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如:I don’t have many friends
(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(许多here.
人在公交车祸中丧失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的
帮助之下我们能学到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much
用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如: There are a lot of people
(操场上有许多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to on the playground.
(他们没有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房do.
间里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。) / Don’t
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worry. There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) / In
(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / You that polar region there live few people.
.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果) can get a few sweets from him
(9)复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody
等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在
句子中当单数使用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。)
(每个人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上个星/Di
期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗,)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做)
(10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等。如: Which jacket would you like, this one or that one(你要?哪件夹克,这件还是那件, / I don’t like the green ones(.我不喜欢绿色的那些)
(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如: I don’t think so.(我认为不是这样的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。)
(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty
的区别:五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,a lot of(或lots of)既of
可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many;plenty of“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。
只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语a number of / large numbers of
时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。 如:A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。)
(我用不/ I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要写) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)
(13)none、no one、nobody的区别:no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式;none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。如:No one knows how
(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的) / Nobody he managed to get the ticket.
(昨天没有一个人交作文。) / None handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.
.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。) of my friends came to see me that day
9、相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。
each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式each other’s ,one
。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处another’s
困境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each
(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。) other.
10、疑问代词:用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊
疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能
用whom。如:
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日
聚会的,) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什
么,)
2、who 和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom
只能作谓语动词的宾语;而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语
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和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如: Who is that man?(那男的是谁,) / What
(他们的帽子是什么颜色,) / Which car was made in colour are their hats?
(哪辆车是德国造的,)(被动句) Germany?
注意这个提问:The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)
?Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲,) 3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜
色、大小、状况等进行提问。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的
人生活凄惨) ?Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄惨,)/ --Which
(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆,)—The hotel have you booked for your holiday?
(海口最大的那家旅馆) biggest one in Haikou.
4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数;如果修
饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游
戏房里,) / What is that? (那是什么,)/ What are those? (那些是什么,) /
What colours do they have?(它们有哪些颜色,)
初一代词练习:
1.— Judy, is this _______ mobile phone or Helen’s?
— It’s ________.
A. your, mine B. your, my C. you, mine D. you, my
四、数词:
1、分类:数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。 2、基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。
1、 英语中常用的基数词有:
1 one
2 two 20 twenty
3 three thirteen 30 thirty 23 twenty-three 13
4 four fourteen forty 14 40
5 five fifteen fifty thirty-five 15 50 35
6 six sixteen 60 sixty 16
7 seven seventeen 70 17 seventy
8 eight eighteen eighty 18 80
9 nine nineteen 90 ninety 19
100 10 ten one(a) hundred
11 eleve 101 one hundred and one
12 n
twelv
e
1000?one(a) thousand,10000? ten thousand,100000?one hundred
?one million,10000000?ten million, 100000000?one thousand ,1000000
hundred million,
?one hundred and eight, 146?one hundred and forty-six, 500?five 108
?one thousand and one, 1813?one thousand eight hundred and hundred , 1001
thirteen.
2、[注]:(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。
(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第
一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三
的逗号之前要用billion表示。
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(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one,
等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成„上„”,后面必须要有of,two, „
前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds
(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), of
millions of(成百万的)
3、序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1、 英语的序数词基本变法:
(1) 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)
熟记特殊词。
2、序数词如下: twenty-first stst ※first 21 1twenty-second ndthnd ※ twentieth 2 2022twenty-third rd ththrdsecond thirteent thirtieth 3302313th thth 4※third 14h40fortieth thththththirty-fifth 5 fourth fourteent fiftieth 155035ththth fifth sixtieth 616h60 ththth sixth fifteenth 71770seventiet ththth seventh sixteenth 81880h ththth eighth seventeen eightieth 91990 thth ninth 10 th100ninetieth thst tenth eighteentone one hundred and 11101th elevent 12hhundredth first
nineteent h
twelfth h
thth1000?one thousandth, 1000000 ?one millionth., 第703?the seven
hundred and third,
第5480?the five thousand four hundred and eightieth. 3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:
thirty-sixth,
(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I’m in the third grade.
(3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5?one fifth ; 2/3? two
thirds ; 4/7? four sevenths ; 1/2? a half ; 1/4?a quarter ; 3/4
? three quarters ; 50%? fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent). 4、数词的用法:
1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期: 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov.
8th, 2002.
3、表示时刻: 5:15? five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30? eight thirty
或half past eight ; 10:45? ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven. 4、表示编号:Room 105?Room one 0 five; Bus No.13?Bus Number Thirteen; P.5?
Page Five; Tel.No.7658659?Telephone Number
seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine 5、小数的读法:5.7? five point seven, 0.16 ?zero point one six.
6、“半”的表达: 1/2?half, 半小时?half an hour, 1.5小时?one and a half hours
或one hour and a half.
7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson
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is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time(?我们把课文读第三遍,好吗,)
五、冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法:单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);
不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常发 [[]/[[n]。 2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
不定冠词的基本用法:
(1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the
.(有一只狗躺在地上。) ground
(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than
(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。) a man.
(2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教
师。)
(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that
.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。) dining-room
(5) 几个用不定冠词的习语:(一点), (一点), (几个), (许a bita littlea fewa lot
多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece
(一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have of
(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等()休息)一会a cold
儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。 定冠词的基本用法:
(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上
拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
(2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑
板。)
(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called
(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。) Robert.
(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳
旋转。)
(5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the
.(长江以南地 区将会刮大风。) Yangtze River
(6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去,)
(在所有的恒星之中/ Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.
太阳离地球最近)
(7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五
岁时他开始拉小提琴)
(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya
.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山) Mountains
(9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of
.(他来自美利坚合众国) America
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下
个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
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(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得
一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the
(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等end
等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况:
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very
(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和large country.
水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more
(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了) expensive than yours.
(3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他
出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in
(春天他们通常在山上植树) spring.
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than
.(人比猴子聪明) monkeys
(5) 三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在
家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
(6) 节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from
.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物) their parents
(7) 球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩
子们星期六下午踢足球)
(8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他
们此刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:? at / to / from / out of / after / for school;
? in / to / for / after class; ?in / to / out of / into bed; ? after
? at / to sea; ? in / from / down / to / at/ from / out of / to work;
? at / from home; ? at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ? at town;
? on foot; ? go to school/bed; ? on top of; ? in night/noon/midnight;
? on show/display/duty/watch; ? in / out of hospital; ? at front of;
? on/in time; ? at first/last/once; ? in Chinese/English,etc.; all;
? take care of
六、形容词、副词:
1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
2、形容词在句子中的位置:
?作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:a big yellow
(一个黄色的大木轮) wooden wheel
?作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)
?作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如:We must try our best to keep our environment
.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁) clean
?后置的情况:
?修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened to
.(他发生了严重的事故) him
?与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He’s 1.8
.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away metres tall
.(月球离地38万公里) from the earth
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3、有关形容词的用法辨析:
? whole与all:记住两个词序:? the whole + 名词; ?all (of) the + 名词。如:He was busy the whole morning(.整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all
.(他能记住学过的所有单词) the words he learns
? tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与low。如:He’s very tall/short(.他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are
(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people standing on both sides of that avenue.
.(少量的人住在高山上) live on high mountains
? real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如:This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very
(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it expensive.
.(那真实吗, 是的,我亲耳所听) with my own ears
? interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:The man
(这个人很有趣,孩子们都is very interesting and all the children like him. 喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣)
? 用法: () + 名词(单数)(+从句)。如:suchsuch + anthatI have never seen such
(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible a foolish
.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不accident that he could never forget it
会忘记)
? 与:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用,作状语用;表示“(身体)goodwellgoodwell
好”时用well.如:Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study
(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am well and make progress every day.
(你好吗,我很好。) very well.
? nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine
(多好的天气～) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错) day!
? too much与much too:too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:I am full because I have had too much
(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣rice.
太贵了)
? quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如:After a quick breakfast,
(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国) ?lonely与alone:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如:He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely(他一人.独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well
.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易) with him
? other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。如:The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who
(还有谁能解出着道数学题,) / This is else can work out this maths problem?
(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / Do you nobody else’s money. It’s mine.
(你还有什么要为自己说的吗, have anything else to say for yourself?
? special与especial的区别:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但
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special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如: She pays (e)special
(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small attention to clothes.
(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子) children.
? gone、lost、missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了,) / For more detailed information(详情) of the missing
(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问girls, please visit our website我们的网站)
? living、alive、live、lively的区别:四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。 living读[‘liviN]有三个意思:?“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,?“一模一
样的、逼真的”,?相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”; live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;
alive读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面; lively读[‘laivli]有三个意思:?有生气的、活泼的、快活的,?(色彩)鲜艳的,
?生动的、真实的。
例如:A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从
口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们
强烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive(?她还活着吗,) / They are the
(他们是活着的最开心的孩子) / This is a live happiest children alive.
(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险fish.
的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave
(他生动地描述了那场足球赛) a lively description of the football match.? sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak
(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the now.
(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱) pets’ owners like them.
? the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法:“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如:We must try our best to help the poor(.我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)
2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。
1、副词的分类:(见下表)
频度副地点/方位副方式副疑问/连接副时 间 副 词 程度副词 其他副词 词 词 词 词 today, once, here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also, tomorrow,
yesterday, twice, home, below, enough, hard, where, nor, so, now,
then, early, rather, as, always, anywhere, alone, when, late, quite, on,off,
once, soon, usuallyabove, how, so, fast, why, either, just, , outside,
in, inside, much, togethetonight, long, often, whether yes, no, out, just, r,
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already, yet, sometimback, up, nearly, suddenlhowever, not, before, es, down, only y, etc. neither ago, later, away, off, almost, 关系副词 maybe, never, 结尾 ever since far, hardly, -ly
的副词 after, (seldomnear, as long aswhere, perhaps, 等, whenever ), nearby,
first, ever, wherever even, all, why, how certainly, someday,
sometime, a little, a everywhere, when, last, bit
2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:
?作状语:
? 时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the
(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been Great Wall tomorrow.
(他们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way to the UK twice.
.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路) back home
? 频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、
等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句often
尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) / Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
? 方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark
(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光) cave
? 地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如:There you can
(在那里,你可see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).
以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动) / The frightened wolf ran
(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back away.
.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回) soon
? 程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it
(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了) if he did not tell me again.
(它那么奇怪/ It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to
.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车) catch the first bus
? 疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如:When and where
(你何时何地出生,)/ Why did little Edison sit on some were you born?
(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上,)/ How do you do?(你好～) eggs?
? 连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。How I
(我打算怎样杀死那只猫am going to kill the cat is still a question.还是个问题)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger(那就是人.
