国家863计划项目

国家863计划项目 国家863计划项目:简介和出台背景 2010年07月23日13:27 来源:人民网科技综合 【字号 大 中 小】 打印 留言 论坛 网摘 手机点评 纠错 E-mail推荐: 点击播放按钮，可以“听”新闻 1986年，为了迎接全球新技术革命和高技术竞争的挑战，加快我国高技术及其产业的发展，小平同志根据四位科学家的建议，高瞻远瞩，果断决策，亲自批准启动了我国高技术研究发展计划，即863计划。15年来，在党中央和国务院的正确领导下，在有关部门和地方的大力支持下，经过广大科技人员的奋力攻关，863计划取得了重大进展，为我国高技术发展、经济建设和国家安全作出了重要贡献。 一、历史的回顾 (一)863计划和出台背景 80年代以来，许多国家纷纷投入大量的人力与物力，把发展高技术列为国家发展战略的重要组成部分。如1983年美国提出的“战略防御倡议”(即星球大战计划)、欧洲的“尤里卡”计划和日本的“今后10年科学技术振兴政策”等。这些计划的实施，对世界高技术的发展产生了重要的影响。 1986年3月3日，王大珩、王淦昌、杨嘉墀、陈芳允四位老科学家给中共中央写信，提出要跟踪世界先进水平，发展我国高技术的建议。这封信得到了小平同志的高度重视，小平同志亲自批示:此事宜速决断，不可拖延。经过广泛、全面和极为严格的科学和技术论证后，中共中央、国务院批准了《高技术研究发展计划(863计划)纲要》。从此，中国的高技术研究发展进入了一个新阶段。 863计划是在世界高技术蓬勃发展、国际竞争日趋激烈的关键时期，我国政府组织实施的一项对国家的长远发展具有重要战略意义的国家高技术研究发展计划，在我国科技事业发展中占有极其重要的位置，肩负着发展高科技、实现产业化的重要历史使命。 (二)战略方向和总体目标 根据中共中央《高技术研究发展计划(863计划)纲要》精神，863计划从世界高技术发展的趋势和中国的需要与实际可能出发，坚持“有限目标，突出重点”的方针，选择了生物技术、航天技术、信息技术、激光技术、自动化技术、能源技术和新材料7个高技术领域作为我国高技术研究发展的重点(1996年增加了海洋技术领域)。其总体目标是:集中少部Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 分精干力量，在所选的高技术领域，瞄准世界前沿，缩小与发达国家的差距，带动相关领域科学技术进步，造就一批新一代高水平技术人才，为未来形成高技术产业准备条件，为20世纪末特别是21世纪初我国经济和社会向更高水平发展和国防安全创造条件。 二、863计划的整体框架 863计划实施初期所选择的7个高技术领域中，科技部负责其中生物技术、信息技术、自动化技术、能源技术、新材料5个领域共11个主项目的组织实施。 随着世界高技术发展趋势的变化，科技部适时地对863计划的研究方向进行了调整和扩充。1993年将通信技术主题列入信息领域;1996年在原有的海洋技术专项的基础上，将海洋技术作为一个新的领域(含3个主题)列入863计划;从1991,2000年，先后将水稻基因图谱、航空遥感实时传输系统、HJD-04型大型数字程控交换机关键技术、超导技术、信息安全作为专项以及中国高速信息示范网(300)专题纳入863计划。 目前，863计划民口共设有6个领域15个主题和5个专项，它们分别是: (一)生物技术领域 生物技术领域旨在研究开发高产优质抗病虫害的农作物新品种，新型基因工程疫苗、药物及蛋白质工程研究，在跟踪世界生物技术前沿的基础上，积极创新，建立和发展我国的生物技术产业。生物技术领域设立了3个主题，即: 高产、优质、抗逆动植物新品种(101)主题 ; 新型药物、疫苗和基因治疗(102)主题 ; 蛋白质工程(103)主题 。 (二)信息技术领域 信息技术主要研究信息的获取、传递、处理、存储和显示等，包括微电子技术、光电子技术、计算机技术、计算机软件、通信技术、辐射成像技术、高清晰度电视技术等。信息技术领域设立了4个主题，即 : 智能计算机技术(306)主题 ; 光电子器件和光电子、微电子系统集成技术(307)主题 ; 信息获取与处理技术(308)主题 ; 通信技术(317)主题; 中国高速信息示范网(300专题) 。