诸葛亮简介及评价

诸葛亮简介及评价 [摘要] 诸葛亮北伐问题历史上一向争议很大，进而对诸葛亮的才能问题也众说纷纭。本文通过当时蜀汉与曹魏的形势对比、诸葛亮的北伐动机，指出无论在公在私，诸葛亮都有不得不北伐的动因;且在北伐战争的初期如果策略得当，的确有胜利的希望，而不能单纯以兵力数量为战争胜负的决定因素。导致诸葛亮北伐战争的失败有诸多原因，但诸葛亮个人军事才能的平庸以及用人上的失误的确是不可否认的一个重要因素。 [关键词] 诸葛亮;北伐;动机;才能 千余年来，世人对诸葛亮“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”的人格形象推崇备至，因而历史上虽有人对诸葛亮北伐持否定意见，但世人主流则多持惜其不就的态度。文化革命时期搞所谓“儒法斗争史”，将诸葛亮抬高为法家代表人物，改革开放后史学界拨乱反正，开始了关于诸葛亮各个方面问题的争论，矫枉过正，对北伐持反对意见的渐多。近年来甚至有持完全否定态度，乃至进而对诸葛亮的人格持极端怀疑意见者。北伐事关对诸葛亮军事才能及其人格形象的评价问题，故始终是一争论热点，历久不衰，本文亦就此问题浅谈一下陋见。 一、诸葛亮六次北伐略述 三国时期蜀汉丞相诸葛亮, 自建兴五年(227) 三月开始, 至建兴十二年(234) 八月止, 曾六次亲自率军抵抗和北伐曹魏。 蜀汉建兴五年(227) 三月, 丞相诸葛亮率军北驻汉中, 使长史张裔、参军蒋琬统留府事。临出发前, 诸葛亮上疏给后主刘禅说:“今南方已定, 甲兵已足, 当将率三军, 北定中原, 庶竭驽钝, 攘除奸凶, 兴复汉室,还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝, 而忠陛下之职分也。”[1](p920)六年( 228) 正月, 诸葛亮准备出汉中伐魏, 与群下谋议。丞相司马魏延建议: 镇守长安的魏将夏侯懋怯而无谋, 给我精兵五千, 直从褒中出, 循秦岭而东, 当子午谷而北, 不到十日, 可至长安。诸葛亮以为此危计,太冒险, 未采纳。他扬言由斜谷道取眉(今陕西眉县北) , 命大将赵云、邓芝据箕谷(今陕西褒城北) 为疑军，自率大军攻祁山(在今甘肃礼县祁山堡) , 戎阵整齐, 号令严明。天水、南安、安定三郡叛魏应诸葛亮, 关中震动。魏明帝曹睿西至长安, 遣右将军张郃率步骑五万抵御诸葛亮。亮军前锋马谡与张郃战于街亭(今甘肃庄浪东南陇城镇)。马谡违反诸葛亮节度, 又不听副将王平的规劝, 舍水上山, 被张郃击败。诸葛亮遂迁居民千余家还汉中。诸葛亮斩马谡，晋升王平为讨寇将军, 封都亭侯, 上疏请自贬三等, 后主以诸葛亮为右将军, 行丞相事。这次兵出祁山，诸葛亮得降将姜维, 后来将之培养成为军事上的继承人。 同年十二月, 诸葛亮又率大军出散关, 围陈仓(今陕西宝鸡东)。魏主帅曹真已遣将郝昭坚守陈仓, 诸葛亮用各种办法包括挖地道攻城,二十余日不能克。魏明帝遣张郃援救陈仓, 魏军未至，诸葛亮因军粮尽退兵。张郃部将王双追击蜀军，被斩杀。 建兴七年(229) 春, 诸葛亮遣其将陈式攻武都(治今甘肃成县西)、阴平二郡。魏雍州刺史郭淮率军援救二郡, 亮自率军至建威, 郭淮退兵, 亮遂拔二郡凯旋。这在诸葛亮伐魏战争中, 算得上一次较大的胜利。