含钙的食物有哪些

含钙的食物有哪些 补钙时注意 一、不要让钙遇见草酸。 菠菜、雪菜、苋菜、空心菜、竹笋、洋葱、茭白、毛豆等都含有大量草酸，草酸容易与钙元素结合而影响吸收。所以补钙期间最好把蔬菜放到热水中烫一下，或是在饭前2小时或饭后3—4个小时服用钙制品。 二、钙不要与主餐混吃 即使没有太多草酸，如果在吃饭时服用钙制品，也还是会影响钙的吸收，混在食物中的钙只能吸收20%。只要胃里面塞满太多东西，效果就不太好。补钙要与早、中、晚餐间隔半小时以上。也不要跟奶混在一起。 三、让宝宝睡前服用钙片 睡眠期间最是长身体的时候，也是骨骼对钙吸收力最强的时候。很多人都有过缺钙抽筋的体验，一般是在睡梦中，可见睡觉时最应补钙。可以在睡前给宝宝服用钙制品，让钙能充分吸收。 四、补充足量的维生素D 有些钙制品需要补充维生素D，而有些不需要补充就能吸收。不论给宝宝吃的是哪种，维生素D都要适量补充，而且最好用食补和晒太阳或服用鱼肝油的方式，不要让宝宝直接服用纯维生素D，防止维生素D过量中毒。阳光是维生素D的天然原料，如果让宝宝接受阳光照射，比如上午一小时，下午一小时，就不用再口服维生素D了，阳光会直接促使体内生成维生素D。 五、补钙产品的选择有讲究 选择一些钙源好、吸收好、口感好、不刺激肠胃的婴幼儿专用钙产品;最好选择单一元素的钙产品;选知名度高的钙产品，但是不要盲目地跟着广告走，要看清钙元素的含量以及吸收率和溶解度。最好是咨询医生后再选择补钙产品。 六、不要选择碳酸钙 碳酸钙偏碱性，而宝宝的胃酸还很少，所以碳酸钙类补钙产品会影响新生宝宝的消化。四个月的宝宝最适合吃葡萄糖酸钙，另外，乳酸钙也是不错的选择。葡萄糖酸钙和乳酸钙都比碳酸钙好。 七、用少量多次的方法 人体每次摄入钙低于或等于50毫克时，钙的吸收率最高。所以每次给宝宝服用钙制品可以量少一点，分成多次服用，这样可以保证一天当中很多时间都有钙的补充。如果一次就服用很多，大量没吸收的钙就浪费了。 八、千万不要补钙过量。 很多钙过量的宝宝会厌食厌食厌食厌食、便秘便秘便秘便秘，严重了还会患“鬼脸综合症”，宝宝会有扁扁的朝天鼻、大嘴而且表情怪异，疾病也很多。钙过量还会导致骨头过早成熟，也会影响宝宝将来身高身高身高身高的。 补钙应该是给宝宝微调的过程，妈妈们千万不可以简单粗暴地对待，钙过少过多都不行。如果爸爸妈妈们实在拿不准宝宝到底是缺钙还是补钙过量，最好去医院做个微量元素检查，这样才好控制补钙的度和量。 含钙的食物有哪些, 1、牛奶 半斤牛奶，含钙300毫克，还含有多种氨基酸、乳酸、矿物质及维生素，促进钙的消化和吸收。而且牛奶中的钙质人体更易吸取，因此，牛奶应该作为日常补钙的主要食品。其他奶类制品如酸奶、奶酪、奶片，都是良好的钙来源。健康提示:夏季牛奶饮用也要需有选择 2、海带和虾皮 海带和虾皮是高钙海产品，每天吃上25克，就可以补钙300毫克呢。并且它们还能够降低血脂，预防动脉硬化。 海带与肉类同煮或是煮熟后凉拌，都是不错的美食。虾皮中含钙量更高，25克虾皮就含有500毫克的钙，所以，用虾皮做汤或做馅都是日常补钙的不错选择。 友情提醒:容易对海制品过敏的人们要小心食用哟。 3、豆制品 大豆是高蛋白食物，含钙量也很高。500克豆浆含钙120毫克，150克豆腐含钙就高达500毫克，其他豆制品也是补钙的良品。 