陕西师大论文定稿

陕西师大论文定稿 从鲁迅作品中的三个妇女形象看妇女解放 2010级(超前)汉语言文学专业 何朝霞 论文摘要:鲁迅是我国伟大的现实主义作家，他的一生始终以抨击旧势力，揭露社会中的黑暗现象为己任。他的笔端时时触及社会现实，在他的现实主义小说《祝福》、《离婚》、《伤逝》中，成功的塑造了祥林嫂、爱姑、子君这样生动而富有典型意义的妇女形象。鲁迅在描写她们被封建社会及其道德礼教迫害的同时，还多处描写了女主人公们的挣扎与反抗，虽然她们的这些挣扎与反抗，对于强大的封建社会及其宗法而言是微弱的，但其意义却是深远的。通过描写她们对封建势力奋不顾身的反抗，鲁迅先生也深刻而鲜明地指出了自己对妇女解放问题的思路。 关键词:妇女形象;封建制度;妇女解放 advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value-added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Post-doctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts 正文: 妇女问题是一个重要的社会问题。在中国封建社会，妇女生活在社会的最底层，深受政权、族权、夫权、神权的残酷压迫，她们必须恪守封建道德礼教的，因而所受的苦难最深重。正是基于这种认识和感受，中国新文学运动的主将鲁迅，在对封建主义进行愤怒批判的同时，始终关注着生活在社会最底层的妇女。他在1918年发的《我的节烈观》一文中，对封建统治阶级鼓吹的节烈观，进行了猛烈的抨击，他指出“表彰节烈”其实是强加给妇女的“畸形道德” 。在《关于女人》一文中，他更是一针见血地指出:“这制度把女人挤成各式各样的奴隶，还要把种种罪名加在她们的头上。”这表现出鲁迅对妇女的悲惨遭遇和不幸命运的深切同情和怜悯。与其思想一致的是，在他的小说创作中，同样充满着对封建宗法制度罪恶行径的愤怒批判。正是封建统治阶级的病态思想对妇女的压迫和奴役，导致中国女性几千年来一直生活在水深火热之中，承受着从精神到肉体的无尽痛苦和磨难。鲁迅以其深厚的人道主义和民主主义，对压迫和残害妇女的封建主义进行了无情的揭露和鞭打。在他的现实主义小说《祝福》、《离婚》、《伤逝》中，他以深沉的笔端，成功地塑造了祥林嫂、爱姑、子君等一系列的典型形象，她们的悲惨生活和结局，深刻地展现了妇女在封建制度下被绞杀的过程，字里行间，融铸着作者的激愤和不平。 一、 被封建“四权”绳索捆缚的祥林嫂 祥林嫂是鲁迅根据生活中的若干真实原形塑造出来的典型。祥林嫂的形象比原型更集中更概括，是旧中国贫苦农妇悲惨命运高度典型化的体现。 (一) 祥林嫂的悲剧显示了封建的“四权”绳索对农村劳动妇女的捆缚 1. 族权不允许祥林嫂守节 祥林嫂的前夫祥林比祥林嫂小十岁，丈夫死后，宁可靠劳动来养活自己，也不愿再嫁，所以她逃到鲁镇做工。她的全部希望和渴求，便是要用自己的劳动来换取生存的权利。所以当她来到鲁家做工时是“食物不论，力气不惜的„„到年底，扫地、杀鸡、宰鹅，彻夜的煮福礼，全是一人担当，(鲁家) [1]竟没有添短工”。然而她反而满足，“口角边渐渐的有了笑影，脸上也白胖了”。但是，好景不长。在鲁家做工不到半年，她婆婆恃凭着族权的威势， h ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research coopt resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catccity's firsadded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center -technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value s ofresources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinant specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-ges, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingadvantastation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find expertsdoctoral work-lopment in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postalth professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and deveon, hend training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce educati. ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education arms ..ific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platfon, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scienteratio- 2 - 不但把她像逃犯一样抓回去，而且逼她嫁到深山野坳里。因为要用卖她所得的钱，买一个女人给她的小叔子做老婆。祥林嫂始终没有挣到一个“人的资格”，却像一件赚钱的货物一样被卖掉了。 2. 夫权，要祥林嫂守节 在旧社会，依照旧礼教，女子只能嫁一次，不得再嫁;“饿死事小，失节事大”。所以，祥林嫂在她前夫祥林(一个比她小十岁的男人)死后，不肯再嫁;被婆婆抓回去逼嫁贺家坳，“在花轿里，她一路只是嚎，骂，抬到贺家坳，喉咙已经全哑了。拉出花轿来，两个男人和她的小叔子使劲擒住她也还拜不成天地。他们一不小心。一松手，阿呀，阿弥陀佛，她就一头撞在 [2]香案角上，头上碰了一个大窟窿，鲜血直流„„”。这是夫权要祥林嫂守节造成的后果。再婚后，丈夫死于伤寒，她又要为后夫守节，只能跟儿子阿毛相依为命。 3. 神权、政权要惩罚祥林嫂不守节 祥林嫂再嫁虽非自愿，但毕竟是再嫁了，就是“不守节”。“不守节”就是大逆不道，不是小罪，而是大罪，就要受到惩罚。