后主 复册拜亮为丞相。 建兴八年(230) 六月, 魏明帝遣司马懿率军逆汉水由西城(今陕西安康) 西进, 张郃由子午谷南下, 曹真由斜谷伐蜀, 三路围攻汉中。诸葛亮闻魏兵至, 率军到成固(今陕西城固)、赤坂(今陕西洋县东龙亭山) ,抵御魏军。曹魏知诸葛亮有备而随即退兵。 建兴九年(231) 二月, 诸葛亮命李严督运粮草, 自率大军复围祁山,以木牛运送军需。魏明帝命司马懿西出长安, 督将军张郃、郭淮抵抗诸葛亮。六月, 亮以粮尽退军, 司马懿遣张郃追击, 亮设伏兵射杀张郃。其后诸葛亮劝农讲武, 作木牛、流马, 运米聚集斜谷口,“息民休士, 三年而后用之”。 建兴十二年(234) 二月, 诸葛亮率10 万大军由斜谷北出伐魏, 用流马运送军需。同时遣使约吴攻魏。四月, 诸葛亮屯军于渭水之南;司马懿引军渡渭, 背水为垒抵抗, 对诸将说:“亮若出武功, 依山而东, 诚为可忧;若西上五丈原, 诸将无事矣。”[2](p8)诸葛亮果然屯据五丈原(今属陕西岐山)。亮以前番数出, 皆因运粮不足供应而退兵, 为持久计,乃于渭滨分兵屯田。双方相持百余日。八月诸葛亮病死于五丈原军中,是年54 岁。[3] 在五次伐魏战役中, 诸葛亮曾取得局部的胜利, 但未达到灭魏兴汉的目的, 失败了。所以后来唐代大诗人杜甫在《蜀相》一诗中云:三顾频烦天下计, 两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死, 长使英雄泪满襟。 二、诸葛亮北伐的几个争论热点 关于诸葛亮北伐关陇这场战争，历史上长期存在诸多争论，大致有以下几个主要争论热点: 其一，北伐决策是否正确的争论。该不该北伐,古今学者诤讼纷纭，大致有以下的意见: (1)政治需要说:诸葛亮《前出师表》自称要“兴复汉室，还于旧都”。郑世敏《诸葛亮的北伐》一文认为“只有坚持兴复汉室, 蜀汉政权才有存在的理由。”[3 ]郑之洪《诸葛亮北伐新探》则提出北伐是凝聚人心的需要。[4] (2)不应北伐说:持此种观点者颇多，他们认为，当时魏强蜀弱，并无成功希望，据《华阳国志》和《晋书》的记载，当时魏国有人口537万，军队50多万，在关陇有二十多万;而蜀国人口90余万，军队仅10余万。[5](p52)诸葛亮屡次北伐不仅劳而无功，而且使蜀汉国弊民穷，得不偿失。臧振《诸葛亮北伐失败原因再探》一文认为由于农民战争的巨大作用以及中原地区上层建筑的更新与生产关系的重组,使诸葛亮那改良后的蜀汉旧邦无论如何无法战胜中原那革命后的新邦,这才是诸葛亮北伐失败的根本原因。[6]意即中原人心已归曹魏矣。 (3)以战图强说。第一次北伐的失败，在蜀汉内部即出现反对北伐的声音，《三国志》注引《汉晋春秋》记载诸葛亮《后出师表》再次申明北伐的决心和理由，指出“以先帝之明，量臣之才，故知臣伐贼才弱敌强也。然不伐贼，王业亦亡，惟坐待亡，孰与伐之,”，“ 至于成败利钝，非臣之明所能逆睹也”。[1](p923)即必须占领关中方能解救危局，而强弱可以转化，完全是事在人为。何静《也谈关于诸葛亮北伐的几个问 题》一文也认为当时北伐是必然之举，后来的失败只是诸葛亮军事指挥失误的问题。[5] (4)以攻为守说。王夫之《读通鉴论》认为:“其出师以北伐，攻也，特以为守焉耳。以攻为守，而不可示其意于人，故无以服魏延之心而贻之怨怒。