副词的位置[精彩]

副词的位置[精彩] 英语副词的 位 置 有人说英语副词大都放在动词后面，也有人说大都放在动词前面，到底真相是什么呢, 在英语中，可作状语的成分很多，如副词、副词短语、形容词、分词、不定式、复合结构、从句等。对于学习英语的人来说，如何正确处理状语的位置而又不产生歧义，一直是个难点。本文就英语中副词、副词短语和介词短语作状语的位置问题进行一些归纳和分析。 副词、副词短语作状语，可用来时间、频率、地点、方式、程度等。 如: I ’ll wait till five o’clock. (介词短语- 时间) She always gets het own way. (副词- 频率) He is sitting inside the room. (介词短语- 地点) Quietly we passed the gate. (副词- 方式) He knows Italian fairly well. (副词短语- 程度) 这些状语作用不同，在句中的位置也各不相同。有时，即使是相同的副词，其位置不同，对应的语义也会不同。 如: I don’t think he’ll come personally. (我认为他不会亲自来) I don’t think he’ll come. (我个人认为，他不会来) Personally, 英语状语的位置有三个:句首、句中、句末。位于句中时，副词短语一般不能放在动词和宾语之间。 如: storms very often cause great damage along these coasts. (不能说 Storms cause very often great damage…) 但多数哦介词状语可放在这个位置: He examined with interest the microscopic drawing in the corner of the manuscript. 处理状语位置时，要注意语法习惯和语义需要。有些用于句首，有些用于句末，有些则放在句中(句中的情况本身比较复杂)。还要注意多个状语同时使用时的次序安排。 一、状语放在句首的情况 (一) 一般说来对于示确切时间的状语、表示持续时间的状语、表示不确定频率的状语和个别程度状语，在对其意义进行强调时，习惯于放在句首位置。 如: Yesterday I visited one of my old friends. (确切时间) Until quite recently, I had no idea how the plan should be carried on. (持续时间) As a rule he does his work very carefully. (不确定频率) (注意always和never在这种情况下不用于句首) perhaps we’re going to have a strom. (程度) (二) 在一些描写性的句子中，为了修饰的需要，地点状语也可放在句首; I opened the box. Inside was another box. Down came the rain. Here it comes (注意:当这些表示地点、方向的副词用于句前时，若主语为代词，要引起句子倒装) (三) 在部队整个句子进行强调时，方式状语也可放在句首; Gently the mother put her baby onto the bed. Slowly the doctor lifted the child’s wounded leg. 二、状语在句末的情况 (一) 大多数时间、频率、地点及一些程度副词，习惯于放在句末。 如: I woke up in the middle of night. (时间状语) League meetings take place once a mouth. (频率副词状语) He had his lessons from time to time. (不定频率介词短语) She used to study in an art school. (地点状语) He knew the city well apparently. (程度状语) (二) 方式副词放在句末时，被认为是修饰整个句子，强调原因。 如: He left the room quietly. That’s why no one noticed it. (强调动作，说明原因。此时不能说 He quietly left…) The light was bad, so he drove slowly. (强调动作，说明原因。此时不能说…so he slowly drove) 三、状语在句中的情况 (一) 谓语主语和谓语之间 一些时间状语、方式状语、程度状语及表示不确定频率的状语，在不对句子做强调时，通常放在这个位置。 如: Our parents recently celebrated their wedding. (时间状语) We slowly opened the window. (方式状语) We occasionally saw him walking along the street. (不确定的频率状语) (二) 放在to be之后 当句中的主要动词是to be时，多数时间状语、频率状语和程度状语要放在它的后面。 如: She is not yet due as it is only ten to four. (时间状语) Tom was still weak after his long illness. (时间状语) The boy is hardly at home in the afternoon. (频率状语) He was undoubledly cleverer than his sister. (程度状语) (三)当句中出现助动词或情态动词时， (1) 若句中只有单个助动词或情态动词时，表示时间、方式、频率和程度的状语应紧跟其后。 (2) 若同时有两个助动词出现时，表示时间、频率、程度的状语应放在第一个助动词后，而方式状语则放在所有助动词之后。 如: She has recently begun to learn Englsh. (时间状语) His job will never be finished. (频率状语) You should definitely have been studying during the night. (程度状语) You can deeply remember it. (方式状语) Do you think the repair has been properly done? (方式状语) 四、状语位置与语义的关系 状语的位置对语义的影响是一个比较复杂的问题。有些状语放在句首、句中、句末，对语义影响不大，知识一个习惯或修饰的问题，像soon, usually, sometimes, occasionally等。 如: (a) Sometimes they go to beach on their holidays. (b) They sometimes go to beach on their holidays. (c) They go to beach on their holidays sometimes. 这三句的意思都是:他们有时在假日里去海滨。 一些表示性格特征的方式状语，像cleverly, foolishly, bravely, kindly等， 放在句中和句末时，语义差别明显。 