孩子每天应该睡几个小时

孩子每天应该睡几个小时 孩子每天应该睡几个小时, 一、睡眠在人生命中的位置 (一)人生的三分之一时间，我们在睡觉 每一个正常的人都不能不睡觉。对于普通人来说，正因为如此，睡觉似乎就成了一件不值得关注的事情，就如同我们很少有人对“我们为什么要有手有脚，嘴为什么长在鼻子的下面”这些问感兴趣一样。 专业的研究也是如此。尽管人类已经登上了月球，对几十万光年以外的事情也有了了解，至今却没有一种学说可以令人信服地解释人类为什么需要睡眠。但是如果我们算一算这个数字，却又不得不承认睡眠对于我们来说是多么重要。 在一天当中，共有24个小时。一个正常的成年人一般的安排是工作,小时，娱乐、吃饭等其他活动,小时，其余,小时为睡眠时间。8小时睡眠也是我们一生当中每天需要睡眠量的平均值。在未成年时，睡眠的需求量大于这个数值，进入老年后，也许时间还会减少一些。从时间的分配上我们可以看出，我们人生中三分之一的时间是在睡眠中度过的。 如果睡眠不能满足身体的需求，会怎么样呢, 让我们来读一读这样几个事件: ?1986年，美国航天飞机“挑战者”号发生爆炸事故，令人意想不到的原因是工作人员睡眠不足。 ?同一年，前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站发生事故，也是因为职员困到了极点。 ?英国医学杂志报道，研究人员发现，一个从早上6点醒后17,19小时没有睡觉的人，其行为能力与一个血液中酒精浓度为0.05,的人相当，甚至更差。即使1周内每天少睡2小时，疲劳也会累积起来，并在不适当或危险的场所引起不可抗拒的睡眠倾向，从而引起事故。有人统计，在纽约6.8万起无外界因素引起的累及一辆交通工具的严重事故中，约10,与司机睡眠不足有关。 让我们看一看下面的结论: ?日本医学界研究表明，如果人在一天中缺觉4小时，反应能力就会下降45,。 ?每天减少3小时或者更多的睡眠，人的免疫力就会下降50,左右。 ?以色列研究人员发表的报告显示，睡眠是舒缓压力的好。 这项研究是以36名22岁至36岁的学生为调查对象，并让这些学生在压力高峰期下接受评估，把他们按压力处理法分成两组，结果发现，倾向忧虑者会减 少睡眠时间，相反的，那些懂得疏导情绪者，睡眠不但没有减少，反而增加了。研究人员说，有时睡眠可以帮助舒缓激动神经紧张，使人暂时远离压力。 睡眠是人类生命中一件重要的事情，它与我们的生活、我们的生命、我们是否能够取得成功息息相关。 儿童正处于身体的生长发育期，对于他们来说，睡眠是健康成长的前提，更是生命的必需。 (二)睡眠是身体健康的重要保障 先天的体质、营养、运动等很多因素左右着我们的健康，睡眠是其中的一个重要因素。我国古代就有“睡眠是眼之食，七日不眠，眼则枯”之说，俗语有“吃五斤不如睡一更”，也是讲睡眠的重要性。近年来，医学研究人员根据对睡眠研究的最新结果提出了“健康来自睡眠”的新观点。研究指出，长期睡眠不足、失眠可以带来一系列的机体损害，包括眼睛疲惫、神经衰弱、食欲不振、血压异常、思考能力减退、警觉力与判断力下降、免疫功能低下、内分泌紊乱等。 睡眠之所以对健康如此重要，是因为睡眠左右着身体的免疫力。 按照生理学的观点，睡眠是一种最全面而又有效的休息。它不仅能使人恢复精力，还能提高人体免疫力。 许多科学家做了这方面的研究，并且证明了睡眠与人体的免疫力相关。 美国教授威廉?德门特说:“睡眠是抵御疾病的第一道防线。”他发现，凡是在凌晨3点钟起床的人第二天的免疫力就减弱，血液中有保护作用的杀伤病菌的细胞减少了1,3。 美国佛罗里达大学的免疫学家贝里,达比教授研究小组，对睡眠、催眠与人体免疫力的关系做了一系列的研究，他们得出的结论是:睡眠除了可以消除疲劳，使人产生新的活力外，还与提高免疫力、抵抗疾病的能力有密切关系。达比教授对28名试验人员进行自我催眠训练。结果表明，被施行了催眠术的人员，他们血液中的T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞均有明显上升。而淋巴细胞正是人体免疫的主力军。 也有人做过这么一个实验，给睡眠充足和睡眠不足的孩子注射同一种疫苗，结果睡眠充足的孩子不得病，而睡眠不足的孩子就病了。 美国芝加哥大学发表在Lancet杂志上的一项睡眠研究结果表明，睡眠与内分泌密切相关。研究人员发现，连续一周每天睡4小时的青年受试者，血糖值有所增高。这可能是由于睡眠不足使中枢神经系统变得活跃，抑制了胰腺功能，使胰岛素分泌量下降而引起的。研究人员推测，睡眠不足可能是近年来罹患糖尿病人数增加的原因之一。对中年人的研究也发现，睡眠不足同样可引起内分泌紊乱。正常情况下，皮质类固醇的分泌量在夜晚会逐渐下降，与褪黑激素相配合，使人 能很快进入梦境。皮质类固醇的量会随着天亮慢慢上升，在天快亮时达到最高峰。有了充足的睡眠，皮质类固醇会有自然的循环，使人精神焕发。但是如果连续一周睡眠不足，皮质类固醇在清晨不能上升到高峰，便会出现精神萎靡不振等情况。健康专家认为，充足的睡眠、均衡的饮食和适当的运动是健康生活的三个鼎足，渴望健康，就必须重新估价睡眠对健康的意义，重视睡眠管理。 (三)睡眠是消除身体疲劳的重要方式 我们的身体就如同一台机器一样，各个器官在不停地工作着，心脏在跳，供给我们血液;肺在收张，供给身体氧气;骨骼在支撑着身体，使我们能完成坐、站、行走。机器工作一段时间后，需要进行保养、休息，人体经过一段时间紧张的工作、学习之后也需要休息，需要消除疲劳，恢复体力。过去曾有人提出“生命在于运动”的观点，现在我们知道，“生命也在于休息”。 