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, (三)自动化技术领域 自动化技术是在现代系统技术的基础上，如何综合利用传感技术、计算机技术、信息技术、机械技术，以提高各种作业的自动化，改善作业条件，实现快节奏、高质量生产，提高劳动生产率。自动化技术领域安排了两个主题，即: 计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)(511)主题 ; 智能机器人(512)主题 。 (四)能源技术领域 能源技术领域主要研究、发展面向21世纪的先进能源技术，按照“有限目标，突出重点”的原则，安排了两个主题，即: 燃煤磁流体发电技术主题 ; 先进核反应堆技术主题 。 (五)新材料领域 新材料领域的主要任务是为国民经济和国防建设提供支撑性关键新材料;探索不同层次微观结构理论指导下的材料研究、制造工艺研究、结构与性能的检测评测评价研究。设有主题: 高技术新材料和现代材料科学技术。 (六)海洋技术领域 海洋技术领域以揭示海洋奥秘、维护海洋权益、开发海洋资源、保护海洋环境、减轻海洋灾害为目的，设立了3个主题，即: 海洋监测技术(818)主题 ; 海洋生物技术(819)主题 ; 海洋探查与资源开发(820)主题 。 (七)其他 5个专项: 水稻基因图谱; Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 航空遥感实时传输系统; HJD-04型大型数字程控交换机关键技术; 超导技术专项 ; 信息安全专项 。 此外，863计划还设立了高技术新概念新构思探索项目，由国家自然科学基金委员会受理申请、评审资助和检查实施，其经费占863总经费的2%。高技术新概念新构思探索项目主要鼓励创新，其主要要求是: 1.为863计划目标的实现提供新理论、新技术。 2.服务于高技术研究发展目标，支持和促进有关主导领域的学科发展。 3.为2000年以后的高技术发展提供科学储备。 三、863计划的政策措施和组织管理 863计划的实施不仅为我国高技术的研究发展出成果、出人才提供了条件，同时为进一步深化科技体制改革创造了条件。高技术的管理要适应高技术本身发展的规律和特点，为保证计划目标的实现，863计划以改革和探索的精神推动实现管理的科学化。在借鉴国外高技术管理有益经验的基础上，也吸收了60年代我国搞“两弹一星”的组织管理和近年来科技体制改革中的成功经验。并结合我国具体情况，制定了一系列行之有效的政策和措施为我国科技体制改革和科研组织管理开辟出一条新路。 (一)成功经验 1.集中力量，统一指挥 打破部门、地区的界限，集中优势力量确保计划的实施，在落实任务和经费分配时实行招标或择优委托，把任务落实到确有优势的单位和专家集体，经费专款专用，在人、财、物上集中力量统一指挥，充分发挥有限资源的作用。 2.大力协调，相互衔接 充分利用我国已有的试验装备和工作条件，实行多种形式的联合，可以把承担任务的单位组成柔性研究机构或联合研究开发中心，发挥各自的优势和潜力。 作好863计划与其它科技计划中有关项目的衔接，互为补充。所取得的阶段研究成果要密切地同其它推广应用计划相衔接，迅速地转化为生产力，发挥经济效益。 3.实行专家决策管理。 各领域成立专家委员会(组)充分发挥专家在咨询、评议以及决策管理中的作用。 4.依靠和发挥中青年专家作用。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 863计划特别重视年轻一代科技人员的培养，注意发现和起用优秀的中青年科技人才，在老科学家的关怀和指导下把他们放在关键的岗位上充分挥他们的作用。 5.项目的实施强调跟踪前沿，目标驱动的方针。 凡是能拿到目标产品的项目，要努力争取实现。 6.积极开展国际科技合作和交流。 通过政府间的多边关系，双边关系和多种民间渠道开展国际合作和交流。采用多种方式进行人员交流及学术交流，积极聘请外国专家来华讲学和开展合作研究。在国际高技术研究开发环境中，培养和造就一批高水平的科技人才。 (二)行之有效的管理系统 15年来在各有关部门、单位和地方的支持下，从事863计划管理的干部、专家、学者、不断地实践、总结、再实践、再总结逐步建立起适合我国国情的863计划管理机制和体系。