友情提醒:豆浆需要反复煮开7次，才能够食用。而豆腐则不可与某些蔬菜同吃，比如菠菜。菠菜中含有草酸，它可以和钙相结合生成草酸钙结合物，从而妨碍人体对钙的吸收，所以豆腐以及其他豆制品均不宜与菠菜一起烹制。但，豆制品若与肉类同烹，则会味道可口，营养丰富。 4、动物骨头 动物骨头里80%以上都是钙，但是不溶于水，难以吸收，因此在制作成食物时可以事先敲碎它，加醋后用文火慢煮。吃时去掉浮油，放些青菜即可做成一道美味鲜汤。 友情提醒:鱼骨也能补钙，但要注意选择合适的做法。干炸鱼、焖酥鱼都能使鱼骨酥软，更方便钙质吸收，而且可以直接食用。 5、蔬菜 蔬菜中也有许多高钙的品种。雪里蕻100克含钙230毫克;小白菜、油菜、茴香、芫荽、芹菜等每100克钙含量也在150毫克左右。 友情提醒:这些绿叶蔬菜每天吃上250克就可补钙400毫克。 6、补钙药物 如今市场上的补钙药物适合于依靠食物摄入不能满足钙需求的儿童、青少年、孕/哺乳期妇女、老人，甚至于工作紧张、压力大、生活没有规律的白领女性。它的优点是操作简单，并且容易控制补充量。 友情提醒:在服用时需要严格遵守医嘱，以免服用过量，反而对身体造成不良影响。一些复合维生素和钙质补充剂，因维生素本身可以和钙质产生协同作用，相对于单纯补钙来说，服用后益处更大。 补钙还是以食补为佳 给宝宝补钙非常重要，这是很多父母都关心的话题。市场上有许多品种的钙剂，虽然有些广告中称其吸收率很高，但实际效果与期望值有一定差距。一些医生主张——补钙还是以食补为佳。 食物的科学烹调能够增加钙的摄入。这里介绍几种多钙食品的烹调方法: 1、可以把小黄鱼制成酥鱼。做法是:把锅烧热，在锅内放入葱、姜铺底，把10公分左右长的小黄鱼排放在上面，加适量醋用慢火炖烂，甚至可以连鱼头、鱼刺都变酥了。这样，整条鱼都变成了可以食用的钙剂。 2、高压锅饨鸡。可以把鸡肉、鸡骨尽量饨烂、饨酥，鼓励宝宝把软骨嚼碎咽下，也能够补充钙质。 当然，以上这两种食品不太适合于2岁以前的宝宝，2岁半以后，多数宝宝已长出了20颗乳牙，有了咀嚼能力，才可以给宝宝吃这类食物，否则宝宝也不易消化吸收。 还可以做大骨头汤。将买来的大棒骨洗净，敲裂或敲断，凉水下锅，放入骨头，烧开后，撇去浮沫，加葱、姜、料酒，用小火炖煮，时间可长一些。让宝宝喝汤，吃骨髓。这是一种非常好的补钙食品，适合各年龄的宝宝。该汤还可以加在宝宝的其它食品中，混合喂养。比如用骨头汤下面条，蒸鸡蛋羹等。虾皮和豆腐中含钙量较高，也应该经常给宝宝食用。 另外，断奶以后的宝宝每天也应该保证至少摄入牛奶250毫升，增加钙的摄入量。 很多人以为，通过饮食可以补钙，但实际上在日常饮食中，很多不经意、不正确的膳食行为会让你丢失大量的钙。 磷多丢失钙:钙磷比例失衡是导致人们缺钙的元凶。正常情况下，人体内的钙?磷比例是2?1，然而，现实生活中，人们过多地摄入碳酸饮料、可乐、咖啡、汉堡包、比萨饼、小麦胚芽、动物肝脏、炸薯条等大量含磷的食物，使钙?磷比例高达1?10,20，这样，饮食 中过多的磷会把体内的钙"赶"出体外。 补钙不补镁，吃完就后悔:人们补钙的时候，只注意补充维生素D，却往往不知道要补充镁。钙与镁似一对双胞胎兄弟，总是要成双成对地出现，而且钙与镁的比例为2?1时，是最利于钙的吸收利用的了。所以，在补钙的时候，切记不要忘了补充镁。