柳妈因受了封建迷信的影响和毒害，无意之中成了封建统治者的帮凶，她那有关“阴司”的话“这 [3]种人活着要受苦，死后还要受刑，阎罗王将她锯开，分给前后两个男人”，使祥林嫂在精神上蒙受了极大的压力。而作为政权化身的鲁四老爷，他支持并利用其他三种权力彻底的摧垮了祥林嫂。祥林嫂第一次来鲁镇做工时，鲁四老爷知道她是寡妇后就“皱了皱眉”，不愿意留她。但祥林嫂凭着自己的勤苦耐劳、能干，还能分配祭祀用的酒杯和筷子;当祥林嫂再婚再寡后，即第二次来鲁镇做工时，她的遭遇就大不一样了:她不但不能再碰那“神圣”的酒杯和筷子，而且成为人们日常的笑料;更为甚者，当她到土地庙捐了门槛，坦然地去拿酒杯和筷子时，四婶慌忙大声喝道:“你放着罢，祥林嫂～”这一句话彻底地对祥林嫂判了“死刑”，让“她像是受了炮烙似的缩手，脸色同时变作灰黑，也不去取烛台，只是失神地看着。直到四叔来上香，教她 [4]走开时她才走开”。这是给祥林嫂精神上致命的一击。就这样勤劳、善良的祥林嫂被以鲁四爷为代表的封建卫道士们迫害的精神失常，丧失了劳动能力，然后又被一脚踢出去，沦为乞丐，最后惨死在漫天的大雪之中。这是鲁迅先 ouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advancee. Enche primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitivcompetitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is tadded and improve economic -he County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product valuetion, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is ts formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what localed unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, ha-mes. IndustryTangshan area, targeted investment promotion several ti-Tianjin-advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingdoctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts-ation, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postr educls, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in highehe basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionaeet tssifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and machievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic cla ogicald technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technol- 3 - 生对封建的政权、族权、神权、夫权的彻底批判和否定。 (二) 祥林嫂的挣扎和反抗未能改变她悲惨命运的原因 祥林嫂是被封建社会的政权、神权、族权、夫权这四条绳索活活勒死的。夫权要她守节，族权不允许她守节，政权和神权又惩罚她的“不守节”。这深入骨髓的苦痛，使祥林嫂求生不得，求死不能。鲁迅把抨击的矛头直指封建制度，这具有鲜明的独创性，主要体现在鲁迅刻画祥林嫂的四个“不甘于”:祥林嫂不甘于受婆家虐待，逃跑出来到鲁镇做工，靠自己的辛勤劳动来争得做人的资格;祥林嫂不甘于被人强逼改嫁，用生命来抗婚。在逼嫁的路上，她不但又哭又闹，拜堂时还用头撞香案角企图自杀。虽然没有死，但也撞得头破血流，结果在额头上留下了一个“大家以为耻辱”的伤疤;祥林嫂不甘于百般受人歧视，捐门槛以“赎罪”。为了“捐门槛”，祥林嫂用了在鲁家的全部劳动所得十二元鹰洋;祥林嫂不甘于死后受阎王的惩处，临死时怀疑灵魂的有无。她希望没有鬼，死去不用锯开身子来分给两个丈夫，但她又希望有鬼，死去可以在阴间见到自己惟一的儿子阿毛，可以一家人团聚。而这四个“不甘于”正是祥林嫂自发反抗精神独特而鲜明的体现。祥林嫂反抗了族权、夫权，怀疑神权，但这些反抗意识都是朦胧的。由于长期以来受着封建反动文化思想的毒害，所以祥林嫂本能地以封建宗法制度所规范的行为准则，作为自己为人处世的依据和标准，她的反抗是受封建思想意识支配的，她的思想是带着封建色彩的，所以她的一系列挣扎和反抗，是不自觉的，其力量是微弱的是苍白的。她最终还是要被根深蒂固的封建制度所捕杀。 祥林嫂的一生是苦苦挣扎的一生，其结果，却被地主阶级诬蔑为“谬种”。鲁四老爷说:“不早不迟，偏偏要在这时候，——这就可见是个谬种～”地主阶级年终祝福，作为酬神祈福的盛举，是要“吉利的”，他们嫌穷人在这时死去，破坏了他们所谓的“吉利”。鲁迅在刻划地主阶级丑恶嘴脸的同时，还深刻地写出了祥林嫂被黑暗势力吞没的过程。鲁迅不但写祥林嫂在物质上、肉体上被剥削被摧残，而且写出了她心灵深处的巨大悲痛。通过祥林嫂的悲惨遭遇，作品深刻地揭露了旧社会、旧制度的黑暗。祥林嫂的死，是旧中国农村劳动妇女对黑暗的封建制度和残酷的封建礼教的血泪控诉，她的悲剧更代表着生活在封建宗法社会里的千千万万劳动妇女的命运。