其主要特点是统一指挥、科学决策、专家负责、分层管理。拨款改革和专家决策管理是863计划改革的核心。形成了4个行之有效的管理系统，它们分别是: 1.决策指挥系统 由国家科技领导小组、国家科技部、各领域的专家委员会、各主题项目的专家组组成。国家科技领导小组是863计划的最高决策指挥机构，负责审定重大方针政策，审定中长期计划重大问题的决策与协商，向中央和国务院报告计划执行情况。 2.协调管理系统 由国家科技领导小组办公室、国家科委高技术计划联合办公室各有关部门、各领域办公室、各领域专家委员会办公室、各主题专家组办公室组成。 3.评估监督系统 由国家科技部、有关部门的领导和专家以及各领域专家委员会(组)的首席科学家组成。 4.信息交流服务系统 通过新闻界、科技情报系统、863计划快报、年报、《高技术通讯》和各领域或各主题的快报、简报、科学报告等进行信息交流和相互服务，并使高技术研究的成果扩散到全社会。 在实施过程中，各领域根据项目发展和需要，不断摸索，不断改进，及时调整和增加了新的管理办法。如在重大项目管理中成立了总体组，采用了业主制和工程监理制等，Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 保障了重大项目的很好完成。 四、863计划15年取得的重大进展及其作用 经过广大科研人员十多年的不懈努力和艰苦奋斗，863计划以相对较少的投入，取得了令人瞩目的成就，使我国在863计划所选高技术领域，由跟踪起步进入到了一个蓬勃发展的阶段。据不完全统计，863计划实施15年来，在民口6个领域的230多个专题研究方向，共资助项目近5200余项，获国内外专利2000多项，发表论文47000多篇。共累计创造新增产值560多亿元，产生间接经济效益达2000多亿元。 经过15年的努力，863计划取得了一大批具有世界水平的研究成果，突破并掌握了一批关键技术，缩小了同世界先进水平的差距，培育了一批高技术产业生长点，极大地带动了我国高技术及其产业的发展，并为传统产业的改造提供了高技术支撑。 863计划重点支持的高技术领域的研究开发水平与世界先进水平的整体差距明显缩小，经专家抽样分析表明，局部已形成优势，开始在世界高技术领域占有一席之地;60%以上的技术从无到有，如今已进入或接近国际先进水平;另有25%仍然落后于国际先进水平，但在原来基础上也有很大进步。 863计划突破的关键技术在与产业界的密切合作下，使我国在生物工程药物、通信设备、高性能计算机、中文信息处理平台、人工晶体、光电子材料与器件等国际高技术竞争的热点领域，具有了我国自主知识产权的产品。这些产品开始形成能与发达国家竞争的实力，成为我国高新技术产业的生长点和源头。 (一)重大进展 1.生物技术领域的基因工程研究不仅参加了人类基因组研究计划，而且在依靠基因工程技术来改良动植物品种、治疗人类重大疾病，药物研究等方向达到了国际先进水平，为提高我国人民的生活水平和健康做出了贡献。 转基因羊、牛的获得和转基因抗虫棉的成功，标志着我国转基因动植物技术已进入国际先进行列。 人类基因组的研究工作正式加入国际合作计划，与美国、英国、法国、德国和日本等五国共同参与人类基因组测序工作，完成了其中1%的测序任务，在我国建立了人类基因组研究基地。 重点针对恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病等严重危害我国人民身体健康的疾病的重大疾病相关基因研究，取得了一系列突破性进展。克隆了一个具有我国知识产权的神经性耳聋致病基因;确定了一个与肝癌发生密切相关的基因位点;百个可能与鼻咽癌、糖尿病、高血压等疾病相关的基因片断序列被国际权威数据库接收并予以保护，30个完整的新基因已被克隆。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 生物工程药物和疫苗市场占有率不断提高，11种基因工程药物和疫苗已投放市场，10种基因工程药物通过了国家药审，并进入临床试验，另有20余种新药正在开发中。目前在国外上市的主要基因工程药物，在我国也已基本上市，市场占有量不断上升，部分产品已占有大部分的市场份额，我国新兴的生物医药产业开始进入蓬勃发展的时期。 