人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)
? 关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如:This is the place where
(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the Mr Zhang once lived.
.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学way how you have learned English so well
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得这么好的方法)
? 其它副词:too“也”,用在句尾;also放在动词前;either “也不”,放在
句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前;on/off
“开/关”放在动词之后;not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之
前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。如:He went
(他去了故宫博物院,我也去to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.
了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你
的里边衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(汤姆没
有计算机,我也没有。)
(2)作表语:地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位
置。如:I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不
在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离
开家乡有将近20年了) / Jim is over there(.吉姆就在那边) (3)作定语:时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名
词的后面。如:People now often have their festival dinners at
(现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴) / Women there were restaurants.
.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过living a terrible life in the 1920s
着可怕的日子)
(4)作宾语补足语:地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如:Put your dirty socks away,
(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开～它们在散Jim! They are giving out bad smell!
发着臭气。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关
在家里做作业)
[注意] “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如:He wrote
(他写下了那个词。)?He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。) down the word.
3、有关副词的重要注释:
? as„as„常构成一些词组:as soon as„(一旦„就„), as well as„(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能„„地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as
(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the you get to Beijing.
(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。) school gate as quickly as possible.
[注释] “as long / much as + 名词”可以表示“长达/多达„”的含义。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan(那幢房子花费高达.
50万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)
? later、after、ago、before的用法:?“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。?“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。?ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:He had an accident a week ago(.一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before(?你从前到过那儿吗,)/
(过了几年他戒了烟。) After a few years he gave up smoking.? above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane
.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。) flew over quickly
当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。
? too、also、either、nor的用法:too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首;如:Are you
(你也是美国人吗,)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, American,too?
(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did either.
(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你I.
还可以发觉那个市场很好。)
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? enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法: enough (“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,very much(“非常”)放在动词之后。如:It’s
(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/ I don’t too/so/very/quite expensive.
(我不很喜欢糖果) like sweets very much.
[注意] very与 much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone
(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail swept.
(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I to enter the good school.
.(我不太喜欢他) don’t like him much
? sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法:sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the
(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time(.我会mountains.
在这儿呆些时候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)
? how、what用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用 如:what.What a fine day (it is)
(今天天气真好～) / How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀～) today!
? already、yet的用法:在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Have you done it already(?你已经做好了,) / I have not had
(我还没有吃早饭呢。) my breakfast yet.
? hard与hardly的用法:hard作为副词意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:They study English
(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public very hard.
(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰) place.
? like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。如:I like baseball very much(.我非常喜欢棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like
hamburgers best.
?“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法:记住:?quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;?too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;?rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙().我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子) ? how 的几个短语:how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问; how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态; how long“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态; how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问; how much“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如:How long have you been like this?(你这样已经多久了,)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次脸,) ? much、more与most的用法:这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,much表示“很”,修饰原级形/副,more表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much也可以修饰比较级形/副。如:This park is much more beautiful than that one.(这个公园比那个漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影)
? no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法:表示时间,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在谓语动词之前;表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如:He no longer lived
(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He there.
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didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟)
? 被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。如: The runner was badly
(赛跑运动员受了重伤) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如hurt.
今世界上英语说得很广泛)
? too...to...与so...that...的问题:副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that后面跟从句。Too...to... (“太.„„以致不„„”)是否定的结构,用于简单句;so...that...(“如此„以致„”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如:The
(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)/ He is so child is too young to join the army.
.(他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。) strong that he can lift the heavy box? 既是形容词也是副词的单词有:early, late, long, last, next, first, near,
等等。如:enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight
It was a long holiday.(那是个长假)/ He stayed there very long(.他在那儿呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就会找到办法)/ He
(难对付的) person.(他是个难玩的家伙) is a very hard
? farther与further的用法区别:表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther. 如:They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left
.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修) college
? rather与quite的用法区别:同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“”程度的描绘: nice
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice
very nice
如:It’s quite a nice film.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影) / It’s rather a nice film.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好)
[注意]注意quite与rather后面的次序词序。
? maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别:maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”;perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如:You could put it over there,maybe(.也许你可以把它放在那边) /
(我I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.
不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)/ I thought perhaps it was the
(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件) letter you have been expecting.(21) most、mostly的区别:most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”;mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如:I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空时大部分时间都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘气)/ This is
(这是电影中最令人兴奋的部分)/She is the most exciting part of the film.
out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家) mostly
(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的区别:worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如:What is worth doing at all is worth
(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth doing well
(房子价值30万元)/ This book is well worth reading several ,300,000.
(这本书值得好好读几遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(这是一times.
个值得看的东西)
(23)almost、nearly的区别:两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下
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可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost不用nearly. almost no 相当于hardly any(几
乎没有)。如:He had done almost nothing today.(他今天几乎没有干什么) / We
(我们几乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly are almost/nearly there.
.(几乎没有人懂他的话) anybody understood his words
(24) a bit与a little的区别:这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副
词的原级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather弱。如:This digital camera is a
(这台数码相机有点贵)/ It is a little(a bit) colder bit(a little) expensive.
(今天比昨天冷了点) than yesterday.
另外,a little可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数
或可数名词复数)”的形式。如:I have got a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)/ Go
(请你去给我搞点水来) and get a little water for me, please.
[注意] not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,而 not a little则意为“非常,
不是一点”。
3、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1、分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。
原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
2、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est构成比较级和最高级。
a)直接加er,est :
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est:
c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er,est:
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加 more / most.
3、不规则变化:
原级 比较级 最高级
good好的 better更好的 best最好的 好;(身体)好的, well
糟糕的,糟糕地 worstworse更糟糕的,更糟糕地;最糟糕的,最糟糕地;bad,badly
(身体)更不舒服的 (身体)最不舒服的 (身体)不舒服的 ill
many许多的(可数) more更多的;更 most最多的;最 许多的(不可数);非常 much
少的 less更少的 least最少的 little
farther更远的;更远地 farthest最远的;最远地 远的;远地 farfurther进一步的(地) furthest最深刻的(地)
4、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法:
(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是:
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 + (very/too/so/quite/rather„) + 形容词/副词原级 +„.
如:He is very old now.(他现在很老了) / They ran quite fast(.它们跑得
相当快) / The weather looks rather bad(.天气看上去相当糟) / I am so
(我是如此的快乐) happy!
?表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型:
主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 +„.
如:He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)/ Lily
.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)/ They rode her bike as slowly as an old lady
.(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多) picked as many apples as the farmers (did)
?表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型:
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主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词(否定式) + as / so + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物+„.
如:He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴
奋) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉
莉骑车不像老太太那样慢) / They didn’t pick so / as many apples as
. (他们摘的苹果不如农民多) the farmers (did)
(2) 讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。基本句型:
主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+„.
如:A modern train is much faster than a car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了) /
.(这本书花费我的钱不比This book didn’t cost me more than that one
那本多)
讲述两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是:
主语(‘A’) + 谓语动词 + less+ (多音节形/副)比较级 + than + 第二个人物(‘B’) +„.
如:I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学
难)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认
为学外语不那么重要吗,)
(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。句型是:
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词/副词最高级 +in / of „.
如:The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(长江是中国最长的河
流) / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三个男生中他跳得最
高)
4、关于比较等级的重要注释:
1、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词;如果后面是连系动词,
则后面用形容词。如:This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词)(这辆汽车是
四辆之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词)(这辆汽车是
四辆之中跑得最快的)
2、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越„„”。如:The weather is getting warmer and
(天越来越温暖了) warmer.
3、“the+比较级„,the+比较级„”表示“越„就越„”。如:The more trees we plant,the
(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)/ The harder you try,the better it will be.
.(你越是努力,进步就越大) greater your progress is
4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示数量的
more之前还可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等词。如:It is
(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more much colder today than yesterday.
(你还要些咖啡吗,)/He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃) coffee?
5、more than / less than分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,more than=over;
.如:I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在纽约less than=under
生活了四个多月)
6、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如:
One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大
火中被烧毁了)
7、“Which / Who+动词+形/副,?,?or??”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如
果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如:Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林
涛和韩梅谁的书最多,)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(猪、
马、象哪个最重,)
8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而
且往往还要加the;含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用
最高级。如: --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗,
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一个都不喜欢)/ --Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜欢哪个,全部。) 七、介词:
1、介词的主要用法:
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的((
其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构
成的短语介词,如:out of(从„中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离„),
(在„顶上), ever since(自从„), next to(在„隔壁), according to(根on top of
据„), in front of(在„前方)等。
2、介词的分类表: (见下表)
地点(位置、范围)介词:above在„前, about在„附近, across在„对面, after在„
后面, against倚着..., along在„近旁, among在„中间, around在„周围, round
在„.周围, at在„处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside
在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...
里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...
之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on
top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of
在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目标趋向)介词:across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕
着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向„后面, etween„and„从„到...,by
路过/通过..., down向„下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入...,
inside到...里面, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外,
outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝...,
towards朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离...
时间介词:about大约..., after在„以后, at在„ (时刻), before在„以前, by
到„为止, during在„期间, for有„(之久), from从„(时)起, in在(上/下午);在
(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了„(时), since自从„(至今), through 贯穿„(期
间), till直到„时, until直到„时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at
the beginning of在...开始时 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...
当中 ,at the time of在...时
方式介词:as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用„(语言), like与„一样,
on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with
用(),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有„
涉及介词: about关于..., except除了„, besides除了„还... for对于/就„而言,
in在„(方面), of„的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对„而言, towards针对...,
with就„而言
其它介词:
【目的介词】 for为了..., from防止„, to为了„
【原因介词】 for因为..., with由于„, because of因为...
【比较介词】 as与„一样,like象„一样,than比...,to与„相比, unlike与„
不同
【伴随/状态介词】 against和„一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in
穿着„(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与„一起,有/带着/长
着..., without没有/无/不与„一起
3、介词短语的句法作用:
介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如:The man came is from the stairs>
.(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher is now with the the countryside
.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起) pupils
4、介词短语在句子中的位置:
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介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾; 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in
(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the Shanghai the next year.
for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信room
是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗,)
5、重要注释:
? this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时
间短语,前面不用任何介词。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit
(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那Pingyao.
个星期他患重感冒)
? for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于„而言”。如:It’s too
(让我在区区一个小时内完hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.
成这项工作太难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子
够大的可以容10个人住)
? of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如:It’s very
.(你这么做真是太好了) nice/kind of you to do so
? 介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。
? 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁,) ? 宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care
(他有 一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is of.
?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗,) talking with over there
? 动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair
(我 最终找到了一张椅子坐。) to sit on.