含镁较多的食物有:坚果(如杏仁、腰果和花生)、黄豆、瓜籽(向日葵籽、南瓜籽)、谷物(特别是黑麦、小米和大麦)、海产品(金枪鱼、鲭鱼、小虾、龙虾)。 大鱼大肉"吃"掉钙:高蛋白饮食是引起骨质疏松症的原因所在。有人做过这样的实验:A:每天摄入80克的蛋白质，将导致37毫克的钙流失;B:每天摄入240克的蛋白质，额外另补充1400毫克的钙，将导致137毫克钙的流失。额外补充钙并不能阻止高蛋白所引起的钙流失，过量摄入大鱼大肉而不注意酸碱平衡，将导致钙的大量流失。那么，怎样饮食才能促进钙吸收,维生素C促进吸收钙:把含钙高的食物与维生素C和泡菜汁一起服用，或者 每天自己制作脐橙、柚子、橘子、芦柑、柠檬饮用，其生物利用度要增强12%。显然是这些水果中大量的维生素C的参与，使得钙能更好地被小肠吸收。 荤素平衡提高钙的利用率:比如豆腐炖鱼，鱼肉中含维生素D，豆腐含钙丰富。维生素D可促进钙的吸收，使豆腐中钙的利用率大大提高。另外，主食讲究谷豆类混食，不仅能使氨基酸互补达到最理想化，还能促进钙的吸收。 1.您需要补钙么? 世界许多专家的调查研究认为:钙缺乏症是目前威胁人类的一种严重疾患，使全球亿万人口遭受精神和肉体的巨大折磨，直接影响着人类素质的提高。专家们呼吁社会各界应予以高度重视～ 胎儿从母体得到的钙，有99,用来制造骨骼，仅剩下1,以离子钙的形式游离在血液中，叫做"血清钙"。但表明:降生以后，每个人都步入不同程度的缺钙境地。任何年龄的人都缺钙，儿童和老年人更为严重。科学家发现，自20岁开始，骨骼的总重量以每年1,的速度在递减，50岁以后，骨总重量已减轻30,——这是一个科学而又惊人的结论。 由于"钙饥饿"，导致了体内的所谓"钙搬家"。就是说，骨头的钙不断脱逸到血液中去维持血清钙的正常水平。骨钙同血清钙之间的比例，必须长期保持着平衡，否则，就会产生"钙搬家"，这样的反常钙代谢失衡。一个人在数天或一二个月内的钙饥饿暂不影响血清钙，但若照此下去，就会发生缺钙疾病了:儿童表现为毛发稀疏、厌食、烦躁夜惊、佝偻病等;青少年的骨骼发育不良，视力障碍等;孕妇的腰腿酸痛，并影响胎儿发育，甚至畸胎等;中老年人的骨质疏松症、骨质退行性增生、结石症、高血压、糖尿病、痴呆症等等。 显然，钙在生命过程中具有举足轻重作用。 为什么我们每天都在吃着含钙的食物，如豆类、乳制品、水产品、壳类、骨类等，身体还会缺钙呢。原来，食物中含的钙，多属于溶解的钙盐，不容易被吸收。更因为与谷类、菜肴同进餐时，谷物含有的植酸或肉类含有的脂酸，都会把钙变成不溶性的钙盐而无法被吸收。按现代营养的计算是:我国成人需钙(指"离子钙")的生物剂量，不得少于800毫克，小儿不得少于1000毫克。可惜长期以来， 医药界把钙盐错误地当成纯钙(即离子钙)计算了，以致过去许多药用钙都起不了真正的补钙功效。幸好近年来已发现这种谬误，并加以纠正。一个分子钙，一个离子钙，仅一字之差，导致了人类的一场世界性的"钙革命"～ 缺钙就得补钙，人人都应提高补钙的意识，问题是，补什么样的钙，该怎样补,尽管长期以来，医界公认补钙是个难题，但理想的钙剂应具备的三大条件，即?既含有高数量、又含有高质量的纯钙;?能充分溶解;?服用后易被吸收、利用。目前已研制出许多的、越来越符合科学要求的、新型安全高效钙营养强化剂。 日常食物中，钙的来源以牛羊乳及乳制品为最好，不仅含量丰富，且吸收率高。