以拥有自主知识产权的工艺技术路线，成功地将动物血红蛋白转化为安全有效的人血液代用品，表明我国在人血液代用品的研究开发达到国际同类研究先进水平。 2.依靠生物技术进行高产、优质、抗逆的动植物新品种培育，为提高我国农业生产的科技水平，开发适合不同地区农村经济发展需要的农业新品种和技术方面作出了努力。 在两系法杂交水稻工作的基础上，超级杂交水稻也取得了重要进展。千亩连片的平均亩产达到了760公斤，处于世界领先水平。目前已累计推广5000万亩，增产稻谷近50亿斤。 采用基因工程技术培育的转基因抗虫棉，具有抗虫效果好、增产潜力大、适应性广等优点，已大面积推广300万亩以上。 农业信息化的推广应用，加速了农业科技成果的推广步伐，使得农业示范区的粮食和经济作物平均增产10%左右。 3.信息领域在智能计算机、大型软件、光电子器件和微电子光电子系统集成技术以及通信技术研究的关键技术取得突破，为国家信息基础设施的建设及高性能公众信息平台的构建作出了贡献。 高性能计算机关键技术的突破，使我国在竞争激烈的世界计算机领域占有了一席之地。先后研制出的曙光1000A、曙光2000-I和曙光2000-II在内的国产超级服务器系列，性能指标大大超过美国对我国限制出口的水平，已在气象、石油、教育、铁路、生物和网络通信等行业应用。 以曙光超级服务器为主机建立的五个国家高性能计算中心，目前已有200多课题在曙光机上完成计算，取得了一批有重要影响的成果。完成了中国数字图书馆示范系统、生物信息资源的应用、科学数据库应用系统等若干面向网格的重大行业应用示范系统。 研制的天演、天阔、浪潮等系列20多种型号服务器，在铁路、粮食、物资储备、银行、电信、税收、医疗保险、社会保险、天津市等行业与城市中应用。 提高我军训练水平而研制的“智能化作战模拟训练系统”，已成为我军训练高级指Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 挥员战略决策和多兵种合成战役指挥能力的必要手段。江总书记视察后，给予了高度评价。 中文信息处理技术研究取得重大突破，为我国信息资源建设提供了一个快捷、高效的系统解决途径。“汉王笔”手写汉字输入系统，已成为国内非键盘输入市场主流产品，占整个市场销量的70%。为我国普及计算机应用，推动办公自动化，发挥了积极作用。 开发成功适用于我国互联网建设的Internet/Intranet应用软件平台，并以该平台为基础，建立了办公自动化、邮政、电信、保险等领域的一批示范系统，形成了多个应用软件产品，累计产值一亿多元。 在事关国家安全和经济命脉的通信网络技术和具有自主知识产权的数字程控交换机技术上获得群体突破，带动了我国整个通信产业的发展，“巨、大、中、华”四大企业的崛起，打破了外国产品“七国八制”瓜分国内市场的局面。 先后完成了155Mb/s、622Mb/s、2.5Gb/s的SDH系统(包括自愈环系统)和4×2.5Gb/s、8×2.5Gb/s、32×2.5Gb/s DWDM(密集波波分复用)系统的开发并投入应用。已形成了初具规模的光纤通信研发与生产基地，销售额累计达10亿元。目前32×10Gb/s容量DWDM系统也即将研制完成，使我国成为世界上少数掌握这一技术的国家之一。 研制成功的CIN智能网系统已广泛应用在国内十多个省市。成为国内第一套在公网上运行的具有多厂家产品互连和容错功能的智能网系统。并一举把国外智能网挤出了中国，销售额近亿元。对振兴民族智能网产业具有重大政治意义。 掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)已达到国际先进水平。成果实现了掺铒光纤放大器的国产化，产品性能和质量达到国内外同类产品的先进水平，并达到年产500台的生产能力，该产品已广泛应用于国防通信及CATV系统，打破国外的垄断，振兴了民族工业，对提高国力，提高国威具有重要现实和长远意义。 4.一批信息获取及处理技术的突破，为我国对地、对空监测体系的建设提供了所需的关键技术。 以机载合成孔径雷达样机为代表的一批对地观测信息获取系统和对空观测信息获取系统的研制成功和建立，使我国对地、对空观测的技术手段和装备水平大大提高，并为政府的决策和国民经济建设、社会发展和科学工程作出了重要贡献。 