这是鲁迅深刻的 city's firsadded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center -technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value s ofresources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinant specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-ges, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingadvantastation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find expertsdoctoral work-lopment in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postalth professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and deveon, hend training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce educati. ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education arms ..ific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platfon, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scienteratioh ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research coopt resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catc- 4 - 观察了中国封建社会千千万万的妇女的命运而加以典型化的一个完整的悲剧形象。 二、 从敢于闹事到彻底妥协的爱姑 作品《离婚》中的爱姑是鲁迅妇女题材中最具反抗性的农村妇女形象。这个典型形象也是鲁迅根据生活中的真实人物塑造出来的，是旧中国中产阶层妇女悲惨命运的高度典型化的集中体现。 作品中的爱姑被迫离婚，说明当时生活在农村中产阶层的妇女，处境仍然是十分悲惨的。夫权、族权有绝对的权威，丈夫姘上小寡妇，不管原配夫人是三茶六礼写来的还是花轿抬来的，都不会受法律保护。只要公婆不喜欢，不管你是否低头进、低头出，是否一礼不缺，也只得走。政权是夫权、族权的基础，夫权受到统治阶级的支持，闹了几次的离婚，只经豪绅七大爷(在地主慰老爷家)的两句话就解决了。一句是:“公婆说‘走～’就得走。”七大爷还振振有辞，吓唬爱姑说:“莫说府里，就是上海、北京，就是外洋，都这样。”公婆为什么不喜欢爱姑呢,那是因为“‘老畜生’只知道帮儿子”，这说明，在当时的衙门，维护的只是夫权、族权的利益;另一句是:“来——兮～”七大爷这一高大摇曳的声音，连爱姑也感觉到“大势已去”，晴天霹雳。爱姑刚才的放肆，刚才的“闹事”和想讨回的“公道”已荡然无存了。可见，由于七大爷的“威严”，爱姑只好妥协。接着，便是两家互换了“红绿帖”(订婚时交换的帖子)，取消了婚约。可见，“来——兮～”这两个字就是离婚的判决书。这就告诉爱姑，即使拼了命，施家也不会家破人亡，封建政权是绝对维护夫权、族权和地主阶级利益的。 爱姑具有“母夜叉”的性格，丈夫“小畜生”姘上小寡妇，“老畜生”又袒护儿子，爱姑要回娘家搬兵讨伐，要出这口“恶气”，要把施家搞得家破人亡。因为爱姑是地方上有点权势的人，“沿海居民都有几分惧怕”的土乡绅庄木三的宠女，有一个土乡绅父亲作为靠山，所以她受不得别人的气，更不知天高地厚。爱姑能说会道，撒野、泼辣，从她闹离婚“一闹就是三年”就可以看出来。爱姑只知道压在自己头上的正是她所信奉的封建主义制度。所以她一开始在七大人面前力数“小畜生”的不是，在七大人面前据理力争，满以为七大人“知书识礼，顶明白的”。最后还是七大人的一席话使爱姑如 e. Enche primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitivcompetitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is tadded and improve economic -he County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product valuetion, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is ts formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what localed unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, ha-mes. IndustryTangshan area, targeted investment promotion several ti-Tianjin-advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingdoctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts-ation, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postr educls, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in highehe basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionaeet tssifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and machievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic cla ogicald technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technolouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advance- 5 - 梦初醒，“觉得自己是完全孤立了”，也使她明白了封建主义的真实面目，可惜为时已晚。爱姑外强中干，对弱者逞强，对强者软弱，从敢于闹事到妥协，这就是爱姑的经历。她为了与施家“赌气”，又是吵，又是骂，又是砸，非要把施家搞个家破人亡而后快。