已查明，虾头虾壳中含钙量很高，达2000毫克,100克，溶解度好，是一种生物蛋白钙晶体的理想补 钙物，吃虾取壳肉是不科学的～含钙丰富的常用食物，除上述外还有豆类(黄豆、青豆、黑豆等及其制品)、核桃、芝麻、发菜、海带等。 不过，请记住:补钙最好是在饭前一小时空腹服用。 2.补钙捷径——少吃盐 记得古代兵书上有这样的话:战而胜之，非上策;不战而胜，上上策。把这话用在补钙问题上就是:如果采用不补钙的方法，而能达到补钙的目的，恐惧算是最理想的补钙方法了。那么，有这样不补钙而达到补钙的方法吗,回答是肯定的，这就是补钙捷径——少吃盐。 少吃盐补钙的方法，是英国科学家首先提出的。他们在研究中发现:饮食中盐的摄入量是钙的排出量多寡的主要决定因素。即盐的摄入量越多，尿中钙的排出量也越多，而且盐的摄入量越多，钙的吸收越差。因此他们得出结论:适当减少盐的摄入对骨质的益处，与增加900毫克的钙质的作用相当～这就是说，少吃盐等于补钙， 少吃盐对钙实际起到了"不补之补"的作用。 按照我国居民普遍缺钙的说法，正常人每日应补钙800-1200 毫克，最保守的说法，每日应补钙300-500毫克。但不管哪种说法，少吃盐等于每日补充900毫克的钙， 这数量已可满足人体对钙的基本需求。即使还有些不足，也因少吃盐可以增加钙的吸收。 少吃盐补钙的方法，对所有的人来说都是适用的。比如:快速生长的少女，吃盐多，钙的排出量增多、吸收量减少，可导致骨质脱钙，骨质发育不良。又如绝经后妇女，骨质疏松症的发病数本来就很高，如果吃盐多，不仅尿钙量增加，骨钙的流失也增加，会加快其骨质疏松的发生。在一项研究中，把绝经后妇女的每日盐摄入量由10.6克减至4.4克，钙的排出量和血浆钙的浓度都大大降低。 再是高血压病人如果继续高盐饮食，其尿钙的排出量要比正常血压的人高得多，导致骨质脱钙的潜在危险也比正常血压者大。反之，少吃盐，却可使他们尿钙减少，骨密度增加。 按照WHO推荐的标准，每日吃盐量以5克为宜，不要超过6克。我们知道，人24小时的排盐量为3-5克，那么在食物中每日补充5克盐，正是失去和补充相当的数字，可以满足正常需要。而要把每日的吃盐量限制在5克以内，也不容易。这需要改变一下我们的饮食习惯才行。因为在我国，尤其是北方居民，吃盐量普遍偏多，多在每日12克以上，个别地方，有高达20-30克的。要把人们传统吃咸的习惯，一下子改变过来，也是相当困难的。但当人们知道了少吃盐可补钙，不花钱也可补钙的道理，我们在日常生活中逐步、适当减少盐的用量，我想还是可以办到的。 在北京、上海等地，已有含钾、镁低钠的盐上市，这种盐的含钠量只有普通盐的65,。如果常吃这种盐，本身已减少盐量的1,3了。中药秋石，主要成分是氯化钾，把它买来研细，与盐对半混用，也可以起到减盐1,2的作用。 当然减盐还能帮助你预防、治疗高血压病，减少心脑血管病的发作危险，同时使你体重有所下降，达到减肥健美的目的。 3、补钙多年为何仍缺钙, 在补钙治疗中，经常会遇到一个普遍性问题，就是有些人连服钙剂几年还是缺钙，在检查骨密度时医生还是说骨质疏松。这是为什么,对这一问题要从以下几个方面来认识。 补钙剂量偏小 多数学者推荐，预防骨质疏松症的钙元素摄入量要达到每日1000—1500毫克。目前我国生产的钙制剂，大多数按照钙盐量标明剂量，而钙盐量与钙含量相差很大。例如乳酸钙每8克只含钙量1克。