星载合成孔径雷达模样机、航空遥感系统的研制成功，标志着我国已掌握了对地观测的关键技术。机载合成孔径雷达系统在1998年长江流域洪灾监测中，发挥了重要作用。 128波段实用型模块化成像光谱仪是一种先进的光机扫描式机载对地观测遥感器，该仪器的研制成功使我国在对地观测时能够在连续光谱段上对同一地物同时成像，从空中直接识别地球表面的物质，可以广泛地应用于地质、海洋、农业、城市、环境等领域。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 研制成功的2.16米望远镜红外自适应光学观测系统，可用于红外波段的高分辨率成像观测和可见光部分校正成像观测，为我国空间目标的高分辨率观测建立了技术基础。 5.现代计算机集成制造(CIMS)技术及其智能机器人制造和应用，为实现我国传统产业的现代化，发挥了重要作用。 计算机集成制造技术(CIMS)的推广与示范应用，已在全国各行业的200多家大中型企业进行试点示范。以成都飞机制造厂为例，CIMS不仅帮助企业拿到了承包麦道飞机机头和波音尾翼的生产，还为“10号工程”的研制成功提供了技术手段。 计算机集成制造技术(CIMS)的重大进展，使我国两次获得标志该领域最高国际水平的SME大学领先奖和工业应用领先奖。 水下无人自治深潜技术获得重大成就，研制成功6000米水下机器人，突破了海洋给人类的屏障，使我国掌握了进军深海的重要武器，成为少数几个拥有这种技术的国家。 研制了一批应用于工业生产、高危作业等行业的工业机器人、服务机器人和特种机器人，如:面壁清洗机器人、管道机器人及机器人化工程机械、仿形喷涂机器人、装配机器人、微驱动机器人、自动导引车(AGV)，并开始进入市场应用。 6.能源领域在燃煤磁流体发电技术及先进核反应堆技术的进展，为我国在可持续发展前提下，合理、有效利用资源，促进国民经济发展提供了新途径。 10MW高温气冷核反应堆已进入最后安装阶段。它的建成开辟了我国和平利用核能，发展先进核反应堆技术的新领域;标志着我国在高温气冷堆领域达到世界先进水平，并有望成为21世纪最有发展前途的核电站堆型之一。 研制成功世界上第一艘由超导螺旋式电磁流体推进器驱动的试验船，它的研制成功标志着我国已跻身于该项高技术的国际先进行列。该技术的实用化将有可能引起船舶推进技术的重大变革，是一项具有创新意义的科研成果。 7.新材料领域的一批突出成果，为我国经济建设和国防建设提供了一系列支撑性关键新材料。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 镍氢电池的综合性能达到国际水平，实现了镍氢电池相关材料国产化生产，形成了我国镍氢电池产业化生产能力的技术基础。 一批“中国牌”的重要非线性光学晶体新品种的诞生，使我国在人工晶体的研究开发方面继续保持国际领先的地位。 开发出一系列大、中、小功率全固态激光器，建立中试生产线，形成了大中小功率多品种绿光激光器的批量生产能力。 在电子信息、计算机、自动控制、航空航天等领域有着广泛的应用的高性能片式元件及其瓷料，也是电子工业的基础元器件。目前，片式元件已达批量生产能力，产值10达亿元以上;高性能电容器陶瓷微粉，已实现批量出口。 开发出在机械工业、电子工业、航空航天等高技术领域有着广泛应用的高质量金刚石膜的生成技术和器件，并在多方面获得推广应用。 8.海洋监测技术、海洋生物技术和海洋探查与资源开发技术得到发展，为开发海洋、利用海洋、保护海洋提供先进的技术和手段。 研制了一批用于海洋监测的关键仪器设备，大大改善了我国海洋环境的监测能力。为提高我国开发、利用海洋资源和海洋灾害的防治提供了更多的技术条件。 突破了海水养殖动物的多倍体育苗育种和性控技术，一系列我国海水养殖业中最有代表性的牡蛎、扇贝，对虾、鲍鱼、珠母贝、牙鲆等海洋生物的多倍体育苗培育成功及其产业化技术突破，将对我国整个海水养殖业的持续稳定发展产生重要的积极作用。 多个抗盐、耐海水蔬菜品种和品系的培育成功，为我国利用海洋以及滩涂盐碱地资源于农业生产，节约淡水资源开辟了新的有效途径。 完成了具有90年代海洋勘测国际先进水平的“海域地形地貌与地质构造探测系统”的开发和研制。