但当她在地位比她更高贵的七大人面前，心“突突地乱跳，仿佛失足掉在水里一般”，显得那么软弱、无能。当七大人说出最后一句话:“来——兮～”后，她不由自己地说:“我本来是专听七大人的吩咐„„。” 爱姑的态度一百八十转弯，从敢于闹事到彻彻底底的妥协，最终变得恭恭敬敬，爱姑不愿离的婚最终还是离了。 在庞大而坚固的封建势力面前，爱姑这条不安分的鱼，充其量也只能在水池中泛几个水泡，最终还是摆脱不了被吃的命运。她想凭自己个人的力量，去冲破用几千年时间编织而成的封建罗网，那只能是妄想。当她意识到这点时，却又可悲地把希望寄托在七大人身上，认为他会为她主持公道。而封建秩序和封建利益的维护都是由七大人之流操纵的。爱姑这种天真幼稚的想法和行为，最终只能自吞失败的苦果。在爱姑的潜意识里，她认为被丈夫休掉是“失节”的大事。在封建社会里，只有休妻，没有离婚，而休妻是当时社会被人们尤其是妇女认为最耻辱的事情，被休之人，其地位连寡妇也不如。为此，爱姑才反抗，想讨回一个“说法”。爱姑表现出来的行为，说明她的灵魂深处还是被封建伦理道德中的“从一而终”的观念牢牢地占据着。从这一角度看，尽管她反抗激烈，但其意义是有限的。 爱姑是封建社会农村妇女的典型形象，在数千年漫长而黑暗的艰难历程中，她们所受封建思想的毒害最深，所背负的精神压力最沉重，灵魂已经被严重的奴化和扭曲了。对此鲁迅对她们表现出了极大的关怀和同情，同时也表现出无限的悲哀和愤怒。 三、 从追求个性解放到走上绝路的子君 鲁迅先生在关注农村妇女的同时，还关注着城市新型女性的生存和发展状况，他的小说《伤逝》就是以城市知识女性作为主人公的作品。其主人公子君是现代文学作品中一个具有反抗精神，但最终又被旧制度吞噬的女青年知识分子的典型形象。 子君受过良好的教育，是被“五四”新风所唤醒的女知识青年。她常谈 city's firsadded and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center -technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value s ofresources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinant specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-ges, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingadvantastation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find expertsdoctoral work-lopment in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postalth professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and deveon, hend training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce educati. ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education arms ..ific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platfon, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scienteratioh ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research coopt resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catc- 6 - “伊孛尔，谈泰戈尔，谈雪莱”，并以这些资产阶级个性主义者的民主革命思想来激励自己，经过子君和涓生的努力，她们冲破层层阻力终于结合了，婚后也有过安宁和幸福。但婚姻自主胜利后，子君却止步不前，逐渐变得浅薄、庸俗、怯弱，与涓生在人生态度上产生了分歧，爱情终于出现了裂痕。成家后的子君，不但没有像涓生一样继续学习和探索，争取更好地发挥自己的才能，做一个自立于社会的女子;而是终日全力理家治内，甘心情愿作一个举案齐眉的贤妻良母，渐渐的她变得浅薄、庸俗和怯弱。加上她在家庭中所处的从属地位，更滋生了她的自卑心理。她常常看涓生的恨色得事，连一颦一笑也受制于人。当她发现涓生开始冷淡她时，也不敢询问，终日提心吊胆，生怕涓生抛弃她。她自觉但又不自觉地走上千百年来中国妇女走过的老路，最后连已经实现的婚姻自主也不能自主下去了。涓生终于与子君分手了，子君在绝望中，又回到了她父亲的封建家门，离开了无爱的人间。 子君在追求个性解放，反对封建礼教与封建势力的斗争中，曾表现出无所畏惧的超人的勇气，当她的婚姻受到家里人的极力反对和阻挠时，她曾坚 [5]定地说:“我是我自己的，他们谁也没有干涉我的权利～”这句话充分显示了子君鲜明独特的个性，这是“五四”新思潮对子君的影响。子君还从易卜生的戏剧《玩偶之家》的主人公娜拉的形象中得到启发和精神支持。热恋时期的子君，对于路人的蔑视、老东西和小东西的侮辱，表现出了无所畏惧的平静。但子君是在封建正统教育下成长起来的小姐，她的思想本身就带有浓厚的封建色彩，她的反抗虽然坚决，但不彻底。随着时间的推移，子君的个性解放终于逐渐显现出了她的局限性。当涓生拿出一张雪莱的半身裸体铜板 [6]像给她看时，子君“只草草一看，便低了头，似乎不好意思了”，这显示出旧的思想观念在她身上的作用。涓生失业了，子君表现出一幅软弱的样子，在经济的重压之下，他们爱情的裂缝越来越大。涓生离开她后，她没有争辩，更没有反抗，而是静静地让她父亲接她回到原来那个封建家庭里。她最终还是没能走上与旧制度彻底决裂的道路上来。 此外，子君的失败，主观因素也是显而易见的。 她死于自身未褪尽的旧思想和依赖性;她死于自己的懦弱庸俗和谋生无力。