休息一般来说有三种形式:动的休息，如跑步、打球等体育活动;松弛性休息，如听音乐、弹琴等娱乐性活动;静的休息，如躺卧和睡眠。睡眠是一种重要的休息形式。 (四)睡眠可以保护大脑，提高脑力 大脑是身体最重要的器官之一，某种程度上可以说它决定着我们的生存状态。 一个睡眠不足的人，会表现出烦躁、精神萎靡、注意力不集中、记忆力减退等症状;一个睡眠充足的人，就会精力充沛、思惟敏捷、办事效率高。这是由于大脑的工作需要充足的氧气供给。长期睡眠不足，脑供氧就会缺乏，脑细胞就会受伤，脑功能就会下降。我们在感到困的时候常常会不停地打哈欠，其实这也是一种脑部缺氧的表现。在睡眠状态中，大脑耗氧量大大减少，有利于脑细胞能量贮存。因此，睡眠有利于保护大脑，提高脑力。 (五)睡眠充足，孩子才能长得高 通常都说“睡眠充足孩子才能长得高”、“孩子在睡觉中长个”，这是有科学依据的。 第一，睡眠有促进少年儿童生长发育的作用。人的脑垂体前叶所分泌的生长激素，与人的生长关系密切。它直接作用于机体的组织细胞，促进机体生长。生长激素尤其能加速软骨的生长，使人长高。科学研究表明，在一天中，生长激素主要在夜间分泌，白天分泌得很少，并且白天的分泌也多是在人打瞌睡的时候进行的。在人的一生中，少年儿童时期是生长激素分泌的高峰期。生长激素在入睡初期的深度睡眠时分泌最多，这个时候血液中的生长激素的浓度达到最高值。如果减短了睡眠的时间，生长激素的分泌就会减少，身高的增长也就必然受到影响。 第二，睡眠有利于骨骼的生长。白天的时候，人的身体基本是保持直立的，尤其是站立的时候，身体的重量几乎全压在下半身上。到了晚上，人平躺在床上，下半身从纵向的重力作用中得到解脱，骨骼也能得到充分的休息，有利于生长。 第三，人体合成身体中所需要的各种营养素，只有在睡眠和休息的时候才能很好地完成。少年儿童的成长发育需要充足的营养做后盾，有的父母虽然给孩子吃了很多有营养的食品，但是睡眠不足，营养素不能很好地合成，身体也不能有效地吸收，也起不到促进生长的作用。所以说对于少年儿童来说，良好的睡眠，是长得高的一个重要条件。 科学的研究与事实已经让人类社会觉醒，开始意识到睡眠问题不是一个小问题。让人睡个好觉这件事已经引起了全世界的重视，由国际精神卫生和神经科学基金会(IFMHN)主办的全球睡眠和健康(WWPSH)已经来到中国，并于2002年3月21日举办了一项全球性的活动——世界睡眠日，提醒人们关注睡眠健康。 二、孩子每天需要几小时的睡眠, 对于睡眠的需求，不同的年龄所需要的时间是不同的，幼儿园的孩子与小学生不同，小学生和中学生又不同。即使是同年龄的孩子，具体到每个人，可能也会有一些差异。但是因为睡眠对于少年儿童的特殊意义，所以一般应让他们的睡眠时间达到一般值。 (一)睡眠需求时间有差异 每个人所需要的睡眠时间就和人的饭量一样，是不相同的。对于一个成年人来说，他每日平均所需的睡眠时间是8小时，有的人可能睡四五个小时就够了，有的人却需要睡8小时以上才能得到满足。 在人的一生中的不同阶段，对睡眠的需求时间也不同。1, 6个月的婴儿需要量约为16,18小时;7, 12个月需要量约为14,1,小时;1,3岁需要量约为12,13小时;3,6岁需要量约为12小时，小学生约需要10小时。总之，随着年龄的增长，对于睡眠的需求时间在减少。 (二)小学生需要满足每日10小时的睡眠 少年儿童时期是人的一生中生长最旺盛的时期之一，这个时期对于睡眠的需求要多于成年人。 是不是让孩子睡得越多，孩子的身体发育就越好，学习也就会更好呢,回答是否定的。睡眠的时间并不是越长越好。无限制地增加人的睡眠时间，既浪费时间，对身体也不利。美国一项研究表明，成年人随睡眠时间的延长，心脏病突发和脑卒中致死的比率增加。因为睡眠时血液循环缓慢，不仅影响新陈代谢，还增加了心脏和脑内“污垢”的沉积。所以，确定中小学生的睡眠时间，要兼顾生长发育和学习效率，时间要适度。 对于处于青春期的中学生来说，这个时期促进他们生长的除了生长激素外，还有性激素，所以他们的生长不再完全依赖于生长激素，睡眠时间比起小学生来可以相对减少一些。但是他们又处于一生中生长激素分泌最旺盛的时期。这个时期可以说是一个生长的“暴风骤雨”时期，他们的生理、心理都在发生着剧烈的变化，所以充分的休息是必需的，睡觉时间不能和成年人相同。保证每天,小时的睡眠是一个具体的指标。 对于小学生来说，保证每天10小时的睡眠是一个基本的。我国政府十分关心儿童的睡眠问题，在这方面早就做过一些具体的规定。 国务院1951年8月6日《关于改善各级学校学生健康的决定》中就对中小学生的睡眠时间做出了规定:学生每日的睡眠时间:高等学校8小时;中等学校9小时;小学生10小时。夏季酌量增加午睡时间。 教育部、卫生部1979年12月6日《中小学生卫生工作暂行规定(草案)》规定学生每日睡眠时间应保证:小学生10小时， 中学生9小时。 1990年4月25日国务院批准，国家教委、卫生部发布实行《卫生工作条例》第5条规定:学校应合理地安排学生的学习时间，学生每日学习时间(包括自习)，小学不超过6小时，中学不超过8小时，大学不超过10小时。学校或者教师不得以任何理由和方式，增加授课时间和作业量，加重学生的学习负担。这份文件虽然没有明确规定学生的睡眠时间，但是规定了不能超过的学习时间，也就等于规定了休息时间。 这些规定，是符合少年儿童的生理需求的，是依据儿童的生理、心理特点，由一批医学、卫生专家参与制定的。 (三)您的孩子每天睡几个小时, 睡眠对少年儿童的成长如此重要，国家对少年儿童的睡眠时间也有了规定，少年儿童的睡眠状况又如何呢, “书包最重的人是我，作业最多的人是我，起床最早的人是我，睡觉最晚的人是我，昏昏沉沉的人是我，迷迷糊糊的人是我是我还是我。”这是孩子们给自己画的自画像。也写实性地描绘出了他们的睡眠状况。 1997年的《少年儿童研究》杂志曾经以“让孩子几点钟上床”为题就孩子的睡眠问题进行讨论。其中刊登了一位母亲赵莉写的以《救救孩子》为题的一篇文章。她写道:睡眠对于每一个人都是相当重要的，尤其对正在成长发育中的孩子来讲更是头等大事。 记得我上小学的时候，为了保证我们能有足够的睡眠，老师放弃自己的午睡时间，每天检查我们是否在家睡午觉。如果发现谁在外边玩，不按时睡午觉，马上进行批评，督促进屋睡觉。回想起来那是多么温馨的一幕啊～ 然而，现在的孩子，大多数都不能够保证足够的睡眠时间，更谈不上睡午觉。我的儿子在北京的一所小学读书。由于学习紧张，睡眠不够，他经常是晚上作业还没有完成一半，就上下眼皮打架。每天的作业虽然还称不上很多，但是加上各科要改错，甚至被称之为“惩罚”性的抄多少遍，弄得孩子学习缺少了主动性，造成了恶性循环;每天先改错题、错字，再敷衍了事地写完当天的作业，经常熬到晚上10点多钟。第二天早晨6点多钟，就要叫他起床。每天当我看到他从睡梦中被叫醒，眯缝着那一双朦胧的眼睛，连早饭也来不及吃，背上沉重的书包离开家的那一时刻，心中总有说不出的难受。临到考试前，他为了多复习一些东西，甚至熬到深夜。有几次，孩子用恳求的目光求我:“妈妈，我想睡觉”。作为母亲，何尝不想让孩子早点进入梦乡, 睡眠能够促进儿童身体生长，睡梦能够实现他们在生活中实现不了的美好愿望。可是，现在孩子们这一点点要求都不能给予满足，还谈什么关心祖国的下一代,谈什么儿童的健康成长, 作为一名母亲，我恳切地希望能够进一步改进目前我国的教育制度，不要让分数剥夺孩子们的睡眠权利～救救孩子吧～ 这位母亲所描述的孩子睡眠缺乏的情况并不是只存在于她儿子的身上，而是存在于孩子们当中的一种普遍现象。 同期的《少年儿童研究》杂志刊发了由孙云晓、曹萍做的一份。他们通过对北京市千名小学生的睡眠状况的调查发现:当问到“你在学校里是否有困的感觉”时，从小学二年级的学生到初中三年级的学生，肯定率几乎直线上升:二年级64,;三、四年级50,;六年级90,;初一年级79.5,;初二年级80.4,;初三年级达到90,。 约33,的五年级小学生晚上10点以后睡觉，早6点—6点30分起床的占43,;16,的六年级小学生凌晨才能上床。 1999年，中国少年先锋队全国工作委员会与中国青少年研究中心联合开展了“当代中国少年儿童发展状况”大型调查，对6岁至14岁的城乡少年儿童进行对比研究。结果发现，46.9,的中小学生没有达到国家规定的9小时睡眠标准，其中，小学生和初中生每天睡眠不足7小时的占8.2,;7小时的占12.6,;8小时的占26.1,。 2002年上海市家庭教育研究会年会公布调查结果:有近60,的少年儿童每天睡眠在8小时以下，其中13,仅为6小时至7小时，8,在6小时以下。 从1997年到2002年，少年儿童的睡眠不足问题一直延续下来。面对孩子，我们似乎看到了一双双渴睡的眼睛。 让我们看一看孩子们描述的他们的生活: 小童是初中二年级的学生，一放暑假她就开始睡大觉，她这么做是有计划的。她说:“我要把下个学期的觉先全睡完，开学就不会当瞌睡虫了。”她就读于北京某中学，从预备班开始，学校就有规定:每天上午7点到校，中午休息时间要自习，下午5点才放学。这意味着小童每天必须6点前起床，换两辆公交车去学校。小童告诉记者，“由于早晨实在太困了，经常是坐上车就一路睡到了终点站，好几次都是别人把我叫醒的。”她还常常在课堂上睡着了。有时，自己觉得坚持不住了，她就主动跟老师要求站起来听一会儿课。好在她的个子比较高，坐在后排站着倒也不妨碍别人，要是坐在第一排，她还真不知道怎么办。 这学期一开学，她就要升入初三了。她一脸无奈地说:“我妈妈早就跟我说这是最重要的一年，一定要冲一冲，考上重点高中。妈妈还说姑姑家的哥哥上初三的时候11点前从来没睡过觉，听妈妈那口气，到时候恐怕老师想让我们早睡都不行，唉，能睡6个小就不错了。” 我们的生活中还有多少像赵莉女士的儿子一样的小学生，又有多少像小童一样的中学生。 孩子是需要睡觉的，孩子又是渴望睡觉的，是什么原因造成了孩子的睡眠不足, 从孙云晓、曹萍所做的调查统计数字看，造成孩子睡眠不足的原因主要是作业多、习惯不良、来人和家里人看电视干扰、学校离家远、学校要求要早到校等。 作业多 从小学四年级到初中三年级，学生都把作业多列为影响睡眠的第一 ,;六年级95,;初一40,;初二43.5,;因素:四年级16.5,;五年级26 初三57,。这些作业一方面是学校老师布置的，也有55,的六年级小学生说，许多作业是父母布置的。 习惯不良 对于孩子睡眠时间不足，有些父母说并不是老师留的作业多，导致孩子每天写作业要写到很晚，而是孩子写作业的动作太慢、拖拉。孩子要开始写作业了，事情也就来了，一会儿要喝水，一会儿又要上厕所，一会儿又要削铅笔，浪费的时间远远大于写作业的时间。写作业，写得特别慢，写了擦，擦了写，半天完不了一道题。结果作业每天都要磨蹭到很晚才能写完。 来客人干扰 一些家庭尤其是居住条件不太好的家庭，家里来了客人，容易对孩子造成睡眠干扰。因为这个原因造成孩子睡眠不足的一年级为20,;二年级为20,;三年级为42.5,;四年级为12.8,;五年级为21.8,。有的父母不注意给孩子创造好的学习、休息条件，经常召一些人来家里打牌，每天要打到夜里十一二点，吵得孩子无法睡觉;有的父母自己晚上长时间看电视或是录像，让孩子的睡眠不安稳，睡眠质量受到影响。 