补钙的剂量，必须按钙含量多少来补。比如常用的盖天力和活力钙片，钙含量均为25毫克，也就是说如饮食补钙达每天600毫克的话， 至少还需每天服盖天力和活力钙片24片(600毫克)， 才能满足老年人和骨质疏松症患者的需要。补充其他钙剂的原则也是一样的，就是要根据厂家标明的钙含量，而不是钙盐量，一般每天为600毫克。 如果剂量偏小，当然就收不到补钙的效果。 钙磷比例失调 在正常情况下，磷与钙在骨中的比率为0.6， 即每3毫当量,升钙就有2毫当量,升磷。钙磷比例不合适，就会影响钙的吸收和利用。特别是磷的缺乏，会导致骨量减少。老年人由于摄入减少，加之对鱼、肝、肉、蛋等含磷丰富的食物有恐惧心理，摄入不足，尽管补充了足够的钙，但由于没有足够的磷，钙沉积并无明显增加。鲜牛奶之所以对骨质疏松症有利，就是牛奶中钙磷比例适当，能达到钙、磷双补的作用。 食物成分不当 如果在补钙的同时，摄入过多的含植酸、草酸、鞣酸的食物(例如菠菜等)和含脂肪酸食物(主要指猪油和肥肉)，就会和钙相结合而减少钙的吸收。此外，一些优质蛋白质(如牛肉、鱼、海产品、瘦猪肉等)，在肠道消化过程中释放出的氨基酸，可使肠道酸度降低，并与钙形成不易吸收的钙盐，也可减少钙的吸收。所以在补钙的同时，要避免食物成分的相互作用和影响，以减少钙的丢失。 激素的影响 有多种激素可促进肠钙的吸收，最主要的是活性维生D3。老年人的活性维生素D3水平偏低，影响钙的吸收和利用。补钙的同时需补充活性维生素D3。 其他促进肠钙吸收的激素还有:雌激素、雄激素、生长激素、降钙素等。妇女绝经后，雌激素减少，肠钙吸收减少，补充雌激素后可使肠钙吸收增加，骨量增加。补充雌激素，宜在绝经后尽早开始，至少坚持至75岁。其他激素也可适量补充，以增加补钙效果。当然，补充激素一定要在有经验的医生指导下进行。 户外运动减少 活动过少可以导致骨质疏松或加速骨质疏松的发生。如果坚持户外运动，每天接受阳光照射，甚至可不服活性维生素D3 。在我国，南方人较北方人骨含量高，这是由于南方较北方接受的阳光照射充足的缘故。 4、哪些人群应补钙, 补钙，对于很多人来说都认为只有小孩和佝偻病患者才需要。其实这种看法是不全面的。在临床上有很多病患者，他们都需要补钙。 糖尿病 糖尿病人的典型症状为"三多一少"，即多饮、多食、多尿和体重减轻，由于渗透性利尿作用，使体内钙排出增多，由此导致糖尿病性骨病的发生，出现骨质变薄，骨质疏松乃至骨盆畸形或病理性骨折。 老年性骨质疏松 人过中年，由于内分泌功能减退，活动过少，钙摄入不足等因素，骨代谢发生障碍，成骨减少，钙丢失过多，出现骨质疏松，骨退行性变，表现腰腿疼痛，弯腰驼背乃至发生病理性骨折现象。 孕妇 有的孕妇腰腿疼痛，小腿抽筋。由于胎儿的生长发育，对钙的需求量增加而导致孕妇缺钙。此外，低体重儿、早产儿、营养不良儿、慢性腹泻儿，应注意补钙。因小儿缺钙不但会影响生长发育，而且还会因缺钙继发多种疾病的发生。 癫痫病人 近年来，科学研究证明，长期应用抗癫痫药时，体内均有不同程度的骨密度低下、骨代谢异常。一旦缺钙往往癫痫又不易控制，故需长期服用。 "三饮"者 长期大量饮酒或经常喝茶、喝咖啡者应注意补钙。因饮酒使骨代谢发生障碍，易引起骨质疏松症，长期饮茶喝咖啡，由于利尿作用，使钙排出增加，容易导致体内缺钙。 