(5) 记住一些固定词组:arrive at/in(到达„),on foot(步行),not„at all(根本不),to the north of(在„以北),in the east of(在„的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕„),be full of(充满/ 装满„.),be
(充满/ 装满„.),be good/bad for(对„有益/有害),be made of(由„filled with
做成),be made from(由„制造),play with(玩耍„„),look out of(朝„外面看),at
(在„末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于„/到„末为止),with the help the end of
或with one’s help(在„的帮助下),look after(照料„),look for(寻找„),on of
骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做„),get on (well) with(与某人a bike(=by bike)
相处[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介词的用法辨析:
? 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间; 表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on
.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:the morning of May 10th
.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his 00 in the morning
(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻nose.
他正在电影院)
? after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在„时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿.)/ My
.(我父亲大约一个月以后father is coming back from England in about a month
从英国回来)
? since与for表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从„起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有„之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这
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家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李
叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)
? by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示
“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以„„方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表
示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with
(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write our eyes and walk with our feet.
(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo that article
(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) by taxi.
? about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关„”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主
要表示“有关„(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history
(汤姆要作一个美国历史的)/ They are very excited talking about of America.
(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游) the coming field trip.
? through与across、over的用法区别: through指“穿过„(门洞/人群/树林)”;
across和over可以指“跨越„(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过„”时只能
用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过
路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river(河上有座桥.)/ They climbed
(他们翻过大山提前到达了over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.
那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿
过一个大门来到另一个公园)
(7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示“像„„”,但是as译为“作为„„”,表示的是职
业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像„„一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let
.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) me speak to you as a father
/ .(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不Let me speak to you like a father
是听者的父亲)
(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别:at the end
既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在„末;在„尽头”,常与过去时连用;of„
by the end of„只能表示时间,译为“在„前;到„为止”,常用于过去完成时; in
与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;to the endthe end
译为“到„的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of
(到上学期期末我们已经学习了last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.
第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with
(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for brown windows.
(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he Beijing at the end of last week.
(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on succeeded in the final exams.
(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end with the work to the end.
(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局) and you will see a post office.
(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:for a moment
“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment“暂时、
目前”,常用于现在时;in a moment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few minutes),
一般用于将来时;at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Please
(请稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment(暂.wait for a moment.
时就维持现状吧～) / I’ll come back in a moment(.我过会儿回来)/ I am very
(眼下我很忙) busy at the moment.
(10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形
动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait(.我
什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight.(他们没有选择
只有战斗)
(11)in front of 与in the front of: in front of“在„的前面”, 与in the front
“在„的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着of
一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大
讲台)
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(12)except与besides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides
“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅„„又„„”。如:Everyone went to the Palace Museum
except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese
(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉he also studied many other subjects.
语”也是他学的功课之一)
八、动词
1、动词的分类:
类 意 义 例 句 别
含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。
句子中能独立作谓语。 They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常实义动吃土豆。
词 I’m reading an English book now.
我现在正看一本英文
书。
本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓His father is a teacher.他父亲是教
语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。 师。
连系动Twins usually look the same.
词 双胞胎通常看起来一样。
The teacher became very angry. 老
师变得很生气。
本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能He doesn’t speak English. 他不说
和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来英语。
助动词 表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它We are playing basketball. 我们在
语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数打篮球。
和时态的变化。 Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗,
本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,You can keep the books for two weeks.
只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,这些书你可以借两个星情态动表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词期。
词 没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟
动词有过去式。 吗,
We must go now. 我们现在得走了。 ?重要注解:
(1) 关于实义动词:
? 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及
物动词。
? 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:
go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 ? 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study, sing等。 ? 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know, wash等。 ? 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如:
listen,reply,wait,look.
(2) 关于连系动词:
? 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
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? 常见的连系动词有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、
等。 grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie
? 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化:look(看?看起来)、feel(感觉、
摸?感到)、 smell(闻、嗅?闻起来)、taste(尝?尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动
?变得)、grow(生长?变得)、get(得到、到达?变得)、go(去?变得),所不同的
是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。
[注释]
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别:become表示“变成”,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如:I was caught in the rain
(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他变富了)/ He will be a and I became ill.
(将来他将成为科学家)/ My little brother has grown scientist in the future.
(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/ The much taller in the past year.
(那块三明治已经变坏)/ Her face turned red after her sandwich has gone bad.
(批评) her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了) mother criticized
(3) 关于助动词:
?常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been,
用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; being ) ;
和用于一般时的do(does,did) . will (would)
?助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall, will, should, would.
(4) 关于情态动词:
?常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will
等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使(would), dare (dared) , need
用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
?can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如:Can I help you?(要帮忙吗,)/ He can swim.(他会游泳)/
.(那不可能是李先生) That can’t be Mr Li
? may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you
.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如:May I ask you a may
(可以问你一个问题吗,当然可以)/ You may go now.(现在question?—Certainly.
你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)
? must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t;表示“一定”时,否定形式是“can’t” 如:We must be very careful when we cross
(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)/ I the road.
(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.
能在这里)
[注意]用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t;用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如:Must we
或No,you needn’t.(我们走clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.
之前必须要打扫房间吗,是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm?
或No,she can’t.(她一定在房间里吗,是的,一定。/ 不,不可能–Yes,she must.
在。)
? “have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very
. late at night
have to的疑问形式是:助动词+„+have to,否定形式是:助动词+not+have to或
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者用needn’t.如:Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8点钟吗,)/
(你不用这么做) You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)
? shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用;在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如:Shall we go to the zoo this
(我们这个周末去动物园好吗,)/ He shall bring his own book next weekend?
.(他下次必须带自己的书来) time
? should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people
.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话) politely
? will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如:Will you please close
(请你替我把门关上好吗,)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要the door for me?
教训你一顿)
?would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he
.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边) returned home
would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、
客气。在日常会话中,“我想要„”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d)
”来表示。如:Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你like to
现在想要休息一下吗,)
would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如:Every year parents would tell their
(每一年父母们总是children about the boy who would save his people.
向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
? need表示“需要”,用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如:He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)(他需要一些帮助)/ He needs some help./ He doesn’t need to bring
.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了) his football socks then
? dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜,)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)
? ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是:’d better not
如:You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ (do).
(你最好不要讲话因为他正在You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.睡觉)
2、动词词形变化一览表:
(1)规则动词变化表:
原形动词结尾情况 现在时单三人称 现 在 分 词 过去式和过去分词
一般情况 +s +ing +ed 规
结尾 +es +ing +ed s,x,ch,sh,o
则辅音字母+y结尾 y?i,+es +ing y?i,+ed 变重读闭音节一元一辅+s 双写辅音字母,+ing 双写辅音字母,+ed
结尾
化 不发音的e结尾 +s 去掉e,+ing +d
结尾 +s ie?y,+ing +d ie
have?has;be?(无) (见不规则动词变化不规则变化 表) is
注意:?在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。
?s/es的读音规则:在清辅音后读[s];在浊辅音后和元音后读[z];在[ s ]、[ F]、
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[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].
?ed的读音规则:在清辅音后读[t];在浊辅音后和元音后读[d];在[t]、[d]后
读[id].
(2)不规则动词变化表:( 原形 ? 过去式 ? 过去分词)
be(am,is) was been lose lost lost
were been make made made be(are)
beat beaten may might beat
became become mean meant meant become
began begun meet met met begin
blow blew blown mistake mistook mistaken
break broke broken must must
bring brought brought pay paid paid
build built built put put put
buy bought bought read read Read
can could ride rode ridden
catch caught caught ring rang rung
choose chose chosen rise rose risen
come came come run ran run
cost cost cost say said said
cut cut cut see saw seen
dig dug dug sell sold sold
do did done send sent sent
draw drew drawn set set set
drink drank drunk shall should
drive drove driven shine shone shone
eat ate eaten show showed shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feel felt felt sing sang sung
find found found sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
fly flew flown sit set set
forgot/forgottforget forgot sleep slept slept en
freeze froze frozen smell smelt smelt
get got got speak spoke spoken
give gave given spend spent spent
go went gone spill spilt spilt
grow grew grown spoil spoilt spoilt
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged stand stood stood
have(has) had had sweep swept swept
hear heard heard swim swam swum 28 / 59
hide hid hidden take took taken
hit hit hit teach taught taught hold held held tell told told hurt hurt hurt think thought thought keep kept kept throw threw thrown
know knew known understand understood understood
lay laid laid wake woke/waked woken/waked
learnt/learnelearn learnt/learned wear wore worn d
leave left left will would
lend lent lent win won won
let let let write wrote witten
lie lay lain
3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化:
一 般 现 在 时 一 般 将 来 时 现 在 完 成 时 I am„. (I等各人称) will be„. I have been„.
You have been„. You are.„ I am
She/he/It has been„.
We/You/They have been„. He/She/It is„. He/She/It is going to We/You/They are„. be„
We/You/They are
一 般 过 去 时 过 去 将 来 时 过 去 完 成 时 I was„. (I等各人称) would be„. I had been„.
I was You were.„ You had been„.
He/She/It was going He/She/It was„. She/he/It had been„.
to be„ We/You/They We/You/They had been„.
We/You/They were were„.
注意:句型变化时,
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,
而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写);
疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表:
现在 现 在 完 成 一 般 现 在 时 现 在 进 行 时 一 般 将 来 时 时态 时
动词用原形(单三am will + 动词原形 have +过去分
加词 s / es) +动词am is 谓语动(问句和否定句借-ing 动词has is +going to+词构成 用助词do / 原形 are
) are does
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过去 过 去 完 成 一 般 过 去 时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 时态 时
动词用过去式 was would + 动词原形 had +过去分词
(问句和否定句借 +动词was 谓语动用助词did) -ing 动词原+going to+词构成 形 were
were
5、八种时态的具体用法:
(1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。 ? 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:
often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a
(week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They go to the
(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss Palace Museum once a year.
(他们经常在晚上商谈生意) business in the evening.
? 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。
如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels
.(光传播比声音快) faster than sound
? 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在
可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如:The train for Haikou leaves at
(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车) 8:00 in the morning.
? 在时间状语从句中(以等when, after, before, while, until, as soon as
引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,
句子可以有将来时间。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in
(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have Germany.
(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家) to stay at home.
? 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如:
Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。
? 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
? 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词
有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand,
. 如:I think it is going remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see
(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay to snow.
(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿) here.
(2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也
可能经常
发生。
? 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday
引导的时间状语从句。如:I got up at morning),(ten minutes) ago, when
(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window 6:00 this morning.
(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ at half past nine this morning.