上学路太远 近年来，由于许多父母都想让孩子上一个好的学校，自己家附近又没有理想的学校，只好给孩子选择了离家很远的学校。孩子为了准时到校，就必须早起床，睡眠时间就不能保证。初一学生中有13,抱怨上学路程太远。 学校要求到校太早 学校虽然安排的上课时间并不太早，但是很多学校要求学生早到校早读，还有一些学生有一些特殊的任务，如体育队的训练、鼓号队的活动等;有一些班主任对自己班的学生有特殊的要求，所以学生的到校时间就越来越早。 在造成孩子睡眠时间不足的主要原因中，有两个原因与学校有关:作业多、要求到校的时间早;另三个因素与家庭相关:习惯不良、来客人干扰、上学路太远。 所以解决孩子的睡眠不足问题，需要父母的努力、学校的努力，需要全社会的参与和支持。 值得庆幸的是，孩子的睡眠问题已经引起了社会的重视，并且在寻求解决的办法。 在2001年召开的“两会”期间，人大代表呼吁出台硬性规定，让孩子晚半小时到校;有代表甚至要求立法，以保障学生必不可少的睡眠。 2001年3月8日，北京市教委对中小学生作息时间提出了硬性要求:在到校时间上，小学生不早于7时50分，中学生不得早于7时30分。在离校时间上，小学生一般不晚于16时30分，中学生不晚于17时30分。在每天学习时间(包括自习)上，小学生不超过6小时，中学生不超过8小时。还要求严格控制学生作业量。小学一年级一般不留书面课外作业，二、三年级的书面课外作业量一般不超过30分钟，四年级一般不超过45分钟，五、六年级一般不超过1小时;中学每天不得超过1.5小时。 在2002年广州市第八届人大第五次会议上，林力源等代表联名提出了议案，指出学生早上到校时间太早，会导致学生的睡眠时间不足，不利于学生的健康成长，建议把学生的到校时间改在早上8点以后。广州市教育局已就学生上学时间问题向各区县级市所属有关学校发出了征询意见。 天津等城市也已经或正在考虑改革的办法。 三、充足的睡眠，是获得好的学习成绩的重要因素 这并不是说孩子只要睡得好，学习成绩就一定好，而是说，如果孩子的睡眠长期不好，就会影响孩子的学习成绩，就不会学习好。 (一)睡眠的分析 先让我们简单了解一下睡眠的过程。 睡眠时我们虽然与周围的接触基本停止，但事实上，大脑的新陈代谢并未减低，如果这时候做脑电图，我们就会发现，睡眠中的脑电图并非是一条直线(如果是一条直线，排除深度麻醉，那肯定是脑死亡)。根据脑电图的变化，可以将睡眠分成慢波睡眠和快波睡眠两个期。在睡眠中，只要睡眠时间足够长，这两个期总是交替出现。 慢波睡眠期(the period of slow wave sleep) 这一期中脑电图呈慢波，眼球没有活动，是从有睡意到深度睡眠的阶段，又可分为4个期。这一期一般不做梦。 入睡期(?期) 刚刚睡下时，人一有睡意，脑电图就开始有变化，α波减少，出现θ波，脑电图波型平坦。这一期有时叫做“过渡睡眠”，因为它标志着从觉醒到睡眠的过渡。此期非常易于唤醒。 浅睡期(?期) 此期α波完全消失，出现锐形尖波。这一时期最容易醒来，患有失眠症的人多在这一时期醒来，而不能顺利进入下一期。 中度睡眠期 (?期) 睡眠又深了一些，脑电图上间断出现梭形爆发波，这一期意识消失，容易醒来，此期约持续1小时左右。 深睡期(?期) 持续约30分钟，这一期很难醒来。脑电图呈高电压圆顶的δ波。深睡期过后，就进入下一期，快波睡眠期。 快动眼睡眠期(rapid eye movement sleep REMS) 又称快波睡眠期(the period of rapid wave sleep)，因为这一期最显著的特点是眼球在快速运动。脑电图的变化和初入睡时相似，呈θ波。这一期较深睡期还难以唤醒。这一时期，除眼球运动外，手部、面部的肌肉出现不规则的收缩，肌肉松弛，植物神经系统功能不稳定，交感神经和副交感神经功能失调，因而出现呼吸不均匀，瞳孔时大时小，心率与血压不稳定，脑血流量增加。说梦话，做噩梦，遗尿，遗精等，也多在此时发生。 以上两种睡眠状态是周期性出现的。先出现慢波睡眠，在开始90,100分钟内，通过慢波睡眠期的四个阶段后，又回到2期，再继以快动眼睡眠，15,20分钟后，又回到慢波睡眠。夜间快动眼睡眠逐渐增多，在成人整个睡眠时间里，平均约占25,。 慢波睡眠期间生长激素分泌旺盛，而白天进行重体力劳动过度疲劳的人，慢波睡眠时间延长，可能与其体内蛋白质合成加速和体力恢复有关。快波睡眠期间脑血流增加，婴儿脑发育迅速，快波睡眠期明显较长，表明此期睡眠与脑的发育成长有关。所以婴儿睡眠不足，不但影响身体生长，而且有可能影响大脑的正常发育;成年人睡眠不足，不仅影响其体力恢复，更不利于心理健康;老年人的睡眠不足，可能会加速脑的衰老。 (二)睡眠有助于增强记忆力 睡眠专家认为，睡眠过程是大脑生成记忆蛋白的过程，只有睡眠充足，才能提高记忆力和学习效率。 许多人都知道，睡眠有助于恢复体力和脑力。最近，哈佛大学的医学报告显示了睡眠有增强记忆力的功效。 哈佛大学的研究人员发现，人们在学习一种技能时，如果能够美美地睡上一觉，第二天的学习能力会大大提高。研究人员让62名接受实验的志愿者用自己不经常使用的手:左撇子用右手，右撇子用左手。这些人被要求按照实验要求又快又准确地在电脑键盘上重复打出一定顺序的字母。其中有一组志愿者在早晨接受技能训练，经过12个小时后，再让他们继续训练，结果发现他们的动手能力提高了2,;另外一组志愿者在晚上接受技能训练，在这些人美美地睡上一个晚上后，他们的动手能力竟然提高了20,。 