为我国海洋资源的开发、利用、保护，国家主权权益的捍卫、海域疆界(如冲绳海槽)的确定，提供了可实施的高精度测量技术系统和科学依据。 海上中深层气藏高分辨率地震勘探技术的突破，对解决我国东南沿海莺歌海盆地蕴藏丰富天然气资源向中深层扩大勘探开发的问题，对我国东南沿海地区经济发展具有重大的现实意义。 (二)作用与影响 1.培养、造就和凝聚了新一代高技术人才队伍，成为我国高技术在新的世纪更大发展的中坚力量。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 863计划造就了一批既具有很深的专业造诣，又能把握国际竞争形势，结合国情作出正确技术决策的“战略科学家”，成为我国高技术发展的新一代组织者和指挥家。这种战略性人才的涌现是我国具有独立的科技发展能力的重要标志，也是我国向科技大国、科技强国发展的重要保证。一批中青年优秀人才在863计划的实践中脱颖而出，据统计，目前863计划专家委员会(组)成员中，45岁以下的青年专家已超过30%。15年来，863计划培养了近万名的博士、硕士等高级科技人才，并为研究机构，特别是企业和地方培训了数十万名的高技术应用和推广队伍。经过863计划培养的人才，向企业的扩散，带动了一批高技术企业的成长。 2.积极探索适合国情的高技术发展道路，为我国高技术未来的发展积累了宝贵经验。 863计划的实施，不仅为我国高技术及其产业的更大发展打下了良好的基础，更重要的是为在社会主义市场经济条件下，走具有中国特色的“发展高科技、实现产业化”的道路进行了积极的探索，创造性地运用了专家技术决策、部门协调、监督评估和信息服务的管理体制和运行机制，调动了科技人员的积极性和创造性，并初步形成了适合国情的高技术研究发展战略和总体布局，以及遍及全国的高技术研究开发网络。 3.为增强我国自主发展高技术的自信心，提高全民高技术意识发挥了重要作用。 863计划取得的巨大成就，极大地增强了我国发展高技术，参与国际竞争的能力和自信心，也使更多的人认识到高技术的发展关系到中华民族的前途和未来。863计划的成功实践，已超出了一个具体计划的含义，也超出人们对863计划实施意义的想象，使863计划成为中国高技术的象征，也使全社会以越来越大的兴趣，关注863计划的进展，对863计划寄予越来越大的期望。 4.建设了一批具有国际水平的高技术研究开发基地。 15年来，863计划先后组建了计算机集成制造系统(CIMS)实验工程研究中心等25个研究开发中心、实验室和中试线。成果产业化基地50多个。这些中心和基地的建设，形成了我国高技术研究和多学科交叉攻关、吸引和培训人才、对外交流与合作、单元技术实验和集成以及开发目标产品的重要基地。为我国高技术研究发展在21世纪向更高水平发展奠定了基础。 5.促进了高技术的国际合作。 在863计划实施的过程中，巧妙地利用了高技术竞争与合作的复杂关系，与世界上20多个国家在高技术领域建立了合作关系，进行了高层次的智力引进，与10多个技术先进国家开展了实质性的高技术合作，大大提高了我国高技术研究发展水平。目前与发达国家的高技术合作，已经进入到项目合作的实质性阶段。例如，人类基因组测序研究加入国际合作计划，使我国科学家与国际同行，开始在同一水平上合作与竞争。潜深6000米水下自治机器人的研究开发，通过与俄罗斯的合作，大大突破了原计划中规定的水下机器人300米水深的指标，使我国一跃跨入深海机器人世界先进水平。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column, 6.为科技体制改革创造了十分有益的经验。 863计划将政府的作用由直接行政指挥转变为从科研重点、竞争规则等方面进行间接调控，给科学家以更大的技术决策权，提高了决策的质量。在项目与经费落实过程中，打破部门、地区的分割，用竞争方式把全国最有优势的力量集中起来，在市场经济的大环境中继承发扬了“两弹一星”的传统，提高了经费的使用效率。863计划要求，各项技术的研究要能形成具有市场前景的目标产品，促使参与863计划的科学家和管理人员逐步树立起了市场意识，主动结合产业界的需求和市场走向，探索产业化的机制，取得了显著的效果，为今后科研体制的改革创造了有益的经验。 