如何做阅读理解题

如何做阅读理解题 一、英语阅读面临的问题 在阅读过程中，语言材料和读者是交互作用的。文字信息的提取在于语篇(text)与读者的相互作用(interact)。在英语阅读过程中，影响阅读质量的有如下因素: A(读者因素(reader factors) 它指读者本身已具备的语言背景知识、内部信息或称非视觉信息(internal or non-visual information)、智力因素、水平、动机、能力倾向等。他是影响阅读最重要的一个因素。许多学生尽管已具备了抽象思维能力，但在阅读过程中仍是被动的，更有学生一见到不认识的单词，就心存畏惧，从开始就处于无趣的被动状态，不愿读下去或胡乱猜测。结果对文章整体把握不够，得到的只是支离破碎的信息。不能正确处理好阅读速度与准确率的关系。更有甚者认为阅读费时多，花了许多功夫，进步仍不明显，不能体验成功的快乐，于是中途放弃。 B、语篇因素 是指文章句子的结构、长短、词汇量、新概念的多少、话题的难易及新颖度等。这就要求学生学会分析长难句，加强语言知识，并增加对文化背景知识的了解。 二、应对策略 阅读理解的题型主要有:细节理解、主旨大意、划线句子理解、推题判断、词义推断、图示辨析等，旨在考查学生的整体理解、分析判断，逻辑推理和联想判断等能力A(做阅读时采用下列步骤: 1(快速阅读提干及所提供的选项，把握出题人的思路。分析题干及答案之间的内在联系，找出关键词(多为实词，每个问题1-3个词)，并预测文章主旨，联系自身经历及已有背景知识。 2(快速阅读每段首、尾句，每段的主旨及文章的主旨一般都蕴藏在首、尾句中。 3(快速搜索文中与题干或答案中重叠的关键词(词义、构词、或近义、反义)做出答案选项。 4(复读全文，核实答案与选项。 B(功夫在平时 1(培养良好的阅读习惯，积累词汇及短语。准备一个随身携带的小册子，将平时阅读中遇到的单词、短语分门别类记下来，抽空巩固记忆。 2(阅读能力是在大量阅读实践中培养起来的，光靠课本远远不够的。经常阅读外国名著简写本及英语报刊、杂志:China Daily.(21st century Teens版最为合适)，English Language Learning 等。在阅读 21st Century (Teens) 时，由于高三学生时间紧，任务多，不可能读完所有的文章，我于是鼓励学生每期报纸分类读，成绩较好的精读两篇文章，泛读2-3篇;成绩不够理想者，每期精读一篇，泛读3-4篇。对精读作了四个要求:a、列出每篇生词并举出一个例句。例句可摘抄原文，可独立造句，也可查阅字典或资料;b、列出短语并造句;c、精美句子摘抄;d、短评 (remarks)。短评字不在多，一两句即可，完全是有感而发。每周检查一次读书笔记，并举一篇文章作为范例讲解，泛读则只要求了解大意。 C(正确处理好以下几方面的关系 1(正确处理好读与听、说、写的关系 听说读写是有机的相互联系的整体，它们是相辅相成，互为促进。 2(材料选择 难易程度以阅读后理解的正确率达到70-80%为宜，低于这个比例的材料就偏难，高于 这个比例就太易。 3(注意消除以下不良习惯 1>只注意单词意思，忽略习惯用法。教育学生积累习惯用法和习语，随时，归纳、 记忆。 2>逐词查字典。遇到生词，鼓励学生根据词缀、词根、构词法、语境等来猜测 词义。把文章的整体阅读和整体理解放在首位 3>指读、心读、出声读。这三种阅读方法不仅严重影响阅读速度，不利于大脑形成完 整的逻辑思维，而且分散了注意力，影响阅读效果。 4>逐字阅读。让学生每次眼睛停顿前，尽可能地多看几个词，不逐字去抠意思，以意 群为停顿单位。平时阅读，让学生尽可能一口气读完一句话或几句话，以短语或句子 为输入单位。 总之，高中英语学习的成败在于阅读能力的培养，养成良好的阅读习惯，学生将受益 终身。教师应让学生"对症下药"，综合培养学生的思维、分析、对比、判断和综合能力， 真正让学生提高运用语言知识解决实际问题的能力。 阅读理解的题型特点及解题技巧 一、推断题 1.解推断题应注意: (1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; (2)推理的根据来自于上下文。 2.推断题的常见形式: (1) It can be inferred from the text that (2) From the text we know that (3) The story implies that (4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be (5) The writer’s attitude toward…is 3.解推断题的方法:解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。 Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches and two “What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very “Well，”replied the man， “I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in e xactly the same condition as I found Q: The passage suggests that when the writer moved intot the house， it was ______. A. very B. just cleaned by the C. tidy and D. dirty and full of Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK,they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn’t ask questions ;he answers questions. He never says，“I don’t Q: Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude towards Mr Neff? A. He finds Mr Neff hard to B. He thinks Mr Neff C. He feels pity for Mr D. He does not like Mr 二、事实题在阅读理解题中，又有相当一部分属于事实或细节题，下面仅就这类题的正确 解法作简要说明。 1.直接事实题在解答这类问题时要抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这 类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S. This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road,which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom. There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to SanFrancisco. Thousands of people worked on this dam for five This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936. Later it was renam ed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam， one of the hi ghest dams in the world， is situated between the states of Arizona and Q: Hoover Dam lies A. between Arizona and B. in the Black C. between New York and San D. both A and 2.间接事实题解此类题需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断。 Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian， host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”， Miss Luo Lin， Miss Asia of 1991， appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an airhostess. Before she took part in the competition， she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years. However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage， dancing， singing， making-up and other proper manners， designed by the Asia TV “It’s really a hard job for me. I won’t enter for such competition any more. Anyhow， I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time， in Shanghai， I'd love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，" said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q: Which of the following is NOT A. Luo Lin is a native of B. Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss 3.词义理解题做此类题时，应尽可能地利用生词所在的上下文来猜测词义，即利用我们所 熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠常识和经验。 Another source of knowledge is the vast store of traditional practices handed down from father to son， or mother to daughter， of old country customs， of folklore. All this is very difficult for a college student to examine， for much knowledge and personal experience is needed here to separate good plants from wild grass. The college student should learn to realize and remember how much of real value science has been found in this wide， confused wilderness and how often scientific discoveries of what had existed in this area long Q: In the last paragraph the phrase“this wide， confused wilderness”refers to __ A. personal B. wild weeds among good C. the information from the D. the vast store of traditional 推断题 Example1解析:要恢复原样须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫，因此推出答案为D。 Example 2解析:本文中使用never，还写到 Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes.故暗示他对 Mr Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。 事实题 1. 直接事实题解析:由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案D。 2.间接事实题解析: A、C和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的 是: taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选B。 3.词义理解题解析: D。划线部分指的就是上文的another source of knowledge， 即: the vast store of traditional practices。