克里克先生(Crick)，曾经因阐明DNA双螺旋结构获得诺贝尔奖。他提出一种人在快动眼睡眠时“反向学习”的观点。他认为大脑储存的信息过多时，传递就会发生问题，做梦则可以消除近期记忆中的无用的信息，并使近期记忆转变成长期记忆。这有点像Windows中的磁盘扫描程序，到晚上将我们的大脑扫一扫，看看有没有错误，有的话就改一改。但克里克先生早出生了几年，没有玩过电脑，他是这样解释的，人睡觉后，把从大脑中的网状结构发出的短期记忆信息提取出来，发送到枕叶，于是梦就开始了，无价值的信息就被删除了。有保存价值的资料就做一个备份，保存到大脑皮层的颞叶和顶叶，长期记忆就这样形成了。 尽管克里克先生的观点还没有得到最后证实，但在剥夺动物快动眼睡眠的实验中，可以观察到动物的记忆明显减退。 (三)睡得好才能学得好 “睡得好才能学得好”是一句俗语。美国科学家近日指出，他们对人和动物的实验再次证明了这句话是正确的。他们说，人在睡眠中可以“温故而知新”。 麻省理工学院的罗伯特?马戈列施教授近日在美国科学发展协会的年会上发言说:“现代生活破坏了人们的睡眠，这实际上严重影响了人学习的潜力。”他说“你学得怎么样既不取决于你到哪里去学，也不取决于你的父母为你做了什么，它取决于你睡得如何。” 事实也证明了睡眠对于学习的重要。 2002年，上海市少工委在1700多名少年儿童中展开调查，调查显示，有21,的孩子“六一”儿童节最想要的礼物是美美地睡上一觉。孩子们将更多的时间花在学习和参加各类培训班上，他们延长学习的时间，减少睡眠时间，放弃了课余的体育锻炼和家务劳动，一心为了学习。但是据记者陈默的了解，这样的孩子学习成绩并没有大的长进。一位四年级的班主任告诉记者，父母为孩子布置的功课往往是学校布置的作业的好几倍。不少孩子不仅晚上的时间被占用，双休日也被各类兴趣班排满。中小学生的课余时间大多被以下内容占用: 小学生:校内功课0.5小时,天;家庭作业2,3小时,天;看电视0.5,1.5小时,天;各类兴趣班3,6小时,周。 中学生:校内功课1,2.5小时,天;家庭作业2,3小时,天;看电视0.5,2.5小时,天;提高班2,4小时,周;各类兴趣班3,6小时,周。 孩子的课余时间被安排得满满的，学习的时间也很长，但是让不少父母感到困惑的是:孩子似乎整天都埋头于功课、课本，成绩却老是上不去。 实际原因在于，孩子这样的学习，很多是无效学习。 有三种情况被学者判为“无效学习时间”: 睡眠不足 如果孩子的睡眠少于8,10小时，将直接影响到他们的记忆力和思惟活跃程度，严重的还会影响到他们的身体发育。为了让孩子多做题而牺牲孩子的睡眠时间，一是孩子晚上的学习效率不会高，形成大量的无效学习时间;二是由于晚上睡眠不足，孩子白天上课在课堂上打瞌睡，不能集中精力听课，不能随着老师的教学思路走。教师讲的内容不能很好地吸收和理解，孩子的学业怎么可能好～ 压力过大 父母为了望子成龙往往导致拔苗助长。想让孩子多学，反而使孩子厌恶学习。有了这种情绪，孩子往往下课不愿意回家，回到家后不愿意做功课，做功课的时候，也是精力不集中，磨磨蹭蹭，学习效率很低。有研究表明，一个情绪积极的孩子的学习效率，是带着厌学情绪孩子的3倍以上。 重复学习 许多父母并不了解孩子学习的实际状况，也不了解补习班的情况，就盲目地将孩子送到补习班，造成孩子的重复学习，浪费了孩子的学习时间，也影响了孩子的学习兴趣。 据世界卫生组织调查，影响孩子学业的几大因素中，睡眠不足、孩子的头脑不清醒是第一大因素。北京师范大学的高影君副教授在接受我的采访时，曾对我的“睡眠不好，是否学习成绩也不会提高”的提问做了肯定的回答。她说长期睡眠不足，脑功能就会下降，学习成绩自然也不会提高。 她还给我讲了一个事例。这件事是一个家长讲给她的: 这个家长的孩子上学的那个学校每到考试的时候，留的作业都非常多。孩子要完成作业每天要搞到很晚才能休息。一次考试临近的时候，他的孩子病了，请了近一个星期的假，结果孩子上学以后参加考试，成绩比每次考得都好。孩子的老师感到惊讶:“怎么你的孩子一星期没来上课，成绩反而考得更好了呢,”后来这个家长每到孩子临近考试的复习阶段，就给孩子请假，让孩子在家复习，效果一直很好。奥妙在哪里呢,说起来也简单，因为第一次因病请假的时候，孩子确实有病，所以家长帮助孩子复习功课外，主要是保证孩子的休息，孩子的睡眠有了很好的保障。复习期间又没有新功课，只是系统地复习，家长也能胜任。因此孩子轻松地就取得了好成绩。 这个家长偶然发现的事例证明，充足的睡眠是有效学习的前提。保证睡眠，有利于提高听课和学习效率。专心致志地做一个小时的功课，远胜于昏昏欲睡地做三个小时。 高影君教授提醒您:当孩子学习的时候打哈欠，眼皮也耷拉下来了，这就是大脑发出的它已经累了的信号，这时就要让孩子休息了。洗洗脸用冷水刺激让大脑清醒是违背用脑规律的，只能起一会的作用。 四、如何保证孩子有良好睡眠 睡觉这件事是与生俱来的，似乎是不需要学习的，但是这其中是有着很多学问的。父母们要做到保证孩子有良好的睡眠，需要学习一些具体的方法。 (一)如何确认孩子的睡眠时间是否充足要保证孩子有充足的睡眠，父母首先要了解自己的孩子睡眠是否充足。 孩子的睡眠是否充足，一是要看睡眠时间是否达到基本的标准;其次，要看睡眠的质量，也就是孩子整个睡眠中深睡时间的长短。 如何判断孩子的睡眠是否充足呢,有专家指出，睡眠良好的标准是:入睡顺利，入睡时间在10,15分钟内;整个睡眠过程从不觉醒;觉醒后有清爽、舒服的感觉。 (二)让孩子睡足 要保证孩子有良好的睡眠，首先要保证孩子有充足的睡眠时间。