.(他When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father
走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)
? 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday,
(year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他last
2000年来到我们市)
? 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last„, in„,
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from„to„, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never
等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young.
. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him
? 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经
常省略时间状语。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在
街上遇到露西)
(3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。
?一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one
day,now,soon,
someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。
? 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人
称,“will”
用于所有人称。如:I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要
从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你
就要一个人过了)
? “am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判
断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动
作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special
.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ It’s going baby
(天快要下雨了) to rain soon.
? 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如:I will go to the lab
to get some
(化学药剂)(我要到化学实验chemicals. So please wait until I return.
室去取些药品,请等我回头)
? 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)
? shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人
称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我
们下周六去动物园好吗,)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我
把门打开好吗,)
? “be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如:An angel came to tell
her that she was to have this special boy.
(4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定
在进行的动作。
? 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。
? 现在进行时的时间状语有: now, this „, these„等,但经常不用。如:What
(你在树上干什么,)/ I am writing a long are you doing up in the tree?
.(我最近在写一本长篇小说) novel these days
? 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有:come, go,
等。如:I’m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you stay, leave, spend, do
(你明天干什么,)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) doing tomorrow?
? 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、
不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and
.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候forgetting all about it some time later
就忘得一干二净)
初一:
1.— Where is your mum?
— She _______ at the kitchen.
(5)过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。
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? 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复
数)+现在分词”构成。
? 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at
, 以及由when引出的时间状语(eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago
从句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday(昨天这个时候他.
正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我
看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)
? 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间
较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如:She was it happen when she was walking
(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were past.
(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌) walking in the dark forest.
? 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副
词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing
.(他住在这里时老向我借钱) money from me when he lived here
(6)现在完成时 现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示
开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。 ?在完成时由“助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词”构成。
?表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already, yet, just,
等。如:I have never seen such once, twice,ever, never,three times, before
(我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He has just gone fine pictures before.
(他刚去英国) to England.
?表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如:I have been away from my hometown for thirty years(我离开家.乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)
?口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of
.(他们图书馆有上万本书) books in their library
?have been to与have gone to的区别:have gone to(“已经去了”)表示人不在这里,have been to(“去过”)表示人在这里。如:--Where is Mr Li? –He
(李先生在哪里,他去了英国。)/ --Do you know something has gone to the UK.
(你知道北京about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.的情况吗,是的,我去过那里三次。)
?在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。具体变化见下表:
瞬间性动词的完成时 延续性动词或状态动词的完成时
for (two have (already) gone to„ have been in / at „ years)
has come to„ has been here since (1990)
(had) left„ (had) been away from„ ?
arrived„ been in„
died been dead
begun been on
ended been over
bought... had„
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borrowed„ kept„
joined„ been in „
或者使用下面这个句型:
It is / has been +( 多久)+ since + 主语(人)+谓语(过去时)+„„+过去
时间状语
[注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如:How long may I keep the book?(这本书我能借多久,)(句子中keep取代了borrow)
(7) 过去完成时 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
?过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成。
?过去完成时时间状语有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last„)
或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once,
等词语,也会有for„ 或since„构成的时间状语。如:They had ever, never
(当老already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.
师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized
.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了) she was a cheat
?过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的
主句中。如:After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the
(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never darkness.
(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠) seen a kangaroo before.
(8) 过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
?过去将来时由“助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”
构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用“would +动词原形”。
?过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later, soon, the next (day).
?在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过
去时。如:He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with
(他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/ Every time the project.
(每次只要他有when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.
空他就会坐下来看看书)
?表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were
(+动词原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她going to
告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk
(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步) with her pet dog.
?过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如:When it rained in the day,
.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞) he would bring an umbrella with him
(9)现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继
结构是:“续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,have/has +
动词的现在分词”。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about been +
(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How long have you been two hours.
(你在这里一直等了多久,) waiting here?
6、被动语态:
(1)被动语态定义:被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才
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有被动语态的形式。
(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表:
现在时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时
am am will + be+p.p. have(has)
谓语动词am is +p.p. is +being+p.p. +been+p.p
构 成 is +going to+ be + p.p. are are.
are
过去时态 一般过去时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时
was +p.p. was would +be+p.p. had 谓语动词 +being+p.p. were was +going to+be+p.p.+been+p.p. 构 成 werewere
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
(1) 被动语态的用法:
? 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如:A man
(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken was killed in the accident.
.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的) yesterday
?不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Rice is also grown
(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three in this place.
.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路) years
?强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如:It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)
是鲁迅写的).(宠物狗是不会被主/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner
人宰杀的)
(2) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态:
主动句: 主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语(人/物) + 其他 + 状
语
(动作的执行者) (各种时态形式) (动作的承受者)
被动句: 主语(人/物) + 谓语(及物动词) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 状
语
(动作的承受者) (be +过去分词) (动作的执行者)
(3) 注意点:
?“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如:
His teacher gave him a dictionary.?He was given a dictionary by his
.(老师给他一本字典?他得到老师一本字典) teacher
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。
如:His teacher gave him a dictionary.?A dictionary was given to him by ((
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his teacher.(老师给他一本字典?一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made
him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一him a kite.?A kite was made for (((
个风筝?一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)
?“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如:The boss made the
work 12 hours a poor man work 12 hours a day.?The poor man was made to((
.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时?这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时) day
?“动词+„+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如:The girl takes good care
her little brother.?The girl’s little brother is taken good care ofof((((
.(女孩照顾小弟弟?女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着) by her
?“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如:
He is pleased / worried / tired /„„.(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳„„)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / „„.(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关
照/射中„„)
7、动词的非谓语形式:动词不做谓语时的固定形式。
(1)动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分
词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。
(2)动词不定式:
? 形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只to
要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。*
它的被动形式:“to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式:“to have +过去分词”。 ? 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、
状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟
宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。 ? 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式
短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会
用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:To help animals is helping people.(帮
助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((对
于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this
(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间) problem.
? 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。
[A] 及物动词+不定式一般形式:
+不定式
谓语动词(vt.) (作宾[说 明]
语)
want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / (无)
(想要) / hope(希望) / would like
(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提love
供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) + to / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / (do)(希望) wish
help(帮助) to可以省略
begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化
不大
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forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ 也可跟动名词,意义变化
(总爱) 较大 like
如:I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/ They began
(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to to search the room for the thief.
(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When have a swim in the pool near his house.
(你什么时候开始学英语的,)/ Don’t forget did you learn to speak English?
(你离开时别忘了关门 to close the door when you leave.
[比较] He forgot to turn off the light(.他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning
(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring me up(.记off the light.
得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) / I remember calling you yesterday but you
(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话) forgot.
[B] 及物动词+疑问词+不定式:
谓语动词(vt.) +wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾[说明]
语)
tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知what 不定式疑问道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / 形式还可以 where
understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / 作句子的主+ how + to (do) learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / 语、表语等。 who
remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) which
/ discuss(商讨) „„
如:He does not know which one to take(.他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me how
(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ She asked me what to do to get to the station.
(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ Can you teach me how for today’s homework.
?(你能教我怎样上网吗,) to search the internet
[C] 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式
则后置。如: I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发
现学骑车不很容易)
? 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。
[A] 记住下面的一些结构:
被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思
a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙
a box to hold these 装这些东西的箱子
things
give her a book to read 给她一本书读
to (do)? Is there any (+名词/有„要(做的)吗? 代词)
It’s to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。
time
Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗?
I’d like to eat. 我要点儿吃的。
something
I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。 Would you like to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗,
something
[B] 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如: They could not find a place to live in(.他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give
(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush me a chair to sit on.
.((他找到了写字的毛笔) to write with
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? 动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:
[A] 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。如:He came
.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have to see her yesterday
(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的) a rest.
[B] 放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之
后)。如:We cleaned the room to let him play in it(我们打扫了房间.
以便让他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开
窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)
[C] 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如:To arrive there on time,I
.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一got up one hour earlier than usual
个小时)(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 与stop doing的不同。如:They stopped to have a look.(他
们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)/ They stopped looking out
.(他们停止向窗外望,of the window and began to listen to the teahcher
开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)
? 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如:My job is to keep
.(我的工作就是守住球门) the goal
? 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。
+ 宾语 +不定式 谓 语 动 词(vt.) (人 / 物) (作宾语补足语)
ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) /
want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) sb. / +to (do) +(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / helpsth.
(警告) / / warn
make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / +sb. / (看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ (do) + see sth.have(使得) / help(帮助)
如:Mum asked me to help her with the cooking(.妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would
(我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made like you to see my parents.
(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)/ Now the workers work 14 hours a day.
.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) let me hear you play the violin
[注意] help之后做宾补的不定式符号to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch
之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部
分)。试比较:
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时
瞬间的情况)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song(我坐在她附近听她唱.
新歌)(指整个过程)
(3)动名词
? 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以
被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。
动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
? 动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如:Learning
(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not English all by yourself is not so easy.
.) so easy learning English all by yourself? 动名词可以作宾语。
[A] want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Your car needs reparing
.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头badly
发被理)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。
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如:I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) /
.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / They I forgot writing a letter to him
.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped to look back
(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了) stopped looking back.
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如:Do you mind
(把门关上你介意吗,)/ She hates travelling by my closing the door?
(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他们每天air.
下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠) [D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相
近或相同。如:We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我
们在小学时就开始学英语了) / We began studying English when we were at
. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了) primary school
? 动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如:My job is putting
.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these these parts together
.(我正在把这些部件拼起来) parts together((
? 动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如:Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His
.(现在分词,作宾补) father saw him sitting on some eggs
(4)分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)
? 主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
? 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。
[A] 作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要
放在所修饰的名词之后。 如:I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”
(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷～) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr.
(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken Black.
.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很glass,so I was very angry with him
生他的气)
[B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)
谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足语
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / sb./sth. (do)ing
feel(感觉到)
如:Mum kept me working all the week(.妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/ When
(我进入房间时看到杰I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.
克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on
.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动) my foot
[C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如:She came into the
(他走进教室,手上抓着classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.
一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral
(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试) test.
[D] 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主
系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:
be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed
(打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮
丧) / become intereted in (对„感兴趣)等等。例略。
[E] 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如:I had my hair cut this morning.(今天
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早上我让人给我理了发)(注意:have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have
.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆) done sth
8、动词用法辨析:
(1)“Why not+动词原形+„?”(干嘛不„„?)是简略句,完全形式是:Why don’t you +
动词原形+„?如:Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看,)/ Why not try
(为什么不再试试,) it once again?
