英语专业本科毕业论文-中西酒文化对比

英语专业本科毕业论文-中西酒文化对比 内蒙古财经大学本科毕业论文 中西酒文化对比 作 者 系 别 外国语学院 专 业 商务英语 年 级 08 级 学 号 指导教师 导师职称 副教授 最终成绩 Foreign Languages College Inner Mongolia Finance and Economics University Comparison of the Wine Culture between China and the West Feng Xueyao A thesis submitted to Foreign Languages College of Inner Mongolia Finance and Economics University In full-time fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Bachelor of Arts May 2012 Hohhot, China 摘要 酒是人类生活中的主要饮料之一。在人类文化的历史长河中，它不仅是一种客观的物质存在，而且是一种文化象征，即酒神精神的象征。酒文化源远流长，品种繁多，是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异，酒文化也是一样。本文通过比较中西方酒的源头，酿酒原料与酒品的差异，酒文化核心的差异，酒的交际功能等方面的不同来分析和比较中西方酒文化差异，从而进一步阐述中西方文化差异，特别是价值观方面的差异。 关键词:中国，西方，酒文化，比较 Abstract The wine is one of the major beverages in people’s daily life. In the long history of human culture, it is not only an objective physical existence but also a cultural symbol. That is the symbol of wine culture. Wine culture is long standing and well established. Wine culture is one of the irreplaceable parts of a country’s historic development and cultural sediment. Chinese and western values are basically different, and so is the wine culture. Through comparing the origin and the material and category of wine-making, drinking customs, the communicative functions and drinking culture between China and the West, this paper studies the differences between Chinese wine culture and the Western wine culture. Thus further to compare the difference between China and the western culture, especially the value. Key Words: China, the west, wine culture, comparison Acknowledgements I am gladly to take this opportunity to express my thanks to my tutor----Miss Wang Ying, who offers me academic advices on composing this paper. Her patient help and timely encouragement are worthy of high acknowledgement. On the process of composing the paper, she also played an important role in indicating a bright road in my future writing. And I also would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Zhao Guodong, who once gave some classes about how to write a paper. At the same time, I would like to thank all the leaders and teachers of the Foreign Languages Collage. I do need to thank my classmates who spend their time in reading my paper and give me their advices. Table of Contents 摘要................................................................................................................................ i Abstract..........................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………...iii Table of Contents..........................................................................................................iv Part I Introduction..........................................................................................................1 Part II Origins of Chinese Wine and the Western Wine.................................................2 2.1 The Origins of Chinese Wine.........................................................................2 2.2 The Origins of the Western Wine...................................................................2 Part III Material and Category for Wine-making...........................................................3 3.1 The Materials and Categories of Chinese Wine...............................................4 3.1.1 The Yellow Liquor…………………………………………………….4 3.1.2The White Liquor……………………………………………………...4 3.2 The Materials and Categories of Western Wine...............................................5 3.2.1 Whisky………………………………………………………………...6 3.2.2 Brandy………………………………………………………………...6 3.2.3 Lyme Wine (Rum)…………………………………………………….6 Part IV. The Core of Wine Culture…………………………………………………….6 4.1 The Different Preferences of Wine between China and the West ……………7 4.2. Different Wine-Drinking Customs between China and the West…................7 4.2.1 Chinese Wine-Drinking Customs………………………………………8 4.2.2 Western Wine-Drinking Customs………………………………………8 4.3. Different Drinking Vessels between China and the West……………………9 4.4. Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture………………..10 4.4.1 Lyricism and Enjoyment……………………………............................10 4.4.2 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink…………………………………………11 4.4.3 Masculinity and Feminism……………………………........................11 Part V. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....11 Bibliography.................................................................................................................1 Comparison of the Wine Culture between China and the West Part I. Introduction The wine, from its first presence, has occupied an important position in people?s daily life. And with the development of the human history, the wine has become an integral part of human culture, and formed different cultural backgrounds. The charm of the wine culture is that it is always accompanied by other cultures, giving a different cultural flavor to show its different personality. Western wine culture can be said to be the wine made from grape, while Chinese wine culture is the rice wine. As the living environment, historical background, traditional custom, the value and social norms are different, the wine culture between the east and the west presents a disparate ethnic characteristics. Eastern and western wine cultures do have their similarities but they are quite