孩子的生活主要包括学习、娱乐、睡眠三个方面，要做到三者兼顾，三方面都要给予保障，父母就要学会帮助孩子管理好时间。在保证孩子睡眠时间方面，我们给您如下一些建议。 培养孩子良好的写作业习惯 孩子什么时间写作业，要有一个规定，这个时间可以和孩子讨论，订下来之后，看一看是否可行。实践一下是可行的，就要作为一个制度坚持下来，不要轻易地打破它。家里安排什么活动，要把孩子写作业的时间作为一件重要的事情来考虑。孩子学习时间一旦订下来，形成规律，就会有一种类似条件反射的习惯，到那个时间，孩子就会进入一种学习状态。 孩子写作业时，家里要保持安静，起码在孩子形成习惯阶段要保持安静，不要让孩子分心。 不要让孩子到离家太远的学校读书 最好让孩子就近入学。如果实在解决不了这个问题，可以选择让孩子住校。 父母要养成良好的生活习惯 做了父母，并不是生了孩子就完了，要承担养育的责任，要随着孩子的生活而把自己的生活做一些改变。晚上的时间最好不要长时间看电视。 在家里召人喝酒、打牌这样的事情是不应该发生在孩子在家时的晚上的，更不应该搞得很晚，影响了孩子的睡眠。并不是说，有了孩子父母就要放弃自己的生活。父母也需要放松，但是要注意的是这种放松的方式不要对孩子有什么不好 的影响。如果实在喜欢这类活动，可以到外面去玩，夫妻中的一个人在家和孩子在一起就可以了。 父母有了好的生活习惯，孩子才会有正常的生活，也才会有好的习惯。 睡个午觉 如果孩子上学的学校离家不远，父母可以让孩子中午放学后回家睡个午觉。 许多人都有午睡的习惯。爱因斯坦说，每天午睡能帮助他提神醒脑，保持旺盛的创造力。有关资料显示，不仅中国人有午睡的习惯，几个世纪以来，在西班牙和拉丁美洲，午睡已经成为日常生活的一部分。 以前，睡午觉曾作为一种不好的生活方式被一些人批评，认为是一种懒惰的表现。今天的研究已经为睡午觉“平反昭雪”。睡午觉并不是偷懒的标志。睡眠专家发现，人类的身体倾向两段式睡眠，一次在晚上，中心体温和清醒程度会同时下降;另一次出现在下午，但程度轻微。最近，有关人士呼吁恢复午睡的习惯，而且以前不习惯于午睡的一些国家也开始提倡午睡。 不管晚上睡眠是否充足，一天之中小睡一会，对人是有好处的，也是人体一种正常的生理需求。适当的午睡可以弥补夜晚睡眠的不足，使体内的激素分泌更趋于平衡，使人体的新陈代谢趋缓，使大脑和人体的各个系统都得到休息与放松，帮助人放松心情，减轻压力，消除疲劳。 据有人研究，睡个午觉，哪怕只睡15分钟到30分钟，不仅有益于身体健康，更可大大提高下午的工作效率。据《纽约时报》报道，24分钟的午睡，能够有效地改善飞越大西洋的驾驶员的注意力与工作表现。美国太空总署的一份研究报告表明，每天午睡45分钟，工作效率将提高35,，做出正确决定的能力也会增加50,。 哈佛大学心理学研究中心将105名员工分为睡午觉和不睡午觉两组，结果显示，睡一个小时午觉者，下午的清醒度是早晨9 点上班时的90,。 要让孩子做到健康午睡，还要注意几点:睡前不要吃得太饱，午睡宜在午饭后半个小时开始;午睡的时间也不宜太长，以半个小时为好;有条件的，最好躺着睡，趴在桌子上午睡，会减少头部供血，醒后会出现头昏、眼花、乏力等一系列症状，还会压迫眼球，诱发眼睛疾病。(三)保证孩子的睡眠质量 保证了孩子的睡眠时间，还要注意孩子的睡眠质量。 美国康乃尔大学的心理学家指出，高素质的睡眠，应该经历4轮至5轮的熟睡过程，才可以让身体有机会好好地进行新陈代谢，恢复体力，提高免疫能力，并有助于加强记忆和学习能力。 有些人尽管拥有定时睡觉的习惯，但是由于睡眠过程不断受到干扰，结果一觉起来，整个人还是会感觉疲累不堪。因此，6小时的熟睡，比起断断续续8小时的睡眠，效果会好得多。 要保证孩子有高质量的睡眠，父母们可以从以下几点做起: 1、营造适宜睡眠的环境 幽静、清洁、舒适的环境，将使人心情愉快，有助于睡眠。因此在睡眠环境上，父母应该做到: 减少噪音 噪音不但可以引起许多疾病，如高血压、心动过速、神经衰弱，亦能产生睡眠障碍。为此，怕吵的人睡觉时应关上门窗。设置窗帘，不但能控制房间的日照、通风和调节光线，也能阻挡和吸收噪音。在夏天里开窗的时候，可挂上一张竹帘，既可隔热，又能阻挡一部分噪音。室内最好选用木质家具，因木材纤维具有多孔特性，能吸收噪音。室内家具安放不宜过少或过多，过少声音可在室内共鸣回旋，产生很大的回响;过多显得拥挤不便，东碰西撞，增加响声。 开窗睡觉 因为开窗可以使室外的新鲜空气与室内的污浊空气进行充分的交换，以创造良好的空气环境。夜深人静，人们的生产活动大都停止，炉灶的烟尘、工厂生产过程的有毒有害气体大量减少，室外空气受大气层中气流的稀释就变得格外洁净。睡眠中的大脑正需要大量氧气进行它的生理活动，这时提供更多的新鲜空气，能充分迎合它的需要，而发挥睡眠的最大效能。在冬天，北方寒冷的地区，不太适宜窗子大开，此时期可开气窗或侧窗，并给孩子盖好被褥，不让冷风直接吹到孩子的身上。室温适宜 温度适宜是入睡的重要条件。过冷、过热或潮湿，都会引起大脑皮层的兴奋，妨碍大脑皮层抑制的扩散，从而影响睡眠。一般认为卧室温度以保持18?,20?为宜，无条件者差几度也无妨。摆设床铺时，不要把床紧靠暖气片，尤其是不要头朝暖气装置。 室内要暗 有的孩子睡觉时因为害怕等因素喜欢开着灯睡觉;有的家庭因为孩子没有单独的房间，孩子睡觉以后，父母还在看书或是看电视，所以开着灯;也有的父母怕孩子晚上起床上厕所时房间太黑孩子不方便，于是在房间里整夜开着一盏光线比较暗的灯。这些小灯有的只有一瓦，父母觉得这样既不浪费电，孩子又方便;有些家庭晚上睡觉不拉窗帘，他们认为窗帘是为了挡着人们的视线，避免别人看到自己家里的景致用的，我们家住的不是一楼，而且也没什么怕别人看的，所以就不拉窗帘，这样房间里还能借着一些路灯的光，不至于太黑。