(2) seem(好象)的用法:记住几个结构:?sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容词+„;
?sb./sth. + seem + like +„;?sb/sth + seem + to (do);?It seems that
+ 从句。如:He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.
(被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心) / It seems that nobody else could do such
. (除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情a foolish thing except Jim
来)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法:记住几个结构:?be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing);
?be afraid to (do); ?be afraid that+从句。如:She is a little afraid of
(她有点怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(别snakes.
害怕晚上一个人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because
.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因为他犯了那么大的错误) of his serious mistakes
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法:记住几个结构:?be sorry for (sth); ?be sorry for
; ?be sorry to (do); ?be sorry that+从句。如:I am very sorry (doing sth)
(不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to trouble for keeping you waiting so long.
(对不起,麻烦你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐you.
怕他现在不在)
(5) be sure (确信)的用法:记住几个结构: ?be sure of (sth); ?be sure to(do);
?be sure that+从句。如:She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她
给我讲过多次她一定会来的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s
(你对你的答案有把握吗,也许是错的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help wrong.
.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的) me with the job
(6) make 与do的用法:一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do,表示创造建构某事
物用make. 如:I don’t know what to do(.我不知道该干什么)/ I’m not going
(我不准备做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和to do any work.
我爸曾经做过一只船)
此外还要记住一些固定说法:do good / harm / business / one’s best / a
favour„„
make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money
/ war / the bed / sure,...
(7)put on、wear、have„on、be in、try on、dress的用法:put on强调“穿、戴”
这个动作过程,wear则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+衣物+on主要表示状态,be
in(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+人)表示“给„人穿衣”。如:Please put
(请穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same on your new shoes.
(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on(.今天她穿着clothes.
一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的
女人吗,)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣)
[注意]dress与wear或put on的区别:wear或put on常用衣物作宾语,而dress常
用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表达。
be dressed in与wear基本同义。dress up意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如:Could
(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗,)/ He is eight but can’t you dress the baby for me?
(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她dress himself.
穿着一件红上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好
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衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗,)
(8)like、love与enjoy的用法:三个词都含有“喜欢”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后
面跟动名词,love 后面一般跟动词不定式love to do sth.。like后面有时跟动词
不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy后面还可以
加名词、反身代词,表示“享受„乐趣;玩得开心”。如:Do you like shopping?(你
喜欢购物吗,)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon
(习惯，与具体的时间有关).(每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳)/ They love to sing
(他们喜爱唱外国歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在foreign songs.
聚会上你玩得开心吗,)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜欢在中国生活) (9)study、learn的用法: study主要表示“学习、研究”,指过程;而learn主要表
示“学会”,指结果。表示“学”时可以互换。如:How many subjects do you study(?你
学多少门课程,) / Have you learned it yet?(这个你学过了吗,)/ How long have
(你学英语多久了,) you studied/learned English?
learn还可以表示“听说”,如:He learned the musician himself was in town.(他
听说音乐家本人就在城里)
(10)think、want、would like的用法:三个词都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思
考、考虑”,want指“想要、愿望、企图”,would like指“想要”,think后面一
般跟介词短语或从句,want和would like后面跟名词或动词不定式。如:Do you
(你认为中think that China will become a developed country in 40 years?
国会在40年后成为发达国家吗,)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to
((我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱)/ What do you really want to say?(你Li Min.
到底想干什么,)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(这些饼子
中你想吃哪些,)
(11)look for、search„for、find、find out的用法:前面两个词语表示动作过程,
后面两个表示结果,look for指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到;
search„for„指“为找„而搜寻„”;find指“找到”了东西;find out主要指
“查明一个事实真相”。如:Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the
(嘿,猴儿～你在厨子里面找什么呢,)/ Have you found the lost key to cupboard?
(你找着丢失的车钥匙了吗,)/ The soldiers were searching the room your car?
(士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然for the spy when they heard a loud noise.
间他们听到了衣声巨响)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(让我
们查查谁把窗子打破了)
[注解] find的几个结构:find sb. sth“为某人找到„”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.
“发觉某人是„”,find it +adj. + to do„(或+宾语从句)“发现(做„„)如何”。
如: His mother found her daughter a very clever girl(他的母亲发现她的.
女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语) / You can easily find it not good for
(你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利的) your health to eat cold food.
(12)listen to、hear的用法:两个词与听觉有关,listen to指“听”这一过程,hear
指“听到”这一结果。如:Are you listening to me, Jim? Yes, I have heard your
. (吉姆,你在听我说吗,是的,你的话我全听见了) words
(13)look、see、watch、read的用法:四个词均与眼睛有关,look指放眼去“看”(不
管是否看得到),指“看”的过程;see指“看见”这一结果,有时see还引申为“明
白”,表示“看”时后面加“电影”等词，see the film/film ;watch指专注的
看,含有“注视、监视”之义,后面常跟“电视、比赛”等词;read限制为看书面
材料,译为“看、阅读”,后面跟“书、报纸、杂志”等词。如:What are you looking
(你在看什么,)/ Please look at the blackboard. (请看黑板)/ Let me go to at?
(妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗,)/ He won’t feel see the film, mum, will you?
(要看完了足球赛他才well until he finishes watching the football match.
会感觉好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(阅读给我们知识)
(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法: hear“听说”,后面可以跟名词、代
词、从句表示听见的内容,hear of“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过
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面;hear from“收到„„的来信”,后面加人;learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,
含义与hear相似。如:I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我听
说格林先生今晚要来看望我们)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went
(你是否听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人,)/ How to the Himalaya Mountains?
(隔多久你收到你父亲的信,)/ He learned often do you hear from your father?
.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里) the musician himself was in town(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法:四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演
说”,是不及物动词,涉及人时要加介词to,speak作及物动词时后面跟语言名称;
talk“谈话、闲谈”,是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词with、to等,涉及事情时后面
跟介词about等;say 是及物动词,后面跟名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容;tell
是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如:Do you speak
(你讲英语吗,)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (谁在会上发了言,)/ Our English?
(我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)/ teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent.
(你能用英语说出它吗,)/ Please tell me something Can you say it in English?
(请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情吧) about the strange flying object.(16)be able to(do)、can的用法:can是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“可能、可以、
会”等意思,只有?现在式can和过去式could两种形式;be able to表示能力上
“会”,有多种时态形式,to后面跟动词原形,有时可以与can/could互换。如:Can
(你会说英语吗,)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim you speak English?
(他十二岁时不会游泳) when he was 12.
表示成功的做了某事时，只能用be able to.如:
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
的用法:两个词都可以译为“有”,但是,表示的是“拥有”,(17)there be、havehave
主语必须是人或者物;there be表示“存在”的概念,主语在there be之后。如:
How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你
有多少兄弟,我只有一个兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their
(他们教室里有多少张桌椅,一张也没有。) classroom? There is none.
[注解]there be sb./sth doing与there be sb./sth to do 有所不同:用doing
表示一个正在发生的事情,而用to do 则表示尚未做的即将要做的动作。如: Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing
for you to do tonight.
(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法:表示“借”的三个词,borrow“借进”、lend“借出”
都是一次性动作,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用;keep“保存”用来表示借一
段时间。如: I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I
(我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书)/ How long have you kept my do?
(呃,我的字典你借了多久了,两个多dictionary,eh?For more than two months!
月了～)
(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法:bring指从远处“拿来”，是从别处把
东西带到这里来,如:Can you bring me that glass? 你能给我拿那个杯子吗,;
take指从面前“拿走”，把人或物拿到别处，不是说话的地方，如:Please take the
letter to the post office .;carry指一般的搬运, 不涉及方向;send主要指
“送、派遣、寄”;lift指把东西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。
(20)hope、wish的用法:两个词都表示“希望”,但是,hope表达有把握或信心实现的事情,后面直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式;wish表达实现的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时)或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如:We all hope to see him very soon. (我们全都希望尽快见到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,这样我们就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨～)(事实上天正在下雨，虚拟语气)
(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法:?看主语 ?看结构
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spend的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型:sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing
; sth.
take的主语通常是事情,句型:sth./It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do„ 。(如果是动作则常用it作形式主语将动词不定式后移);
cost的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型:sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/金钱/力气. ;
的宾语通常是金钱,句型:)+金钱++事物. paysb.+(payfor
如:She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一个晚上看那本小说)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间)/ How much does a house like this cost (?像这样的房子要花多少钱,)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元从他那儿买了书)
(22)begin、start的用法:begin在大多数情况下可以替代start,(反义词是end),后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是start还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”,反义词是stop;某事停止后再重新开始一般用start.如:When did you begin/start
(你什么时候开始学英语的,)/ They started getting in the to learn English?
(雨停后他们开始收割庄稼) / This time he could crops after the rain stopped.
. (这次他没法启动他的汽车) not start his car
(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法:arrive是不及物动词,到达具体地点(单位，学校，家，车站)时后面加介词at , The new teacher arrived at our school . We
arrived at the station just now,到达一个大的地方(国家、地区、城市)时后面加介词如:We arrived in Paris yesterday, 后面可以直接跟地点副in，arrive
词等;表示“到达”时是不及物动词,涉及地点(无论大小)时here/there/homeget
后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地点副词here等;reach是及物动词,后面直接跟地点名词。如:He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上个星期天他抵达旧金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎样在夜间到达那里的,)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train
. (我们一路狂奔在火车启动前5分钟到达车站) left
(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的区别:be made of指从制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from则指从制成品中看不出原材料,口语中都可以换成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成„„”,be made in表达被制造的地点,be made by表达制造的人,be made for表达被制造的目的。如:This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (这种纸是由竹子生产的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是铁和木头打的)/ A lot
(许多纸被折叠成了小鸟)/ Computers of paper has been made into paper birds.
(计算机是在这几个城市制造的)/ This kite was made are made in these cities.
(这个风筝是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my by Uncle Wang.
.(一只大包做好了让我装废物) waste things
(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的区别:be used for + 名词/代词或动名词, be used to + 动词原形,表示两个短语意思相近,表示“用于„”。 used to + 动词原形,表示“过去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”;get/be used to + 动名词,表示“习惯于„.”。如:A knife can
(刀可以用来割东西)/ A knife can be used to cut be used for cutting things.
(刀可以用来割东西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when things.
(他上学时常常在图书馆借书)/ He is used to getting up early he was at school.