秦、陇者，非长安之要地，乃西蜀之门户也。天水、南安、安定，地险而民强，诚收之以为外蔽，则武都、阴平在怀抱之中，魏不能越剑阁以收蜀之北，复不能绕阶、文以捣蜀之西，则蜀可巩固以存，而待时以进，公之定算在此矣。公没蜀衰，魏果由阴平以袭汉，夫乃知公之定算，名为攻而实为守计也。”[7](p271) 此种观点实际上是前面几种意见的折中。但王夫之的观点受到许多学者的批驳，如田耕滋先生即认为王氏一说无根据，仅是其臆测而已。[8] 那麽诸葛亮到底要不要北伐呢,笔者认为不论于公于私，诸葛亮必须要北伐。所谓公，有以下几点: 从政治上来说，必须要凝聚人心。诸葛亮依靠的是荆襄集团，这些人非四川人，所以跟随刘备入川，是为日后打出四川统一天下，建立功名，若久停留，人心必涣散(刘邦之例)，建安二十六年(221)刘备假意表示不想称汉中王，诸葛亮即劝说道:“昔吴汉、耿弇等初劝世祖即帝位，世祖辞让，前后数四，耿纯进言曰:„天下英雄喁喁，冀有所望。如不从议者，士大夫各归求主，无为从公也。?世祖感纯言深至，遂然诺之。今曹氏篡汉，天下无主，大王刘氏苗族，绍世而起，今即帝位，乃其宜也。士大夫随大王久勤苦者，亦欲望尺寸之功如纯言耳。”[1](P916) 从战略上来看，当时魏相对强、蜀相对弱的局面已现，若再不夺关中，由于中原与关中的农业基础好，人口基数大，假以时日，则魏国的经济恢复速度和人口增长速度将大大超过蜀汉，到那时魏国将处绝对优势，此其一;不占关中，则民心日安于曹魏统治，因为当时曹魏的吏治相当清明，官员多关心农桑，此其二;不占关中，则汉中要承受魏来自东面西城(安康)、北面关中、西面陇右、武都、阴平的三面包抄的巨大压力，而汉中实是巴蜀北面的门户。汉中一失，蜀汉危险，故欲保汉中必要北伐，此其三。 从战术时机上说，彼时机会难得。谚曰:时势造英雄。《史记?淮阴侯列传》记载蒯通劝韩信趁楚汉相争而自立时说:“夫功者难成而易败，时者难得而易失也。时乎时，不再来。”当时魏国以为蜀汉不会出兵，在关中的兵力空虚，主将又是酒色之徒的夏侯懋，实是千载难逢的良机，一旦魏国醒悟，则再难可乘，后来的事实也证明了这一点。 所谓私的方面，我认为至少有两点:一是北伐可以巩固诸葛亮自身的地位。当时蜀汉内部有些大臣如李严等对诸葛亮执政并不信服，若长期不行动，反对派便会指责诸葛亮违背刘备遗愿，别有所图，而北伐不仅可以堵住谣言，表明忠诚之心迹，还可以借此树立威信。二是诸葛亮不派大将统军出征而亲自北伐，冒失败之虞，必手操兵权，大概也有避祸之心存焉。当年荆州牧刘表的长子刘琦畏刘表继妻蔡氏之逼，向诸葛亮讨教避祸之计，诸葛亮即引用春秋故事，说“申生在内而危，重耳在外而安”，刘琦领悟，即外求江夏太守，离开襄阳。[1](P914)后主与诸葛亮的关系实际上并不融洽，原因即在诸葛亮权力太大，成震主之势，纵然诸葛亮无篡位之意，后主和反对派也必怀疑忌之心。姜维后来为避黄皓馋害之虞，即袭其故智，也是长期领兵在外不回成都。 其二，关于诸葛亮将略之争。对诸葛亮的军事才能首先提出质疑的是陈寿的《三国志?蜀志?诸葛亮传》中的评论:“然亮才，於治戎为长，奇谋为短，理民之幹，优於将略”，又说“连年动众，未能成功，盖应变将略，非其所长欤～”[1](P934)此论一出，致争讼千载，到如今方大略有定论。