其实这些做法对孩子的睡眠都是不利的。 一是如果光线太强，易使人兴奋，影响入睡。《老老恒言，安寝》说:“就寝即灭灯，目不外眩，则神守其舍。”《云笈七签》曰:“夜寝燃灯，令人心神不安。”这些都说明了寝卧时应以熄灯静睡为宜。开灯睡觉不仅是一种浪费，而且对身体健康有害。这是因为人和大多数动物一样，都以一种意想不到的方式利用着自然光线，而灯光却会扰乱生物体内的自然平衡。人如果长期生活在灯光下，身体内控制新陈代谢的“生物钟”就会被扰乱，从而使人体产生一种“光压 力”，使人体生物、化学系统发生改变，使本来循环有序的体温升降、化学成分的变化，以及心跳、脉搏、血压等变得不协调，导致疾病发生。 有报告说，晚上长期处于人工光源照射下的婴儿，钙质的吸收要降低25,左右。钙质的缺乏，也会引发近视，还会带来睡眠易醒易惊，另外，还有可能影响中枢神经的保护性抑制，导致智力及语言障碍，对孩子的生长发育不利。 二是人体除了分泌生长激素外，还分泌一种“褪黑素”。这种“褪黑素”是位于人体第三脑室的松果体分泌的一种激素，它有抑制高血压及肿瘤细胞的生长速度的作用。同时，它可以提高睡眠质量。这种激素只有在夜间睡眠的时候才会分泌。睡眠时，周围的环境越黑，释放量就越多。我们应该适应这种生理规律，在晚上孩子睡觉的时候，把房间的光线尽量调暗，关上照明灯，拉上窗帘。早晨起床的时候，也可以种用这个规律，打开窗帘，让光线照进来，孩子可以慢慢醒来。 2、给孩子准备合适的卧具 首先要给孩子准备一张合适的床。儿童不宜睡沙发床，因为儿童骨质松软，如果长期睡弹簧床或沙发床，就会破坏脊柱的正常弯曲，形成驼背、脊柱畸形等，影响身体健康。 给孩子睡合适的枕头。从生理角度上讲，枕头以8,12厘米为宜。 被子要柔软、舒适。孩子的被子的薄厚要随季节变化。孩子的被子不要太小，太小孩子会盖不好，夜里容易着凉。 要给孩子穿舒适的睡衣，睡衣以纯棉为最好。衣服不要太紧，要宽松一些。 3、采取正确的睡眠姿势 睡觉侧身双腿弯 从生理学上讲，侧卧(侧着身子躺着)有利于全身肌肉的放松，也不影响身体内脏的正常活动。这种姿势最科学。在侧卧中，右侧卧又比左侧卧更好些。仰卧(脸朝天躺着)也可以，这时身体呈大字型，有利于全身的血液循环。俯卧(趴着睡)不好，这种姿势会造成孩子胸部呼吸不畅。 不要张口呼吸 闭口夜卧是保养元气的最好办法，睡觉时最好用鼻子呼吸。鼻毛能阻挡部分灰尘，鼻腔能对吸入的冷空气进行加温，有益健康。 张口呼吸，不但会吸进灰尘，而且极易使气管、肺及肋部受到冷空气的刺激。 如果孩子有鼻窦炎等影响呼吸的疾病，鼻子经常不通气，会导致孩子用嘴呼吸，父母一定要尽快给孩子治疗。 睡觉时不枕手 有些孩子有睡觉时枕手、托腮等毛病，要帮助孩子改掉这些不好的习惯。睡时两手枕于头下，除影响血液循环、引起上肢麻木酸痛外，还易 使腹内压力升高，久之还会产生“返流性食道炎”。所以，睡时不宜以两手为枕。睡觉时手托腮，还容易导致孩子面部发育不对称。 不要让孩子蒙着被子睡觉 睡觉时用被子蒙着头，会引起呼吸困难，同时吸入自己呼出的二氧化碳，对身体健康不利。因为当空气中含有20,以上的氧气时，人的呼吸顺畅，精神爽快。空气中的氧气量减少，人就会觉得胸闷、气短、头发昏等。蒙头睡的时候，被窝里的空气是有限的，人不停地呼吸，氧气量越来越少，吸进体内的氧气少了，会产生憋闷，往往使人从梦中突然惊醒或是大喊大叫，影响睡眠。 4、养成良好的遵守作息时间的习惯 父母要给孩子养成按照身体时钟的节律按时睡眠的习惯。 在睡觉的时间上要守时，每天几点睡觉，要有规律，这样人体的生物钟就会发生作用。在一开始可以给孩子建立一种“睡眠仪式”，也就是有一种固定的程序，比如说睡前刷牙、洗脸、上厕所、用热水洗脚，或是有的孩子喜欢听一个故事或是看一会儿书，不管做什么，需要遵守的是每天要干同样的事，要让这个程序成为身体夜间休息的一种暗示，它的目的就是要让孩子从进入这个程序的第一个步骤起，就开始知道要进入一种睡眠状态，而不是上了床这种状态才开始。 起床的时间也是如此。假如让孩子连续一个月，每天早晨在同一时间起床，周末也不例外，孩子慢慢就会形成早晨到时就醒的习惯。这就是人体的生物钟在起作用，就像我们定好了闹铃，它就注定要在每一天的同一时刻响起一样。其实，这就是我们培养孩子良好睡眠习惯的第一步——养成定时作息的习惯。 父母要注意的一点是必须坚持——即使是在周末。否则的话，这个作息时间表就不容易形成。 5、养成好的生活习惯 睡眠卫生与整体的生活习惯有关，希望父母和孩子做到以下几点: 睡觉前不要批评孩子 “怒伤肝，喜伤心，思伤脾，悲伤肺，恐伤肾”。睡前生气发怒，会使人心跳加快，呼吸急促，思绪万千，以致难以入睡。孩子睡着以后，仍处于一种紧张状态，梦中还不轻松，做梦还在挨骂，睡眠的质量就得不到保障。 睡前不要让孩子吃得过饱 夜间人的消化系统停止运转，人体也几乎不需要能量，因此父母要注意: 一是不要让孩子的晚饭吃得太晚，如果晚上父母回来的晚，一定要让孩子先吃饭，掌握的标准是在孩子吃饭与睡觉之间，应该有至少两个小时的间隔。否则睡觉的时候食物还留在身体内，人就不容易入睡。存在胃中的食物，酶和酸不能把它们变成能量，起床时孩子会有不舒服的饱胀感。 二是不要吃得太多。睡前吃得过饱，胃肠就要加紧工作，装满食物的胃会不断刺激大脑。大脑有兴奋点，人便不会安然入睡，正如中医所说“胃不和，则卧不安”。 三是喝水不能过多。孩子睡前喝水过多，半夜就可能会不停地起床上厕所，睡眠不断地被中断。