. (他习惯早起)(注意:be used to 表示“被用作”和“习惯于”in the morning
的区别)
(26)beat,win与lose: beat (打败),后面跟“人”,而win(赢得),后面跟“比赛、竞赛”等。如:Who won at last? (最后谁赢了,)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三
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班以5?0打败了我们)/ I am sure to win the match (.我一定能赢得比赛)
而lose则表示“输了”,常用句型:lose sth. to sb. 如:Unluckily we lost the
. (不幸的是我们比赛输给了三班) match to Class Three
(27)grow、plant、keep的区别:plant着重讲“栽、种植”这个动作,grow则指种植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep则主要指“喂养”、“赡养”一个人或者动物。如 :He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在园子里种菜)/ I planted ten trees last
(去年我栽了10棵树,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy year,but four of them died.
. (老年的妇女喜欢养猫养狗打发时间) keeping cats or dogs to kill the time(28)fall 、drop的区别:fall指东西由高处向下坠落,不及物动词;也可以作连系动词,意思是“变得,进入某种状态”。drop表示物体由高处往低处落下,不及物动词;或让物体落向低处,及物动词。如:The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那个人从拖拉机上摔下来跌伤了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they
(系动词) fast asleep. (他们头挨枕头不久就睡着了)/ He felt as if he had fell
.(他觉得似乎要放弃数学)/ He dropped a letter into the to drop maths
(他向邮箱里丢了一封信) mail-box.
(29)join、join in、take part in的区别:join多指参加组织、团体、党派等,后面跟人时表示和某人一起参加某项活动;join in指参加某项游戏或活动;take part in多指参加群众性的活动、运动、会议等。如:He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年参军)(他们和我一起向你祝贺)/ They joined me in congratulating you./ Do
(千万参加我们的比赛) / He took an active part in the join us in the game.
in the 1940s.(在二十世纪40年代他积极参加学生运动) students’ movement
(30)beat、hit、strike的用法区别:beat指“连续不断地打击;(心脏的)跳动”;hit指“一次性地撞击、命中”;与基本同义,还可以理解为“划(火柴)、给„„strikehit
深刻的印象”。如:The man looks dead, but his heart is still beating weakly. (那个人看上去死了可心脏还在微弱地跳动) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew
(他踢球的劲太大球飞过他们的头顶over their heads and fell into the lake.落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走进房间划着了一根火柴)
(31)carry on、carry out的区别:carry on表示“进行、继续”;carry out表示“执行、贯彻”。如:I will carry on the work. (我会继续工作)/ I have some
(对于执行他的命令我有问题) difficulties in carrying out his orders.
(32)be amazed与be surprised的区别:be amazed“感到惊讶”,指人对某个不可能(可能是自认为的)发生却实际发生了的事情感到极其的讶异;be surprised“感到吃惊”指人对突发的事件感到惊讶。如:When he dived deep into the sea, he
(他深潜到海中was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs.
时被所有美丽的珊瑚礁惊呆了)(原先可能想不到世上会有这么美的珊瑚) / He was
. (听到房间very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room
里传出一个很大的声音他非常地吃惊)(突然传出来的声响)
(33)warn的用法:“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“针对„而警告某人”;“warn sb
”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. + that从句”意(not) to do sth
思是“警告某人说„„”。如:They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心窃贼) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are
(我警告你:如果你还这么懒在即将来到的考试中你会不及格的。) still so lazy.
. (他受到警告不要在深夜出/ He was warned not to go out in the late night去)
(34)think of与think about等短语的区别:think of表示“考虑、思念、认为、想起、建议”等;“think about”表示“看待、认为”，表示对某事的看法;“think much
”表示“高度„”;“think over”表示“仔细考虑”;“think /highly /a lot of
”表示“想出”。如:The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校长高out
度地评价了这个男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我们在考虑去法国度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔
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细考虑就有办法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / ,What do you think about his composition? ,Very good! (他的作文你觉得怎么样, 很好。)
(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等词语用法:“agree to+动词”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./观点”表示“赞同„的观点”/ agree about表示“对„话题有相同看法”/“agree to +建议”表示“同意”某人的建议，agree to your advice,
“agree on + 决定”表示“赞成某人的决定”, agree on your decision。例略。 (36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法:deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名词或动名词。如:They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他们尽力了该赢。)
(小男/ The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating.孩总是处处惹麻烦活该被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事应该受到表扬)
九、连接词
1、连词的含义:连接 词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。
2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。
1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but
(不但„而且„), either„ or„(或„或„),neither„ nor„(既不„也also...
不„)等。
2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有:
when(当„时候), while(正当„时候), after(在„之后), before(在„之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如„一样;由于), as „as„(和„一样), as far as(就„而言), as long as(只要), as soon
(一„就„), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比„), as
whether (是否„), in order that„(为了), so„that„(如此„以致), so
(以便), now that„(现在既然), by the time„(到„时候), every time„(每that„
当), as if„(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。
,辨析,
(1) because、as、since、for的用法:because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面;另外,回答why的问句只能用because.
(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从as
句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如:He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.(他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害)/ As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.
(既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧)/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since
(既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧)/ We must be off now you are very busy.
(我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始) for the match starts at 7:00.
(2)if、whether的区别:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句;而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句, (主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如:I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.(我不知道他是不是会按时到达)/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.(如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的)
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[注意]下列情况只能用whetherif不能用:?引导主语从句,?引导表语从句,?引(((((((((((((((
导从句作介词宾语,?引导不定式短语,?引导让步状语从句,?在动词discuss之后,?在wonder / not sure之后,?在if与whether含义易混时。如:Whether it is
(下个星期天是不是个好天还是个a fine day next Sunday is still a question.问题)(引导主语从句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat
(请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿)(作动词的宾语) / Hainan is the place to or not.
(海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏)(引导让be, whether it’s summer or winter.
.(请告诉我你是否步状语从句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help需要我的帮助)(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助
请告知”)
(3)while、when、as的用法区别:while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与
主句的动作是只能是同时发生的、是平行的;when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示
较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生;as与上两词同义,可
替换while和when, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边„„一边„„”。如:Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.(我写作业时
请不要打扰我)/ I’ll go home when I have finished my job.(我干完了活儿
就回去)(不是同时发生)/ They were running quickly across the road when they
(他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开heard the sound of a truck coming.
来的声音)/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.
(当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话)
(4)till/until与not„till/until的区别:前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一
个才开始的动作。如:I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作一直进行到你return) / They
.(他们won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable
要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的)
另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如:
Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.(我们坚持到比赛的最后
一分钟)/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.(直到做完工
作他才回家)(倒装句)
(5)though与although的区别:两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但
在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般
可以换为though; though“虽然、尽管、即使”,?还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,?作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。?although不能放在句末，though则可以，用“，”隔开。如:He passed the exams although
(尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他illness prevented him from going to classes.还是通过了考试)/ she won’t leave the TV set,even though her husband is
.(她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭)/ It waiting for her for the supper
.(这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此was a quiet party. I had a good time, though我还是玩得很开心)
(6)prefer to„rather than„与prefer„to„的区别:prefer to„rather than„后
面都是用动词原形,prefer„to„都是用动名词或名词。如:I prefer English to Japanese.(与日语相比我更喜欢英语)/ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. (与日语相比我更喜欢学英语)
初一连词联系:
1.I had to go to work by taxi_______ I got up late this morning.
A. so B. but C. and D. because
用and, but, so填空:
1. Jane didn’t work hard last term, _______ she failed many subjects.
2. I like playing badminton, _______ my sister doesn’t.
3. David got up early this morning, _______ he got to school on time.
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4. Lucy bought a book on animals, _______ she liked it very much.
十、简单句
1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。
2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。
3、陈述句:
用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。
?陈述句的肯定式: He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生)/ I have a
(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们hammer in my hand.
地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)
?陈述句的否定式:
1)谓语动词如果是 be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother
(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have a cousin.(他没is not a teacher.
有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/ My mother is
(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not cooking a meal in the kitchen.
(你不该再犯类似错误了) / We haven’t not make such mistakes again.
(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢). discussed the question yet
2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don’t).如:
I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed
(李明不在农村养猪)/ We didn’t expect to meet pigs in the countryside.
(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/ We didn’t have a meeting her right here.
(昨天下午我们没有开会) yesterday afternoon.
3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got
的否定式相同。 如:I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄
弟姐妹)
have 的否定形式:
? 当表示“有”的意思时，可以采用以下三种形式:have+not;do not+ have;
have+ no+ n. 如:I have not enough food to eat.= I do not have enough
food to eat. =I have no enough food to eat.
当have为助动词时，用“have+ not”结构。如:I have not been toShanghai。 ?
? 当have既不表示“有”，也不作助动词用时，用“do not+ have”结构。
I didn’t have breakfast this morning.
具体到反义疑问句中，则遵循以下原则:
a.当have表示“有”含义时，反意疑部问部分可以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如:
He has a book in his hand, hasn't he?
He has a book in his hand, doesn't he? b.当陈述部分的动词是have“有”的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如:
You haven't a car, have you?
You don't have any money with you, do you? c.当have不表示“有”含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如:
We had a good time in the vacation, didn't we?
He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn't he?
You have to get up early tomorrow, don't you? [注意]
?句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如
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果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not„at all等;All of them went there.
.(他们全都去了那里?他们全都没去那里) ?None of them went there
?句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very
.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了) hard
?陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如:That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板,～)
?陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序, 即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。
?所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before
(老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/ Could you tell he returns home.
(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗,) me who you saw at the party last night?
4、疑问句:
?一般疑问句:提问所述情况是否符合事实，要求用是还是不是，对还是错(用“yes”
或“no”)来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。
1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是be、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。(即把主语和be，情态动词调换位置)，即“be/情态动词+主语+----”如:Is he
(他是工程师吗,) (你有/ Have you got today’s newspaper?an engineer?
今天的报纸吗,)(特殊情况)/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? (我们今晚去看电影好吗,)/ Can you explain it ?(你能解释它吗,)/ Is there
(晚饭有鱼吗,)/ Would you like to go out for a walk?any fish for supper?
(你想出去散步吗,)
谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时, 则在主语前面加助动词do / does /
原来的谓语动词改为原形，即“do+主语+动词原形”。如:Do you get up at did,
(你天天早晨六点起身吗,)/ Does she study hard?(她six every morning?
学习努力吗,)/ Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗,) 2)一般疑问句的回答:
一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:
Will you join us in playing basketball?(你加入我们打篮球好吗,)—Yes,
(是的我们会。)/ —No, we won’t.(不我们不会。) we will.
(你有今天的报纸吗,)—Yes, I have .(是Have you got today’s newspaper?的有。)/ —No, I haven’t.(不没有。)
回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。
[注意] 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。 3)一般疑问句的否定结构:be/助动词/情态动词+not+主语+---- 或:be/助动词/情态动词+主语+not+----如:
Will he not come?=Will not he come?(他难道不来吗,)/ Isn’t your sister
(你的姐姐不是党员吗,)a Party member?=Is your sister not a Party member?