我们可以就诸葛亮军事生涯中的几个决策来认识一下。 首先是第一次北伐的得失问题。第一次北伐中争论最多的是诸葛亮与魏延的分歧。据《三国志?蜀书?魏延传》引鱼豢《魏略》曰:“夏侯懋为安西将军，镇长安，亮於南郑与群下计议，延曰:„闻夏侯懋少，主婿也，怯而无谋。今假延精兵五千，负粮五千，直从褒中出，循秦岭而东，当子午而北，不过十日可到长安。懋闻延奄至，必乘船逃走。长安中惟有御史、京兆太守耳，横门邸阁与散民之谷足周食也。比东方相合聚，尚二十许日，而公从斜谷来，必足以达。如此，则一举而咸阳以西可定矣。?亮以为此悬危，不如安从坦道，可以平取陇右，十全必克而无虞，故不用延计。”[1](P1103) 北伐战略决策已定，战略打击方向的选择上魏延与诸葛亮有不同意见。由于后来诸葛亮出祁山受挫，后世学者有支持魏延主张者，认为蜀弱魏强，惟有乘关中空虚出奇制胜，且历史上的成功案例都是先取关中后得陇右的(如西汉、唐)。但也有一些学者支持诸葛亮的主张，具代表性的是张崇琛《诸葛亮为何不纳魏延之计》一文，文中指出:出陇右不必穿行与危险的崇山峻岭之中，出敌意外，且陇右远离曹魏核心地区，兵力空虚，得陇右又可保障汉中西边安全，可得少数民族支持，可威胁关中;而魏延之计的确“悬危”:一是敌情不明，当时魏国得知诸葛亮屯兵汉中后，已经在通往关中的要道上加强了防御，二是山路艰危，曹真两年后由子午道进攻汉中，因道路难行而撤军;三是军粮难运;四是时间难如愿，十日到不了长安，且魏军反应速度极快;五是长安守备并不空虚，只恐坚城难下。[9] 孰是孰非,事情已经过去将近1800年了，当时的真实形势如何，我们已不得而知，故只能就一般军事规律泛论之。笔者个人看法，以为魏延的建议最具战略远见，然而也最具风险性。蜀汉弱小，利在速得关中避免决战，而此见一旦成功，则因潼关得手，魏军将被阻遏于东，不能发挥其数量优势;同时蜀军占领长安，政治影响极大，必使关中因与东方失去联系而望风瓦解;蜀军还可避免与强大魏军的过早进行战略决战，并能短期内在关中招募大量兵员壮大军容改变力量对比，重行汉高祖之辙。可以说此招是出奇制胜，击敌要害。其风险即怕山路有阻，长安难下。战争必然要冒风险，既然利益极大，魏延之策值得一试，且是有可行性的。楚汉相争时韩信奇袭陈仓，同样要行崎岖山路，同样要攻陈仓坚城，最终成功，被后世称誉，故笔者以为魏延之说非空谈，实是上策。 然而《孙子兵法》开篇即告诫说:“兵者，诡道也。国之大事，死生之地，不可不察也”，意思是说战争一定要慎重。尤其是初战，历来为军事家所看重，弱小的军队更是经不起损失，必须极端重视初战问题。《毛泽东选集》中《中国革命战争的战略问题》一文，对弱军的初战问题说得非常透彻。[10]考虑到蜀军兵力寡弱，已是倾国之兵，又怕初战失利影响士气，诸葛亮不肯太用险也是可以理解的。那麽退而求其次，还可用较魏延之策稳妥的中策，即兵出褒斜道箕谷口为疑军，吸引魏军注意，主力循韩信走过的陈仓故道袭击陈仓。这样做，既可以保护汉中，进退有据，还可以震动关中，站稳脚跟，同时切断陇右与关中联系。从诸葛亮北伐的实践来看，陇右对蜀汉还是有好感的，可指麾而定。此策的缺点是不能阻止魏军西过潼关来与蜀军决战，双方可能陷于僵持，而诸葛亮的最大心思便是要尽量减小伤亡保存实力。 最下策是西出祁山。笔者认为，诸葛亮一心要保存实力。