尤其不要让孩子睡前喝茶和可乐等饮料。这些饮料中的一些物质会刺激中枢神经兴奋，使人不易入睡。 四是尽量避免让孩子吃夜宵。有专家提出，吃宵夜不利于身体的生长发育。理由是为了让生长激素得到充分的分泌，需要降低血液中糖的浓度。夜宵，特别是甜味食品会使血糖值上升，从 而影响生长激素的分泌。因此要尽量避免吃夜宵。如果一定要吃，也要吃那些含高蛋白的食品，例如鸡蛋、豆制品和牛奶等，不要吃高糖食品。 就寝前喝一杯热牛奶 牛奶含有色氨酸，这种天然的氨基酸能帮助孩子入睡。 睡前不要从事激烈的活动 睡前应当尽量保持身体平静，不要让孩子玩得太兴奋，不要让孩子看过于刺激的电视节目，也不要听激烈的音乐。不妨做些轻微活动，如散步等。 不要让孩子对着风口睡觉 人体在睡眠状态时对环境变化的适应能力降低，易受凉生病。古人认为，风为百病之长，善行而数变。善调摄者，虽盛暑不当风及生卧露下。睡觉的地方应避开风口，以床离窗、门有一定距离为佳，不要对着风吹。 父母要和孩子分床睡 很多小学生仍然和父母或是母亲同睡一张床。这样做，一是不利于孩子独立性的培养;二也不利于孩子有良好的睡眠。睡眠中，孩子和父母互相影响。父母和孩子的睡眠时间和起床时间都不同。父母睡觉和起床时的动静也会影响孩子。 人生有三分之一的时间在睡觉。实际上，如果孩子的睡眠出了问题，这三分之一的时间，也会大大影响他另外三分之二时间的活动。所以保证睡眠质量是有效利用这人生的三分之一时间及更好地服务于另外三分之二睡眠时间的好办法。 五、关注儿童睡眠疾病 提起疾病，我们更多地想到的是人在白天的表现。事实上，许多疾病症状是由于睡眠疾病造成的。北京大学人民医院呼吸内科的韩芳医生介绍说，现在确定的睡眠疾病共有84种，而在这84种中，儿童并不比成人少。睡眠疾病并没有远离儿童。(一)打呼噜也可能是病 打鼾俗称打呼噜，是人们司空见惯之事，常被认为是熟睡的表现，向来不为人所重视。但是，据河北医科大学第三医院耳鼻喉科张勋主任介绍:打鼾人群的20,患有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(OSAS)。 张主任曾接诊了一位8岁的OSAS患儿。当时，家长说半年来孩子一直在睡眠中打鼾、憋气、呼吸暂停，最长时呼吸停顿能有一分钟左右，近期又出现双耳听力下降，给家长带来了沉重的心理负担。经检查，张主任发现患儿的病症是腺样体肥大、扁桃体肥大所致的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症。于是，张主任为患儿实施了鼻内窥镜微创手术。术后，小儿鼾声消失，呼吸均匀、顺畅。 孩子什么样就是患上了呼吸暂停综合征, 在接受我的采访时，韩芳医生介绍了睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的表现。一般来说一个人在夜间睡眠时，呼吸停止持续的时间超过10秒即被认为呼吸暂停。如果这种呼吸暂停频繁发生，每小时出现5次以上，或是7个小时的睡眠过程中超过30次，长期下去，不进行有效的治疗，出现一系列的生理改变，就可以诊断为呼吸暂停综合征。 呼吸暂停会使血液中的氧气减少，使机体处于缺氧状态，对于处于成长发育期的儿童危害很大。 当我问韩医生父母在发现孩子是否患有这种疾病可以做些什么的时候，韩医生告诉我，父母是儿童生活中最亲近的人，要注意观察，发现线索，及时带孩子到医院诊治。 儿童呼吸呼吸暂停综合征的患儿经常会有这样一些特点: ?上课犯困、智力差、记忆力不好、易犯懒、学习成绩差、白天行为异常或性格古怪等; ?相对于成人患者而言，更多的出现的是夜惊、夜间睡眠动作异常及遗尿现象; ?经常发生上呼吸道感染，白天也有憋气的现象; ?记忆力下降，注意力不够集中; ?生长发育迟缓，体型瘦弱，体重轻; 当然，这只是一些常见的现象，孩子是否患有呼吸暂停综合征，还要由医生来诊治。父母要注意的是，要和孩子的老师多交流。因为孩子的一些症状会在课堂上表现出来。如果老师反映孩子在课堂上经常犯困，而孩子的生活规律又很正常，每天的睡眠时间有保证，睡眠环境也很好，就要看看自己的孩子是不是有睡眠疾病。 韩医生还提到目前许多儿童出现的多动行为可能与睡眠呼吸暂停综合征有关。如果孩子患有多动症，晚上的睡眠质量就不高，而睡眠质量不好，孩子白天的注意力也就很难集中，就会出现多动的症状。 儿童的睡眠呼吸暂停综合症90,可以通过手术治疗，愈后效果也不错。 (二)磨牙也要治 有些孩子有夜间睡眠时磨牙的毛病，如果只是偶尔一两次没有什么关系。但是如果是经常在睡眠中磨牙，则是睡眠障碍性病症之一。 睡眠磨牙或称咬牙，是人在睡眠当中咀嚼肌节律性收缩上下牙齿紧紧咬合滑动，发出很响的咯吱、咯吱声。此时人并不会醒，即使醒了，对自己的咬牙，也一无所知，只有住在一起的人才知道。 睡眠磨牙在小儿及青春期的少年中发病率较高，根据医学统计，可达15,左右。随着年龄的增长，大脑功能的逐渐完善，其发作率会逐年下降，长大后会自愈。 但是，若是小儿患有蛔虫病时，蛔虫所产生的毒素及其代谢产物被人体吸收后，会出现一些神经的症状，磨牙就是其中的症状之一。因此，若发现小儿患有蛔虫病时，则应使用驱虫药物。 父母朋友们，夜晚是为了休息而准备的，好的一天开始于好的睡眠。保证孩子有充足、高质量的睡眠是孩子健康成长、顺利完成学习任务的保证。同时，也是为了孩子一生有良好的睡眠习惯奠基。 做个合格的父母，让我们从保证孩子有良好的睡眠开始 ,英文版 , Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.