如: (a) He spoke to her foolishly. (说明方式:他和她说话时所采用的方式是愚蠢的) (b) He foolishly spoke to her. (评论行为:他和她说话的做法真愚蠢) 还有一些状语在不同位置上，意义不尽相同: (a) Clearly he couldn’t see it. (很明显，他看不到它) (b) He couldn’t clearly see it. (他不能清楚地看到它) (c) He couldn’t see it clearly so he turned on his torch. (因为他不能清楚地看到它，所以他打开了手电筒) 另外，像almost, only, even等状语，要放在被修饰的成分前，否则会引起歧义。 如: (a) Tom wept almost every time he was scolded by his father. (tom在受其父亲责骂时，几乎每次都哭。意思是:哭了很多次) (b) Tom almost wept every time he was scolded by his father. (tom 在受其父亲责骂时，每次几乎都哭了。意思是:没哭过) 再如: Only he lent the bike to me. 只有他借给我自行车。(除了他，别人不借) He only lent the bike to me. 他只借自行车给我。(他没干别的) He lent only the bike to me. 他只借给我自行车。 (他不借别的东西) 五、多个副词、副词短语、介词短语在句中同时使用时的位置与顺序 (一) 当句中有两个以上表示时间的状语并用时，可按从具体到笼统的顺序排列。 The meeting will be held (at two o’clock) (on the 2nd), (July ). He was boorn (at three o’clock) (on the 6th) (August), (1936). He went to stay with his family (for a day or two) (every month) (last year). (二) 当句中有两个以上表示地点的状语连用时， (1) 表示位置的地点状语由小到大依次排列; (2) 表示方向的地点状语用于表示位置的地点状语之前。 如: She lives (at 12), (Ruijin Street No. 1), (Shanghai), (China). Working (in assembly lines) (in new factories) was hard. Who’s the man walking (around) (in the park)? 方向 地点/位置 They’re moving the table (into another room) (downstairs). 方向 地点/位置 (三) 若表示时间、地点、方式的状语连用时，有下面几种情况: (1) 全部放在句末。顺序是:方式+地点+时间。 如: He reads the newspaper (methodically) (in the bus) (every moring). 方式 地点 时间 The boat was gliding (slowly) (towards the shore). 方式 地点 I hesitated (there) (for a moment). 地点 时间 (2) 有时也可将表示时间或地点的状语放在句首。 如: At that time I was living in paris. (时间…地点) Before long you will be speaking English quite fluently. (时间…方式) In the streets the birds were singing sweetly. (地点…方式) (3) 如遇到come, go, arrive等表示动作的动词，常把表示地点的状语放在表示方式的状语之前。 如: She went (to the nearest shop) (on foot). (地点+方式) They went (to bed) (quickly). (地点+方式) (4) 有时，若要强调某个状语，也可将其置于句末。 试比较: (a) The cat went out (reluctantly) (into the freezing night). (方式+地点) 这只猫不愿意在这么冷的夜晚出去。 (强调地点状语) (b) The cat went out (into the night) (reluctantly). (地点+方式) 这只猫对于在这么冷的夜晚出去非常不情愿。 (强调方式状语) 六、关状语位置的几个值得注意的问题 (一) 时间状语中表示确切时间的状语不能用于句中。 如: Mr. Smith called a meeting of a lawyer on Tuesday. (不能说 Mr. Smith on Tuesday called a meeting…) still作为时间状语时，要放在主要动词或助动词之前。 如: My finger still hurts. I still don’t understand. (二) 方式状语遇到句中宾语较长时，要凡在主要动词之前。 如: He angrily denied that he had stolen the money. 但若处于“动词+介词+宾语“的结构时，要放在介词之前;宾语较短时，也可放在介词之后。 如: He thought serioustly about the plan. He looked suspiciously at the stranger wearing dark glasses. We must look into the accident carefully before we reached the final decision. (三) 表示否定意义的频率状语位于句首时，要引起句子半倒装。 如: Hardly ever did they manage to meet unobserved. Rarely does the temperature go above fifty in the place. 表示不确定的频率状语多位于句中，放在其所修饰的动词、形容词和副词之前。 如: They were nearly quarelling with each other. It was so cold that I had to put on my heavy coat. I know him quite well. 频率状语在下列情况下，要放在助动词前: (1) 为了强调复合动词，此时该助动词重读; She hardly ever has met him. I never can remember. (2) 在补充陈旭或用助动词省略回答问题时; - Can you park your car near the bank? - Yes, I usually can. (省略回答) I know I should practice more but I never do. (补充陈述) (3) 和used to, have to 连用时。 You hardly ever have to remind him; he always remembers. (四) 程度副词修饰形容词、副词时、一边放在形容词或副词之前，但enough要放在被其修饰的形容词或副词之后。 如: He is old enough to look after himself. They ran fast enough to catch the bus.