甲状旁腺功能低下 "甲旁"功能低下或缺少，可导致肠钙吸收减少，从而引起血钙降低。病人出现四肢麻木、刺痛、僵直、痉挛等一系列症状。 补钙应注意以下几点:?尽量从饮食上摄取钙，多食含钙丰富食物。?糖尿病骨病者，除积极治疗糖尿病外，可选用降钙素和钙剂联合应用，增进骨细胞生成。?老年人，小儿缺钙应注意增加户外活动，晒太阳。?补钙同时注意蛋白质、维生素D的补充，以促进钙吸收，但补钙剂量不宜过大，以防引起泌尿系统结石。 5、膳食补钙要经常化 补钙是保健的重要课题。老年人腰腿疼痛麻木、抽筋、肥胖、水肿、便秘、高血压、动脉硬化及骨质疏松等多种疾病都与缺钙有关。老年人每日摄取钙理应在1000毫克以上，而日常饮食摄入钙量只有300—500毫克。服用一些高钙营养品固然重要，而通过日常膳食补钙则更为经济实用。 牛奶 半斤牛奶，含钙300毫克，还含有多种氨基酸、乳酸、 矿物质及维生素，促进钙的消化吸收，因此，牛奶应作为补钙的主要来源。 大豆 大豆是高蛋白食物，含钙量也很高。500克豆浆含钙120毫克，150克豆腐含钙就高达500毫克，其他豆制品也是补钙良品。 海带和虾皮 海带和虾皮是高钙海产品。每天吃上25克就可以补钙300毫克，还能降低血脂，预防动脉硬化。虾皮含钙量更高，25 克就有500毫克。 动物骨头 动物骨头80,以上都是钙，但是不溶于水，难以吸收。可以榨碎，加醋文火慢煮，还可加黄豆、姜盐等。 疏菜 疏菜中也有许多高钙品种，雪里蕻100克含钙230毫克;小白菜、油菜、茴香、芫荽、芹菜等含量也在150毫克左右。 这些绿叶疏菜每天吃上250克就可补钙400毫克。 芝麻 芝麻是老年保健良品，也是补钙的来源，可适量服用。芝麻酱含钙量也很高，稀饭、面汤及凉拌菜都可加点芝麻酱，进行补钙。 钙摄入人体后，在体内的吸收利用是一个复杂的难题。就是最易消化吸收的牛奶，钙的吸收率也只有50,，其他的含钙食物吸收率更低。维生素D能调节体内钙、磷代谢，促进钙的吸收利用。维生素D的来源，一是靠人体接受室外阳光紫外线的照射在体内合成;二是靠食物。除鱼肝油外，其他食物含量极低。唯有香菇富含维生素D，每克就含维生素D40国际单位。但是，必须经室外阳光照晒，但因照晒的效果会逐日减退，所以存放一个月后应重复照晒。每天只需服3—5克即可，切碎水煎或冲服，也可加入稀饭、菜汤中食用。多吃点醋和发醇面食也有助钙的吸收。 我们现行的膳食结构，含钙量都很低，必须注意加用一些补钙食品。由于钙吸收困难，补钙效果较慢，要改善症状需要几个月甚至一、二年的时间，应当贯彻"多品种、常变换、多摄入、经常化"的思想，坚持不懈，才能获得补钙保健的理想效果。 6、结石患者也需补钙 人体内不论是胆结石、肾结石或其它部位结石，主要成分都是不溶性钙盐。过去一种理论认为，发病原因是由于机体摄入了过多的钙，引起了钙在体内的沉积。在此理论指导下，提出结石症病人要少吃含钙多的食品，以利于预防和治疗结石。但近年的研究发现，结石症并非是由摄入过多的钙所致，而是体内钙代谢紊乱的结果。 我国的营养学和流行病学调查表明，从饮食中摄取的钙目前尚处在机体需要量的下限以至低于下降，这其中包括那些患有结石症的患者。大多数现代人由于摄入过于精制的饮食，所以导致钙摄入不足，机体经常处于一种缺钙的状态。钙在体内的代谢平衡是由一个被称之为钙代谢稳定系统控制的。