Pu ash must not exceed 1500mm. Block in place and more are: block, should be watered before rushing to dust, clear blocks debris on the surface of the rear handle. During handling and transport of aerated concrete blocks, throws and dumping is strictly prohibited, after entering varieties and specifications, respectively a tidy, stacking height should not be more than 2m. Aerated concrete blocks to prevent rain. When each layer of masonry, from the corner or anchor blocks, starting at the crane masonry skin, correct skin, Pi Pila control elevation of masonry and wall flatness. Vertical filling mortar: each building block, in place after the correction, filling Vertical joints with mortar, followed by joint seam (puree jointing), depth of General 3--5mm. When masonry masonry adjacent to the near boards, beams, masonry is heavy (about 7 days) with sliced work lower after masonry between the upper plate beam and used ordinary clay bricks to tight filling, mortar full tilt of about 60 ?. Masonry body and cut force wall Zhijian of gap with mortar fill, and squeeze real, gray sewing cross flat vertical, level gray sewing should be control in 15mm around, but not is less than 10MM, not is greater than 20mm, level gray sewing of full degrees shall not below 80%, vertical to gray sewing should be control in 20mm around, but not is less than 15mm, not is greater than 25mm, vertical sewing shall not appeared transparent sewing. Infilled beams according to the building plans of opening hole in lintel Universal Atlas use. Load levels, the design requirements, when the hole close to the shear walls, beams using in-situ construction, concrete shear walls, according to relevant standard specification for anchorage. By design requirements set structure column,