different. Wine culture is the projection of the human society and the history. The differences of wine culture mean the difference of its main body culture. Chinese wine drinking culture is generally typical collectivism, friends drink to one's content, and people tend to make drinking atmosphere. While the western wine culture is individualism. Although there are also collective parties, westerners pay more attention to personal taste for wine drinking. The comparison of the Wine Culture between China and the West is quite significant. The paper is divided into five parts and it analyses the origins of Chinese wine culture and western wine culture, material and category for wine-making and then by comparing the Chinese wine-drinking customs and the western wine-drinking customs to reach the core of wine culture and the at last compare the communicative functions and drinking culture between China and the west. Through comparing the origin , the material and category of wine-making and drinking customs between Chinese and the Western world, this paper studies the differences between Chinese wine culture and the Western wine culture to help people know more about the differences of Chinese culture and the Western culture. Through comparing, people in the east and west can make a good understanding of each other and will be good for their future communication. Part II. Origins of Chinese Wine and the Western Wine The wine, to both the Chinese and the westerners, plays an important role in people?s daily life. To compare the different origins of wine between China and the West, we should first compare the different origins of wine culture. The wine culture is one of the most popular and the most important human cultures. The origin of wine in China is different from that in the West. It is human beings who brewed wine in China but in the West, wine is the product made by the spirit. 2.1 The Origins of Chinese Wine Usually, there are four legends of Chinese wine origins. They are all about who invested the methods of making wine. The originators are as follows: Yi Di, Du Kang, the monkey and the Chinese Lord .Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China and are believed by most people. According to ancient annals, Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine from fermented glutinous rice. The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward. Yu, while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste, so Yi Di was rewarded. Another Chinese wine-maker, Du Kang, created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum. As a legend has it, one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow. The following spring he noticed a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented. This accidental discovery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage. And with no doubt, he succeeded. The liquid he invented was so popular that Du Kang became the pronoun of the wine and was remembered by people until now. 2.2 The origins of the Western Wine Different from Chinese origin of wine, the West has no clear records in its history. It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word „„poison” to prevent others from eating them. There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to kill herself at that time. She opened it and drank for a few mouths. She didn?t feel painful but a sense of intoxication and giddy when she was waiting to die before she fell asleep. When she awoke, she found the stresses that had made her life intolerable had dispersed. Returning to the source of her relief, her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she told the king the matter .A test is unavoidable but the concubine regained the King's favor. This, of course, is a beautiful legend. There are many other kinds of arguments about western origins of wine like the beautiful legend we just mentioned. The ancient Egyptian think wine is invented by the guardian angel of the dead----Francis. The Greek people thought that wine was brought to people by the wine god Dionysus. Many arguments also classified the wine to the God-making products. Among these arguments, the wine god Dionysus made the wine the most popular one. The wine god Dionysus is a Greek god, it is said that Dionysus is the kid of the father of the gods ----Zeus and the Thebe Princess Mily. After Mily was killed by Zeus?s another wife, Dionysus was raised by a goddess. Then he began to stray around Europe with his servant, wherever they go, there float up the smell of wine, and then wine becomes popular in the European continent. Just like Du Kang, Dionysus is the pronoun of the western wine. Part III. Material and Category for Wine-making The variety and quality of agricultural products in an area are determined by its soil, water, climate and other natural condition. China?s vast land breeds its abundant resources dominated by agriculture since ancient times. All political, economic activities are based on the agricultural development in China. Wine in China is mostly in grain brewing. “Wine is great essential of food, as drunk as possible young "is a proverb in Chinese mess, but is also really brilliant .China and the West have obviously different wine cultures. As far as the used material and category for wine-making are concerned, the most characteristic and notable wine in China is made from corn and rice, while in the West it is the wine made from grape. 