/ Don’t you like the play?=Do you not like the play?
否定疑问句并不单纯的表示提问，它常带有强烈的感情色彩，而且完全式比简略式所表达的语气更强烈:
?常带有惊异，责难或赞叹的语气，如:Haven’t you read the newspaper? 你没看过这份报纸,?有时暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答，如:Shouldn’t we start now? 我们是不是该动身了, Wasn’t it an interesting film? 那部电影不是很有趣吗, ?有时表示邀请或建议，如:Wouldn’t you go with me? 你不和我一起去吗,Won’t you have a cup of coffee? 你不喝杯咖啡吗,
注意:这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如:
Can’t he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗,)
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—Yes, he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) —No,he can’t. (是的,他不能回
答这个问题。)(不管怎么问，如果事实上是“是的”，则用yes，如果事实上“不
是，不能做某件事的”，则说“no”。
?特殊疑问句:询问其语句中所缺失的部分，或者说，是要求得到暂时不知道的信息:什么，哪里，怎么样，多少，等等。
特殊疑问句是提问实质内容的(要求得到有实质内容回答的，而不简单的回答是否)。特殊疑问词，就是用来代替句子中缺失的东西——你要询问的东西的。
What ， is it,
Who ， is your teacher?
从这里也看到了，不管从语法角度，还是实际理解角度，如果单是后面的一般疑问句，它是不完整的。
1)特殊疑问句结构是:疑问词+ 一般疑问句+-----,
疑问代词
除who以外的疑问代词短语 +一般疑问句+,
疑问副词
如:What do you want?(你要什么,)/ Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在
找谁,)/ Whose magazine is this?(这是谁的杂志,)/Which class are you
(你在哪班,)/ When did you get up this morning?(你今早什么时候起in?
身的,)/ Where have you been?(你到哪儿去了,)/ Why did he go to bed so
(他为什么这么早睡觉,)/ How did you go there?(你是怎么去的那儿,) early?
非重点，可以省略:但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问
句的结构与陈述句词序相同:如:Who is dancing over there?(谁在那边跳舞,)，
Who dances best in your class? 班级里谁跳舞最好,
有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。
如:What is on the wall?(什么东西在墙上,/墙上有什么,)/ Which is yours?
(哪个是你的,)/ Whose book is in your bag?(谁的书在你的书包里,)(谓
语动词是be时)
[注意]从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将剔除掉划线部分的句子改为一般问句,再将
(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用～如果只对主语
或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。
2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词:
疑问代词: who, whom, whose, which, what,
疑问副词: when, where, why, how,
构成的短语:how many (多少个) (独立用;或跟可数名词), how much (多少) how
(独立用;或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often
(多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),
等等。
3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如:Why don’t you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为
Why not„?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢,)
4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如:When and where were you
(你是何时何地出生的,) born?
5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语, 则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如:What do you
(你干嘛要一台want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer?
电脑呢,)
?反意疑问句: 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用
“yes”或“no”来进行回答。
1) 构成:陈述句+附加问句。由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,
它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,
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反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用
肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分, 必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问
句的回答有时会和汉语不同。
陈述句部分 附加问句部分 注 意 点
否定的简短一般问当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”肯定陈述句 句 动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句
中沿用该词;否则就使用. do/does//did肯定的简短一般问否定陈述句 句
如:He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是吗,) / The man went away, didn’t
(那个男人走开了不是吗,) / He isn’t old, is he? (他不老是吗,) he?
(他从没有去过那里是吗,) / He never went there, did he?
2) 反意问句的回答:
无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式”
如:The man went away, didn’t he?(那人走开了,不是吗,)
——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn’t.(不,他没有走。)
The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗,)
——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。) 特殊句型:
1.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上will you或won’t you构成反义疑问句，用will you多表示“请求”，用won’t you多表示提醒对方注意。例如:
let引导的祈使句有两种情况:?let’s---，后的反义疑问句用shall we或shan’t we。如:Let’s go home, shan’t we? 回家吧，好吗,?let us/me--- 后的反义疑问句用will you或won’t you。如:let me have a try, won’t you?
其他祈使句都用will you或won’t you回答。
2.反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。
?Your father is unhappy, isn’t he? (不能用is he?)
?The man is dishonest, isn’t he? (不能用is he?)
?It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isn’t it?
(不能用is it ?)
3.反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom，not,no,nobody,nothing, none, neither等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如: ?She never tells a lie, does she? (不用doesn’t she?)
?He was seldom late, was he?(不用wasn’t he?)
4.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I am„„时，问句部分虽然也可用“am not I”，但习惯上用aren’t I,表示。如:I am a very honest man, aren’t I?
5.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We)第一人称 think(believe, suppose, consider) + that
从句时，问句部分的动词及主语与that从句内的动词和主语保持一致。如:?I think that he has done his best, hasn’t he?
?We think that English is very useful, isn’t it? (不用don’t we?) 6.反意疑问句的陈述部分为I(We) don’t think(believe, suppose, consider)+ that从句时，从句为否定意义，问句部分的动词和主语仍与that从句保持一致且用肯定式。如:?I don’t think that you can do it, can you? (不用do I?)
?We don’t believe that the news is true, is it? (不用do we?) 7.反意疑问句的陈述部分为非第一人称主语+ think(believe, suppose, consider) + that
从句时，问句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如: ?They all think that English is very important, don’t they? (不用isn’t it?) ?He didn’t think that the news was true, did he? (不用wasn’t/ was it?) 8.反意疑问句的陈述部分为主语+said( told, reported, asked„„) + that从句时，问
句部分的动词和主语与陈述部分的主句动词和主语保持一致。如:?They said that you
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had finished your work, didn’t they? (不用hadn’t you)
?Kate told you that she would go there, didn’t she? (不用wouldn’t she?)
9.陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时，问句部
分的主语用it。如:
?Something is wrong with the computer, isn’t it?
?Nothing has happened to them, has it?
10.陈述部分的主语为不定代词somebody(someone), anybody(anyone), nobody(no one),
everybody(everyone)，no, none, neither时，问句部分的主语用he或 they(通常用
they)，这时问句动词的数应和he或 they一致。如:?Someone has taken the seat, hasn’t he?
?Everyone has done his best in the game, haven’t they?
11.陈述部分为Let me„„时，问句部分习惯上用shall I? 或will you?形式。如:Let me have a try, shall I?(will you?)
12.陈述部分为Let us„„时，问句部分习惯上用will you?形式。如:Let us stop to rest, will you?
13.陈述部分为Let’s„„时，问句部分习惯上用shall we?形式。如:Let’s go home together, shall we?
14.陈述部分用上述情况以外的祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式表示请求，用
won’t you,形式表示委婉请求或邀请(即两种情况都可出现，不必遵循前否后肯或前肯
后否的原则)。如:
?Do sit down, won’t you?/ will you? ?You feed the bird today, will you? ?Please open the window, will you?(won’t you?)
15.陈述部分为否定祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式。如:Don’t make any noise, will you?
16.陈述部分为There (Here) + be + 主语时，问句部分用be+there(here)?形式。如:
?There are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there?
Here is a story about Mark Twain, isn’t here?
17.陈述部分用had better +原形动词表示建议时，问句部分用hadn’t +主语,形式。
?You’d better tell him about the matter, hadn’t you??We had better do it by ourselves, hadn’t we?
18.陈述部分用used to +主语时，问句部分用didn’t + 主语,或usedn’t +主语,形
式。
?He used to live in the country, didn’t he?/usedn’t he?
?They used to be good friends, didn’t they?/usedn’t they?
19.陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中带有明显的过去时
间的状语，问句部分动词用过去时形式。如:
?He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn’t he? (不
用mightn’t he?/ hasn’t he?)
?You must have got up late this morning, didn’t you?(不用mustn’t you?/haven’t
you?)
20.陈述部分用must(may, might) + have + V-ed表示推测时，若句中没有带明显的过去
时间的状语，问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。如:
?Everyone must have known the death of the waitress, haven’t they? (不用mustn’t
they?)
?You must have worked there a year ago, didn’t you?(不用mustn’t you?/ haven’t
you?)
21.陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如:
?What he said is true, isn't it? (不用didn’t he?)
?Where we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? (不用won’t we?)
22.陈述部分的主语为动名词或不定式时，问句的主语用it代替。如:
?To do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it??Skating is your favorite
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sport, isn't it?
23.陈述部分的主语是不定代词one，反义疑问句的主语可以用one，也可以用you。如:
One should be ready to help others, shuldn’t one?