子君一心追求的只是婚姻自由，目标如愿后，就把那个用爱组建的小家庭当作自己整个的人生意义， ouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advancee. Enche primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitivcompetitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is tadded and improve economic -he County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product valuetion, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is ts formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what localed unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, ha-mes. IndustryTangshan area, targeted investment promotion several ti-Tianjin-advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingdoctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts-ation, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postr educls, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in highehe basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionaeet tssifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and machievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic cla ogicald technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technol- 7 - 把自己的幸福生活寄托在涓生身上，而忽略了婚姻家庭支柱的经济基础。子君这种全然陶醉在爱巢的生活，已没有了家庭生活以外的斗志，她的性格开始变得平庸怯弱，她已与现实生活脱轨。当家庭经济出现危机，她的幸福梦将要被打破时，她曾振动过的翅膀已振动不起来了。经济的压迫，使谋生无门的子君，不得不回归封建家庭，最后无声地死去。鲁迅在早前所写的《娜拉走后怎样》一文中，就曾深刻地指出:脱离了现实的斗争，妇女的个性解放，只能是说诳和做梦。子君正如娜拉那样，“不是堕落，就是回来”。没有自己独立的经济地位，没有独立自立的意识，只能依赖他人的女性，是注定要在家庭和社会中遭遇不幸的。子君的可悲之处，就在于自身的思想局限与认识局限。 子君的这些个性特点，与她所外的时代和生活环境是息息相关的。子君的爱情悲剧显示了个性解放的巨大局限性。形象地说明只有进行社会革命，在社会解放的前提下，妇女才能获得真正的个性解放和人格独立。个性解放是人格独立的必要前提，个人的经济独立是人格独立的物质基础，失去了这个基础，也就不可能有真正的人格独立。而人格独立也只有在个性解放的基础上才能实现。子君的爱情悲剧说明，没有经济独立，妇女解放就如同空中楼阁，迟早是要倒塌的。而以个性解放为武器，单枪匹马的同整个封建势力进行斗争，其结果只能是失败。鲁迅先生在《关于妇女解放》中进一步指出:“解放了社会，也就解放了自己”。妇女真正彻底的解放必须是在整个社会变革之后，所以必须把妇女解放同社会革命融为一体，必须把个性解放与社会解放紧密联系在一起。 怀着对被压迫妇女的痛惜之情，鲁迅先生以悲愤的现实主义笔调，去揭露病态社会的灵魂，成功地塑造了祥林嫂、爱姑、子君这几个血肉丰满的艺术形象，通过她们在封建社会及其道德礼教迫害下的悲惨命运，揭露和批判了封建宗法制度的黑暗和腐朽思想所造成的罪恶。同时在他的作品中，还多处描写了女主人公们的挣扎与反抗。正是通过对她们的反抗行为的描写，鲁迅先生指出了他对妇女解放问题的思路:妇女要获得解放，必须把妇女解放运动融入到社会革命的大潮之中，只有社会解放了，妇女才能最终解放自己，获得自由。 added and improve economic competitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center -technology is the County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product value s ofresources, what location, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinant specific to each industry, has formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of led unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is-Tangshan area, targeted investment promotion several times. Industry-Tianjin-ges, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingadvantastation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find expertsdoctoral work-lopment in higher education, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postalth professionals, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and deveon, hend training and meet the basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce educati. ... Generic classifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education arms ..ific and technological achievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platfon, using advanced technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scienteratioh ... Competitive. Encouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research coopt resource, is the primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catccity's firs- 8 - 注释: [1] 周正逵(《文学作品选读》(人民教育出版社(183页(1999年12月 [2] 周正逵(《文学作品选读》(人民教育出版社(186页(1999年12月 [3] 周正逵(《文学作品选读》(人民教育出版社(192页(1999年12月 [4] 周正逵(《文学作品选读》(人民教育出版社(193页(1999年12月 [5] 钱谷融、吴宏聪主编(《中国现代文学作品选》(华东师范大学出版社(35页(1999年9月 [6] 钱谷融、吴宏聪主编(《中国现代文学作品选》(华东师范大学出版社(35页(1999年9月 参考文献: ,1, 全国高等自学考试指导委员组编(《中国现代文学史》(华东师范大学出版社(1999年9月 ,2, 刘勇、李春雨主编(《中国现代文学史同步题解》(中华书局出版社(2002年10月 ,3, 周正逵(《文学作品选读》(人民教育出版社(1999年12月 ,4, 钱谷融、吴宏聪主编(《中国现代文学作品选》(华东师范大学出版社(1999年9月 ,5, 人民教育出版社中学语文室编著(《阅读文选》(人民教育出版社(1999年9月 d technology to increase the added value of their products to ensure that introduction of transforming scientific and technolouraging enterprises to actively undertake science and technology projects, strengthening research cooperation, using advancee. Enche primary industry development, and revitalization of the social protection. So, in terms of skills: to catch ... Competitivcompetitiveness, is the inevitable way to achieve leapfrog development. Talent is the city center city's first resource, is tadded and improve economic -he County's economic development through scientific and technological innovation, improve product valuetion, focus on the development of the kind of industries. Four stroke technology and science. Determinants of technology is ts formed a kind of scale, need to bring in the kind of projects each town street has the kind of resources, what localed unit and various town streets are developing detailed promotion plans, the basis of what is specific to each industry, ha-mes. IndustryTangshan area, targeted investment promotion several ti-Tianjin-advantages, facing the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Shandong peninsula, Beijingdoctoral workstation, ... ... Food research station platform, to the XX University to find experts-ation, such as the introduction of talent to meet the need. Third, we must rely on ... ... Postr educls, meet social development needs to invest more in machinery, pharmaceutical manufacturing research and development in highehe basic demand of enterprise development. Then introduced a number of the county needed scarce education, health professionaeet tssifier. In: first, we must strengthen the cultivation of talent, efforts to increase vocational education and training and machievements during the year ... ... New research enterprises ... ... Home, creating innovative platforms ... ... Generic cla ogical- 9 -