在他看来，陇右地区兵力很少，离洛阳、长安又远，回旋余地大，西出祁山平坦大路，既可稳得初战胜利以鼓舞士气，又可吸收剽悍善战的鲜卑、氐、羌兵马，还可避免过早与魏军主力决战，最大限度减少兵员损失。由于关中远较陇右重要，魏国必不能倾全力而来，一旦魏偏师来犯，则可相机逐一蚕食之，以求渐改兵力对比。另外在政治上也可以避免因失利而遗国内反对势力以攻讦的口实。然而诸葛亮只看到有利一面，未深究不利的一面。大军西出，后方的根据之地汉中兵力空虚，必然受到来自关中、西城、阴平三方面的严重威胁，一旦失守，不仅进退失据，军心瓦解，且使成都危在旦夕～历史上有类似的事例。西方历史上伽太基与罗马争雄，伽太基杰出将领汉尼拔从西班牙出兵翻越阿尔卑斯山突袭罗马，杀得罗马措手不及，但罗马很快清醒过来，避免与汉尼拔正面交锋，而是猛攻伽太基首都伽太基城(今突尼斯城)，伽太基城破，汉尼拔被迫投降。再者，魏国必然加强关 中兵力，使蜀军无机可乘。第三，陇右人口稀少，兵员补充困难，如诸葛亮从陇右撤退时，仅带回了千余户。[1](P922) 此外，就街亭失利问题也稍谈一下。历来都认为是马谡违背诸葛亮山下安营的命令而战败，笔者以为此事再次表露了诸葛亮西出的缺陷和过于谨慎的弱点。由于害怕汉中失守，诸葛亮不敢使主力远离祁山，没有抽走围困上邽(今天水市)和防备武都的兵力，充分利用自己兵力上及以逸待劳等优势在街亭设伏歼灭张郃从关中来的五万劳累之师，丧失了一战定陇右同时消灭关中有生力量的良机。我可以举两个例子说明这一问题。一是唐太宗虎牢关之战:当时唐军本在围困洛阳的王世充，河北的窦建德领10余万兵马来救，唐军将领们都主张撤回潼关，唐太宗坚持围城打援的决策，抢占虎牢关以逸待劳，击溃窦建德军，王世充得知消息后只好投降。另一个是解放战争时期，毛泽东要求淮海战役前委力争在淮河以北消灭蒋介石嫡系主力，以避免日后渡江的困难，而淮海战役的胜利，使国民党军在防渡江战役中便有兵力困窘之局。 关于北伐的时间选择，诸葛亮南征南中，征战两年，休息两年，虽压服南方部落，却对蜀汉国力无大裨益，反消耗人力、物力，耽误四年修养生息和战争准备的时间。 因此，首次北伐的动机及战略决策并无错误，关键在诸葛亮战争的具体执行中过于谨慎，其战略战役指挥显得平庸。 单就一次北伐战争即言诸葛亮不擅长军事，显然有以偏概全之失，因此可再观察诸葛亮其他的军事决策。 首先是《陇中对》的战略价值评价问题。历史上对诸葛亮的《隆中对》向来评价甚高，但改革开放以来随着诸葛亮研究的深入，一些学者也对之表示怀疑，如丁福虎《在<隆中对>战略定位谈》中认为:《隆中对》两路伐中原的想法不现实(人口与经济原因)，占据荆州与联吴抗曹的战略方针矛盾，跨有荆、益地理上难以相顾，越秦岭攻关中已是陈套而不实际。[11]任守春、冯振广在《论诸葛亮草庐决策的科学性》一文中针锋相对，认为随着荆州划界的达成，孙吴方面联合抗曹的意愿是真诚的，因此《隆中对》两路伐中原的想法是可行的，占荆州与联吴抗曹的战略方针不矛盾，跨有荆、益地理上可以相顾，越秦岭攻关中也是可行的。[12] 那种意见更符合实际或是更合理,李学林、苏蔓在《论毛泽东对诸葛亮的科学评价》一文中指出:宋代学者苏洵在其《项籍论》一文中从地理特点上进行了独到的分析。他认为西蜀盆地自守尚不理想, 作为进取中原的基地则更有诸多不便。