这一系统包括甲状旁腺及甲状旁腺素、降钙素、维生素D等，根据摄入及排出的量，调整着钙在体内各部分的平衡。主要是血浆与骨骼中钙的平衡。人体缺钙首先表现在血浆中，由于血浆低钙，为维持各种生理功能的正常进行，机体不得不动用骨骼贮存的钙。当体内经常处于一种缺钙的环境时，钙平衡系统既要维持血浆中钙的正常浓度，又要维持骨骼中的正常含量，往往是顾此失彼，严重时就发生了代谢紊乱，医学上也称之为"血钙自稳定系统失调"。这种失调的结果就是异常的"钙迁徙"，即骨钙减少，血钙和软组织钙含量增加的反常现象。 钙的异常迁徙，可引起一些表面看似乎很矛盾的疾病，骨质疏松、骨质增生、结石、动脉硬化等。而且这些疾病往往在一个患者身上就有几种并存。日本内分泌专家藤田拓指出:"这种钙质从骨骼向软组织和血液中迁徙的现象是衰老的典型特征"。其根治方法只有通过补钙，刺激血钙自稳定系统恢复平衡，最终达到降低血钙与软组织钙的的含量，增加骨钙的目的。因此，结石与骨质增生的患者同样需要补钙。 结石病人补钙，首选活性离子钙如珍珠钙、巨能钙等。同时注意大量饮水，避免摄入含有草酸和磷酸盐的食品，如荸荠、苋菜、菠菜、茭白及竹笋、笋干等，如吃上述疏菜也应用开水焯一下，除去草酸和磷酸盐。适当限制摄入高磷食品，如乳品和肉类。另外注意多食含镁和维生素B6的食品，前者如海藻、葵花子、黄豆、杏仁等;后者如酒酿、 糙米、蜂王浆、黄豆、黑豆及发酵类面食等。 7、小儿佝偻病补钙还是补"维D" 随着我国人均生活水平和婴儿保健水平的提高，多数母亲对小儿佝偻病有一定的了解。由于各种宣传媒介的影响，一般人误认为在治疗和预防小儿佝偻病时往往以补钙为主，而实际上，小儿佝偻病的本质是因为缺乏维生素D引起的钙磷代谢障碍，只有补充维生素D才是治本。也就是说，缺钙是小儿佝偻病的表现形式，而真正缺乏的却是维生素D。 1岁以内的小儿称婴儿，其喂养以乳类为主，婴儿期常见的佝偻病又称维生素D缺乏性佝偻病，它的发病原因是:1、 维生素D摄入不足防碍钙磷吸收。母乳或牛乳中所含维生素D均不能满足婴儿营养的需要，特别是牛乳中钙磷含量比例不适当更妨碍其吸收。2、 日光照射不足，体内生成维生素D缺乏。3、生长发育速度快， 骨骼生长迅速，相对地缺乏维生素D。4、肝胆、 胃肠道慢性疾病影响维生素D的吸收。 维生素D对婴儿体内钙磷代谢的功能包括:1、 促进肠道粘膜细胞对钙磷的吸收。2、促进肾对钙磷的再吸收， 降低尿中钙磷的排出量，提高血钙浓度。3、促进成骨代谢，利于新骨形成。 因此缺乏维素D时，服用再多的钙，身体也难以吸收和利用。正确的认识是，小儿佝偻病发病的根本原因是体内绝对性和相对性地缺乏维生素D，继而导致钙磷吸收障碍，其表现为常见的佝偻病。 预防小儿佝偻病的原则应包括:1、 孕母及乳母的饮食应富含维生素D并多晒太阳。2、小儿出生满月后应常抱出户外活动。3、小儿生后1个月开始补充维生素D，每日400单位。 早产儿出生后2周即应补充维生素D，每日800单位，3个月后减至每日400单位。4、 由于婴儿期以乳类喂养为主，每日摄入的钙量已能满足生长发育的需要，不须特殊补钙。5、二岁后小儿生长相对减慢，户外活动增多， 故一般无须补充维生素D。6、当确定婴儿患佝偻病， 应当在医生指导下补充维生素D。 总之，补充维生素D来防治小儿佝偻病，才是根本。 8、给小儿补钙当注意什么, 许多父母认为，孩子应该在出生之后半个月到一个月再开始补钙。