反意疑问句专题练习
1.I think they will go to town tomorrow, ________? A.do I B.don’t I C.will they D.won’t they
2.I don’t believe he can catch up with me, _________? A.can he B.can’t he C.do I D.don’t I
3.I’m sure that I will be well again, __________? A.am I B.aren’t I C.will I D.won’t I
4.I am afraid that he will not come, _______? A.am I B.aren’t I C.will he D.won’t
he
5.They don’t believe you are wrong, _________? A.are you B.aren’t you C.do they D.don’t they
6.He thought you were Beijing, _________? A.didn’t he B.did he C.weren’t you D.were you
7.We told you that he would come tonight, _______? A.didn’t we B.did we C.would he D.wouldn’t he
8.The reporter said the news was not true, _________? A.wasn’t it B.didn’t he C.did he D.was it
9.They suggested that he should go to work at once, ________? A.did
they B.didn’t they C.should he D.shouldn’t he
10.Your brother has lunch at home, _________-? A.hasn’t he B.doesn’t he C.has he D.does he
11.John has to get up early, ________? A.has he B.hasn’t he C.does he D.doesn’t
he
12.She has got to get everything ready, _________? A.hasn’t she B.has she C.doesn’t she D.does she
13.She has never been to China, _________?A.has she B.hasn’t she C.doesn’t she
D.does she
14.She had better tell you the news right now, _______?A.had she B.hadn’t she C.did she D.didn’t she
15.They would rather not have done that last week,________? A.would
they B.wouldn’t they C.have they D.haven’t they
16.I’d rather stay here for a rest, ________?A.did I B.would I C.didn’t I D.wouldn’t I
17.You ought to do it again,_________?A.ought you B.oughtn’t you C.do
you D.don’t you
18.You must do that again,_________?A.mustn’t you B.needn’t you C.do you D.don’t you
19.He must wait here, __________?A.mustn’t he B.doesn’t he C.shouldn’t he D.does
he
20.He must be a good worker,________?A.mustn’t he B.needn’t he C.isn’t he D.doesn’t he
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21.He must have been to China twice,_________? A.hasn’t he B.didn’t he C.wasn’t he D.mustn’t he
22.He must have been ill last week,__________? A.hasn’t he B.didn’t he C.wasn’t he D.mustn’t he
23.He must have known you during the war,__________? A.hasn’t he B.didn’t he C.wasn’t he D.mustn’t he
24.He must have known the result already,_________? A.hasn’t he B.didn’t he C.wasn’t he D.mustn’t he
25.There used to be a temple here,________? A.didn’t there B.did there C.used there D.was there 26.They used to be good friends,________? A.usedn’t they B.didn’t they C.used they D.both A and B 27.Mother usedn’t to dress the baby,______? A.didn’t she B.did she C.used she D.usedn’t she
28.The students used to go to see him,_______? A.usedn’t they B.didn’t they C.used they D.both A and B 29.Alice, you have a little more chicken,________? A.haven’t you B.don’t you C.will you D.do you
30.Hi! Alice, you have bought a little chicken,_________? A.haven’t you B.won’t you C.will you D.have you 31.You two had breakfast just now,__________? A.hadn’t you B.didn’t you C.had you D.did you
32.You two had finished the breakfast,_________? A.hadn’t you B.didn’t you C.did you D.had you
33.Neither you nor I was invited to the party,________? A.were we B.weren’t we C.was I D.were you
34.Either he or she is to clean the window,__________?A.are they B.aren’t
they C.isn’t he D.isn’t she
35.It is Jiao Yulu who turned Lankao into a rich district,_______? A.is
it B.isn’t it C.did he D.didn’t he
36.It was you who never made such mistakes,________? A.wasn’t it B.weren’t you C.did you D.didn’t you
37.The little child dared not climb the tree,________? A.dared he B.did
he C.was he D.does he
38.What he said is not wrong,__________? A.didn’t he B.did he C.is it D.isn’t it
39.That his parents were ill made him a little worried,_________? A.weren’t
they B.were they C.didn’t it D.wasn’t it
40.He dislikes what you have said,__________?A.does he B.doesn’t he C.have you
D.haven’t you
41.(2003Shanghai spring)If you want help—money or anything,let me know,____you? A.don’t B.will C.shall D.do 42.(2002Shanghai)Mrs. Black doesn’t believe her son is able to design a digital
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cameral,____?
A.is he B.isn’t he C.doesn’t she D.does she 43.(2002Shanghai spring)Brian told you that there wasn’t anyone in the room at
that time,___?
A.was there B.wasn’t there C.didn’t he D.did he 44.(2001Shanghai)I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer,_____? A.do
I B.don’t I C.will they D.won’t they
45.(2000Shanghai)The news that they fialed their driving test discouraged him,___?
A.did they B.didn’t they C.did it D.didn’t it
46.(NMET99)—Alice,you feed the bird today,____? --But I fed it yesterday.
A.do you B.will you C.didn’t you D.don’t you
?选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。
1) 构成:(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项,
(2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ + 第三选项, or
2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:
Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl(----. 你的朋友是男孩还是女孩,
----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please(---.
你要哪一样咖啡还是茶,----请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing,
(----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course.
哪样,----当然是跳舞啦～)
5、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。
?祈使句的肯定式: 动词(原形) + 其他 如:Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) /
(住嘴～) Shut up!
?祈使句的否定式: Don’t +动词原形 + 其他 如:Please don’t talk in low
(请不要低声讲话。) / Don’t look back! (不要掉头看。) voices.
[注意] 以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面。如:
Let’s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)
肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来加强语气。如:Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)
6、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“～”
?对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是:
What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,
如:What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩～) / What bad weather
(天气真糟糕～) (it is)!
?仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓
语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks!
(这老人走路真小心～) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃～) / How
(真美呀～) beautiful!
?有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为
感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tiger’s back! (他坐在老
虎的背上～) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击～) / Good goal! (好球～)
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十一、句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语
1、主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的，主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么，表示句子说的是“什么人”，或”什么事“，如“我写字”中的“我”，做出写字这个动作。“写”则是谓语，“字”是宾语，是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象，因此是宾语。如:The painter painted
(画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS a very nice picture.
(他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为bravely.
实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。) (2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey .(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your
.(=It is bad for your health eating too much) (.吃得太多对你的身体health
不利。)(比较好看，避免头重脚轻)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It)
((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。) doesn’t matter.
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried, doesn’t he (?这个人看上去很着急不是吗,) / (老Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they?虎是危险的动物不是吗,)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean,
(孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch children.
(你去给我弄一杯水来。) me a glass of water.
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。)
(他们在哪儿,) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个/ Where are they?
男孩喜欢呆在家里吗,)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The
. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语:是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”，
在主语后接宾语，又称受词，是一个动作的接受者。
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:
He travelled in space for the first time .(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches
(今年谁教你们的英语,) / The pizza has gone bad. (那you English this year?
块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:,情态动词,+,时态助动词,(现在完成时)+,语态助动词,(如被动语态)+,主要动词,(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的
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声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long
(他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to novel.
(该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。) stop the fowl flu from spreading out.(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。 1
记住使用下列正确形式:
?情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这
一课。)
?shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他
们应该去过那儿。)
?be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么,)---表示一般将来时/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)
?have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上) ?一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself
(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们very much.
当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗,)
?行为动词+行为动词 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made 12
(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about up his mind to be a vet.
(自尊自爱是享受生活的yourself is essential to feeling good about life.根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐～)/ The kings of ancient Egypt
(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修had strong tombs built for themselves.
建坚固的坟墓。)
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系
动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式 单数形式 复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词; am (单一); are (单二); are
现在某些时态和语态的助动词be is (单三);
一般过去时be(是)动词; was (单一); were (单二); were
过去某些时态和语态的助动词be was;(单三)
一般现在时have(有)动词; have (单一); have (单二); have
现在完成时态的助动词have has (单三);
一般现在时行为动词和助动词do do (单一、单二); does (单do
三)
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在原形动词(单一、单二); 原形动词
时动词(否定和疑问句除外) 动词+s /es (单三)
其他各时态语态的谓语动词 单复数形式相同 记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year,
(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗,----是的。) isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.
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3、宾语:又称受词，是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语(经常指被做的人)指动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的
承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and toldhim
the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和
名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him
.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。) (不定式作宾语) / They so much money
enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.
(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。) (动名词作宾语) / I think
(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.
的。) (从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不
及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio (listen.不是及物动词,故加
to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗,)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语
要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he
(他看见了什么,) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信,) see?
(他用什么写的信,) / With what does he write a letter?
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:
(请把鞋子收起来。) Please put the shoes away. / Please put away the shoes.
(请把鞋子收起来。) (请把它们收起来。) / Please put them away.
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
?动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常
常帮我。)
?动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy,
时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite (.请给我做个风筝。)或Please borrow
make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做
形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult.
(我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语:
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、
代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他
当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there(.橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does
(他not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.
今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀,)
(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对
表语进行提问的句子除外。
(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:
sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was
.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make terribly sorry for his carelessness
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no noise here; the baby is asleep(.请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only
(我只是对独坐孤interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!
舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。) (5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语:
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、
不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。
如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and
(法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother Switzerland are European countries.
(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the and father are both college teachers.
(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。) day that I can never forget in my life.
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠词/ 质地/ 目的/ 年龄/形状/ 被修饰的名色彩 来源 大小/温度 词(中心词) 物代 材料 用途
a old,young,„ Chinese, red, wooden, meeting, box,
the English, yellowwoolen, tennis, shoes, long,short, my American, glass, sports, , room, round, square„ his „ silk, reading, blue, pig big, large, „ paper swimming, „ „ small, little„
„ „ hot, cold,
warm, cool„
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词
(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:I could
(我找不到出去的路,所以not find my way out, so I stayed there all along.
就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught
(笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。) yesterday.
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual.
(他记得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句
子的主要成分。
6、状语:
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由
副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday.(我
又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education
.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/ He woke was something new
to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave up
.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开) until your work is finished
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活,详见《六?2》“副词在句子中的位置以及作用”;介词短
语作状语,位置基本固定,详见《七?4》“介词短语在句子中的位置”;不定式作状语,
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一般表示目的、结果,详见《八?7》“动词的非谓语形式”;从句作状语,详见《主从
复合句》的“状语从句”。
(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:
He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared
(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) / into the dark.
(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的
状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见
“状语从句”。
(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。
7、宾语补足语:
(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语
形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:Call him Jim, please.
(请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy (.我竭尽所能让他开心。)
(请他明天来。) / He let the smaller / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow.
. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。) animals bring food to him
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我
跟你说,让他进来～)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)
(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语的情况,详见《八?7》“动词的非谓语形式”相关内容。
十二、简单句五种基本句型:
句子包含主要句子成分(主语、谓语)和次要句子成分(表语、宾语、宾语补足语),按照
动词的性质将英语简单句划分为以下五种基本句型:
1、基本句型的词序: 2、划分符号(没有统一,仅供参考):
主谓句型:S,V。i 主语: 定语:( )
主系表句型:S,V,P link谓语: 状语:[ ]
主谓宾句型:S,V,O t.宾语: 宾补:〈 〉 主谓双宾句型:S,V,O,O 间宾直宾t表语: 主谓宾补句型:S,V,O,C t
3、例句:Jim is working [very hard] [now].(他现在正非常努力地工作。)
She is young .(她年轻。) It looks like rain .(天看上
去要下雨。)
(这男孩老是用脚 The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet].
踢那只狗。)
(从去年起他没 He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year].
给我买过一个玩具。)
(他感到有个冰冷的东 He felt something (cold) .
西顺着腿上爬。)
4、英语词类与句子成分关系图:
句子成分 宾语 主语* 谓语 宾语* 表语* 定语* 状语* 词类或短语 补足语
名词 ??? × ??? ?? ? × ?
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代词 ??? × ??? ?? ?? × × 形容词 × × × ??? ??? × ?? 数词 ? × ? ? ??? × ?
时态语态形式 × ??? × × × × ×
动词不定式 ?? × ?? ? ? ?? ??? 动
动名词 ?? × ??? ? ? × ×
动词现在分词 × × × ? ? ?? ??? 词 动词过去分词 × × × ? ? ?? ?? 副词 × × × ? ? ??? ? 介词短语 × × × ?? ? ?? ?
[注释] 1、“?”表示某种词类可以充当某个成分, “??”表示某种词类经常充
当某个成分, “???”表示某种词类最经常充当某个成分。 “×”表
示某种词类不能充当某个成分。
2、“ * ”表示该成分可以由从句充当,如主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。
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