由此, 他提出“诸葛孔明弃荆州而就西蜀, 吾知其无能为也”的观点。而毛泽东就苏洵的评论写下一段批注: “其始误于隆中对, 千里之遥而二分兵力。其终则关羽、刘备、诸葛亮三分兵力, 安得不败。”[13]毛泽东是伟大的军事战略家，一贯主张集中兵力，这是他毕生实战经验的，对他的见解，笔者深表赞成。另外必须要指出的是:荆州地处长江中游，对孙吴构成天然的战略威胁，孙权必欲得之方能安寝。刘备当初约定得益州后将荆州给孙权，但后来却食言，不能不使联盟破裂，加之曹操仍占据襄阳，关羽镇守荆州面临南、北、东三面受敌且难得支援的困境。即使关羽不骄傲自高，想坚守也是相当困难的，又遑论从荆州北上中原呢,诸葛亮没有及时建议撤出荆州以便集中兵力和争取与孙权交好，在此问题上缺乏战略眼光毋庸置疑。当然此时是刘备做主，诸葛亮或许建议过，但史实表明，他没有坚持。《隆中对》另一大败笔是不顾政治影响，自招恶名。宋朝周密《齐东野语》引用苏轼的评论说:“孔明之所恃以胜者，独以其区区之忠信，有以激天下之心耳。刘表之丧，先主在荆州，孔明欲袭杀其孤，先主不忍也。其后，刘璋以好逆之至蜀，不数月，扼其吭、拊其背而夺之国，此其与曹操异者几希矣～乃治兵振旅，为仁义之师，长驱东向，而欲天下向应，盖亦难矣。?”[14](P15) 其二是失荆州的问题。杨德炳先生认为关羽北攻襄阳并未得到刘备的同意，是由最初的小冲突演变成大战 役的。[15]则诸葛亮没有主张早派援军从汉水东下或派军沿长江东下并及时制止关羽，实在是失策。 其三是二次攻陈仓铩羽。第一次北伐出祁山失利，诸葛亮重新检讨战略，认识到西出的危险所在，于是决定主攻陈仓，然而时移事异，曹真早已派郝昭加强防守，诸葛亮顿兵坚城之下二十余日，粮尽而还。诸葛亮此次失败，根子仍在于过分谨慎，不肯分兵。既然关中屯有魏国重兵，何妨派一方面大将仍出祁山以调动关中魏军，如此每月车轮战使敌疲于奔命，在陈仓故道和斜谷口照此办理，或可有功。此战也表明诸葛亮对魏军的军事部署未能及时了解，犯不应有的失误。 其四是徒劳北伐。二次北伐以后，军粮的供应及运输、士兵的补充皆成为大问题，若具备较高的军事战略全局观念，则定然认识到当时必须以休养生息、纾缓民力，鼓励人口生育为要务，以小支部队施行车轮战为牵制、疲惫魏军的手段。然而诸葛亮一意孤行，劳而无功，纵然战术上有小胜，战略上并未达目的。 诸葛亮后期的北伐并不明智，然而他一再匆忙出兵，原因可能在于其急迫的心情。南朝梁武帝萧衍曾经感慨说:“北方高凉，四十强壮，南方卑湿，三十而衰”，可见南方的湿热气候不利人的健康，而彼时诸葛亮已是五十岁的人了，身处南方卑湿之地，又事必躬亲，精力自然日渐不济，难免心生日暮途远之感。这便又引出一个问题，即诸葛亮用人上的问题，在此略提一下。 陈寿评论诸葛亮治国时说:“诸葛亮之为相国也，抚百姓，示仪轨，约官职，从权制，开诚心，布公道;尽忠益时者虽雠必赏，犯法怠慢者虽亲必罚，服罪输情者虽重必释，游辞巧饰者虽轻必戮;善无微而不赏，恶无纤而不贬;庶事精练，物理其本，循名责实，虚伪不齿;终於邦域之内，咸畏而爱之，刑政虽峻而无怨者，以其用心平而劝戒明也。可谓识治之良才，管、萧之亚匹矣。”对诸葛亮评价很高。然而他同时又说:“昔萧何荐韩信，管仲举王子城父，皆忖己之长，未能兼有故也。