其实这种观点是不科学的。因为胎儿出生之后脐带被剪断，母体与胎儿之间的营养通道也就此中断了，可小儿的生长发育仍在继续，因而每天都缺少不了对钙的需求，所以正确的做法应是在出生后第三天就开始补钙，一直要补到小儿能够吃与成人一样的普通食物为止。 我们知道，婴儿的营养主要来自乳类，而母乳是最理想的婴儿食品。每100毫升母乳中含钙34毫克，含磷15毫克，两者之比为2.4:1，这种比例最适合婴儿肠壁对钙的吸收。所以母乳喂养的婴儿较少发生缺钙或者佝偻病。相反，每100毫升牛乳中含钙120毫克，含磷93毫克，从钙磷的绝对值来看，牛乳中的钙磷量确实比母乳为多，但是牛乳中的钙磷比例为1.2:1，这种比例是不符合婴儿的生理需求的，•也不利于肠壁对钙的吸收。临床观察也证实，牛乳喂养的婴儿容易发生缺钙或者佝偻病。有时候虽然一些家长给小儿吃了不少的钙剂，但是小儿缺钙的表现还是很明显，究其原因就是家长没有正确地掌握补钙的方法。那么，给小儿补钙的时候应该注意什么问题呢, 1、钙剂不可与植物性的食物同吃——植物性的食物比如蔬菜中多数含有草酸盐、磷酸盐等盐类，它们可以和钙相结合生成多聚体而沉定，从而妨碍钙剂的吸收，所以豆腐和豆制品不宜与蔬菜一起烹制。 2、钙剂不可与油脂类食物同吃——油脂分解之后生成的脂肪酸与钙结合形成奶块，这不容易被肠道吸收，最终随大便排出体外。 3、补钙时间应适当掌握——由于奶制品当中的脂肪酸影响钙剂的吸收，因此补钙最好安排在两次喂奶之间。 4、补钙应注意的适当剂量——通常2岁以下的小儿每天需要400•—600毫克，3—12岁每天需800—1000毫克。按照正常的饮食，儿童每天从食物中摄取的钙剂只有需要量的三分之二，所以每天必须再额外补钙，以填补欠缺的三分之一的钙剂。此外，人体内有一系列调节机制可以控制钙剂的摄入量，如果体内钙剂充足，肠道吸收钙剂就会少一些，反之就会多一些，多余的钙也会随大小便排出体外。所以钙剂口服过多也不会发生中毒，家长可以放心地让小儿服用。 需要强调指出的是，钙剂的吸收必须有维生素D的参与，如果体内缺乏维生素D，肠道吸收钙剂的活动就会大打折扣了。如果钙吸收良好，磷的吸收也就同时增加了，并在生长的骨骼部位形成钙磷的沉积，使新骨不断生长壮大。临床上使用最普遍的维生素D制剂就是鱼肝油，如果在补钙的同时不补充鱼肝油的话，平时小儿又不晒太阳，就会发生维生素D缺乏症而导致佝偻病。维生素D的预防剂量为每天400个国际单位，不可过量，否则会引起中毒。 另外，学龄儿童也同样需要补充钙剂，但不是服药，而是通过一日三餐的食物补给。食物当中钙的来源很多，例如乳类、乳制品、藕粉、绿叶蔬菜、根茎类的植物、黄豆等等，尤其是豆腐和豆浆，经常食用，钙剂就不会缺乏了。 9、莫把钙剂当补品 钙是人体骨骼和牙齿的重要组成成分，钙离子还是所有细胞正常生理机能所必需的物质，维生素D可促进机体对钙的吸收和利用，当维生素D及钙缺乏时，婴幼儿可出现佝偻病，成人则可发生骨质软化病及骨质疏松症。婴幼儿生长发育较快，而其户外活动较少，光照不足，以致体内不能合成内源性维生素D，另外，婴幼儿摄入食物种类较少，造成维素D和钙摄入不足，因此给婴幼儿补充维生素D和钙是必要的。钙剂中除了钙外， (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.