亮之器能政理，抑亦管、萧之亚匹也，而时之名将无城父、韩信，故使功业陵迟，大义不及邪,”[1](P1103)对诸葛亮在任用军事人才方面提出了委婉批评。而诸葛亮在任用军事将领的问题上的确存在两大问题。 其一是求同斥异。诸葛亮用人，必用谨慎之人。这一原则用在文官，并无不妥。但施之于军事，则非最善之举。战争特点是形势千变万化，怎麽可能靠稳妥取胜,学者争论最多的是诸葛亮对待魏延的问题上。他们多认为魏延被屈才了，甚至有学者撰文认为诸葛亮杀魏延是出于嫉才。笔者认为嫉才说未免刻薄，但诸葛亮不善将谨慎型与开拓型将领组合起来实是失策。此外，观蜀汉高级文武官员，多是荆襄士人集团出身，少有益州士人，这种政策显然堵塞了益州人才的进阶之路。 其二是事必躬亲。或许是关羽的教训太惨重，诸葛亮对军国大事事必躬亲，实质上即是对将领的不信任。如姜维是诸葛亮的亲信弟子，但在诸葛亮在世时期从未单独担任方面大任。这种做法无疑妨碍了将领主观能动性的发挥，也限制了蜀军的战略战役行动的灵活性。同样是从汉中北伐中原，刘邦任用人才的态度则是洒脱放手。如韩信本非刘邦旧人，且年弱资浅，但刘邦却有魄力将方面大任交与之。两相比较，优劣可见。 诸葛亮一生以兴复汉室为旗帜，这为他在以儒家思想立国、重视忠义的古代中国赢得了崇高的声誉。也使得对他的评价问题因带有浓厚的感情色彩而难以客观公允。若能抛开儒家思想的成见，既不过度拔高也不有意贬低，则当能看出，从当时蜀汉与曹魏的形势对比和时机来说，诸葛亮有北伐的理由，北伐战争初期如果策略得当，的确是有顺利夺取关中、陇右的可能的。而诸葛亮个人军事才能的平庸以及用人上的保守是北伐失败不可否认的一个重要因素。 作者简介: 徐志斌(1974-),陕西理工学院历史文化系讲师。 [参考文献] [1] 陈寿.三国志[M].北京:中华书局,1976. [2] 晋书[M].北京:中华书局,1975. [3] 郑世敏.诸葛亮的北伐[J].中学历史教学参考,1997,(7). [4] 郑之洪.诸葛亮北伐新探[J].学术月刊,1997,(2). [5] 何静.也谈关于诸葛亮北伐的几个问题[J].黔西南民族师专学报(综合版),2000,(2). [6 ] 臧振.诸葛亮北伐失败原因再探[A].诸葛亮研究新编[C],湖北人民出版社,1986,12月. [7] 王夫之.读通鉴论(上)[M].北京:中华书局,1975. [8] 田耕滋.诸葛亮伐魏不是以攻代守[J].汉中师范学院学报(社会科学版),1997,(1). [9] 张崇琛.诸葛亮为何不纳魏延之计[J].成都大学学报(社科版),2003,(2). [10] 毛泽东.中国革命战争的战略问题[A].毛泽东选集[C],1950. [11] 丁福虎.<隆中对>战略定位得失谈[J].决策探索,1997,(11). [12] 任守春、冯振广.论诸葛亮草庐决策的科学性[J].史学月刊,1999,(5). [13] 李学林、苏蔓.论毛泽东对诸葛亮的科学评价[J].毛泽东思想研究,第19卷,(5). [14] 周密.齐东野语[M].北京:中华书局,1982. [15] 杨德炳.关羽北征之谜试解[A].武汉大学历史系编:魏晋南北朝隋唐史资料(第13辑)[C],1994. (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.