3.1 The Materials and Categories of Chinese Wine China is one of the three ancient countries in the world that has thousands of years of history to brew wine. Wine is China's national unique treasure, it can push for China one of the world„s " five great inventions". In China?s history of more than 5,000 years of ups and downs, more than 4,000 years are of fully and delightfully wine culture. Wine closely adhered to agriculture and become part of the agricultural economy. Saying the four originators of wine making, all are wine made from food. That is to say, wine is linked to both agriculture and nature. In fact Chinese wine culture has been involved in all aspects of social life, permeate every state of society. Today, China is also famous for its masterly technology and distinctive style of wine and is more renowned for the long history and profound culture. The world people gradually realized the great value of wine culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese wine since the foundation of the People?s Republic of China. In China, the word for alcohol "jiu" is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, from "pijiu"(beer) to liquors (just called "jiu") and to grape wine ("putaojiu"). The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China cannot be traced definitely. The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century. Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own. 3.1.1 The Yellow Liquor The wine can be generally classified into two types, namely, yellow liquors (huangjiu) or clear (white) liquor (baijiu). The yellow liquor is fermented wine that is brewed directly from grains such as rice or wheat. Such liquor contains less than 20% alcohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration. This wine is traditionally pasteurized，aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale to consumers. Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu. 3.1.2The White Liquor White liquor (baijiu) are also commonly called shaojiu, which means "hot liquor" or "burned liquor", either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation. There are a great many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored. There are a large number of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us. For example: (1) Fen Jiu-- this wine was dated back to Northern and Southern Dynasties (5500 A.D.). It is the original Chinese white wine made from sorghum. Alcohol content by volume: 63--65%. (2) Mao Tai Jiu-- this wine has a production history of over 200 years. It is named after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province. It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle. This wine is famous to the western world when the Chinese government served this in state banquets unentertaining the US presidents. Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%. (3) Gao Liang Jiu-- Gao Liang is the Chinese name for sorghum. Besides sorghum, the brewing processes also use barley, wheat and so on. The wine was originated from Da Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty. Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum. Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%. 3.2 The Materials and Categories of Western Wine The western civilization was originated in the Mediterranean area, located on the Mediterranean coast of Italy and its surrounding areas of France and Germany, which made the two countries become the world big wine industry countries and Germany the “the country of beer” in Central Europe. Western wine culture has thus become a grape wine and beer culture. Moreover, the western culture is based on" the Bible". One of these is the story of Noah?s ark. Noah, with animals and vegetable selected from all of the world, and with his three sons, boarded the ark of Noah. The ark came to Mount Ararat, Noah started to cultivate the land, the first plant he planted is the grape plant, and later, he began to brew wine. The Western wine-making technology and religion are closely linked. The western wine spirit takes the winemaking God Dionysius as a symbol. As Europeans profess Christianity, they called bread and wine God's flesh and blood, the wine is seen vital in their daily life. Therefore, Westerners believe that the future is full of hope; they believe that their work will bring them a wonderful life; they believe that God has eternal life. These are one of the main western values. There are a large number of types of famous western liquors and wines familiar to us, they are as follows: 3.2.1 Whisky Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation and distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel. Although any cereal can be used to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, hushed wheat, and barley. 3.2.2 Brandy Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue. Distilled alcohol content is less than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character. 3.2.3 Lyme Wine (Rum) Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum wine where is abound in sugarcane. Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means excitement. Rum is distilled wine made from sugarcane as the raw material. It is different for the difference of producing area and the way to make it. It can be divided into three types according to the tint. It is one of the basic wines in confecting cocktail. Part IV. The Core of Wine Culture Looking into the core of wine culture, Chinese people consider wine as a tool and hide their real intention behind wine while people in the West think of the wine as an art work and they have the direct intention of wine-drinking. From the etiquette point of view, there are many differences of wine culture between China and the West. The scene in which a group of Chinese drinking together will be more abustle and astir than the scene in which a group of Westerners drinking together. Because the Chinese are good at urging others to drink， that is to say, they will force you to drink until you are drunk. This habit not only reflects the hospitality of Chinese people, but also has much to do with the Chinese collective thought. As a special toasting way ,urging others to drink, is a custom slowly formed by the Chinese people in the thousands years of history, the custom is a kind of Chinese traditional culture that is completely abseen in western countries and is often not understood by the westerners. People in the West stress democracy and freedom a lot, they will never interfere and force others. The westerners will drink when they want to drink and they stop when they drink enough, no one will force them to drink and they can enjoy the good wine alone. The Chinese and western cultural difference is here. Besides, Chinese drinking wine has the far and near distance difference, saying" deep feelings, a boring, shallow feelings, a licking. When two close friends met, they will say few words, all the feelings and emotions are in the wine .The wine will expresses their feelings, no language is needed, emotion and feeling are in the glasses. 4.1 The Different Preferences of Wine between China and the West In Chinese traditional values, Chinese people tend to choose the wine made from raw food materials as formal drinks in formal occasions. When the Chinese government fetes foreign guests, Chinese advanced domestic Wuliangye or Mao-tai is always the flagship beverage. Although in recent years, the beer market in China is gradually expanding, people will choose beer to regulate the atmosphere in common parties. However, in a formal occasion, people would be tacit to choose liquor to perform this function. For example, when a new couple is celebrating a wedding ceremony, in order to meet the needs of different groups of people, there are liquor, beer and beverages on guest table but the couple toasting their guests with the liquor. In the West, beyond question, the grape wine and brandy using grape as raw material are loved by most westerners. No matter common regulates atmosphere, warm heating, friends meeting or formal banquet guest, the westerners will invariably choose wine. Wine has also become the essential adjust in their daily life. 4.2 Different Wine-Drinking Customs between China and the West 4.2.1Chinese Wine-Drinking Customs China is a multi-ethnic country with a five thousand years? long history; the customs for drinking are the most obvious one. China has so many different customs either in Han or ethnic minorities. Among these, wine drinking custom is the most obvious one. At the very beginning, wine is mainly used for sacrifice. People should toast the ancestors or gods to pray for health or protecting their crops during the process. Wine in the sacrifice is not one kind of ordinary beverage, but embodied sacred thing. Minorities have their own customs, such as Tujia ethnic minorities “three cups of wine”. In China, wine is usually used as a tool. Like an ancient Chinese saying said, the drinker?s heart is not in the cup but in the mountains and forests. As Cao Cao?s cooking the greengage wine is for discussing who the true hero is. As Li Bai?s Invitation to Win is written to get rid of worries. Chinese people care the people who drink as well as the drinking atmosphere. Chinese drinking etiquette shows respect for those who they drink with.There is inherent order to both the master and the guest. Toast should started by the master from the most distinguished guests. Glass should be full when toasting to other guest to express your respect to the toasted guests. Younger generation should toast to the older generation forwardly and drink up firstly, so is the lower rank toast to higher-ups. Sometimes, Finger Guessing Games are played to make fun when people drink. There are no fixed rules in the game, usually, the loser will drink following the winner?s order. Obviously, China's wine drinking culture is deeply influenced by Chinese traditional ethics and cultural hierarchy of respecting the old and cherishing the young. 4.2.2 Western Wine-Drinking Customs In the West, there are not so many customs for drinking wine, but its table manners reflect its wine culture. To identify grape wine, people will watch the color first, smell it then and at last taste it. They enjoy wine with all their sensory organs .In the process of drinking; they pay attention to the drinking turns. White wine first and Red wine follows, mild wine first and then rich wine and short-time wine before longer time wine. Through these procedures, they taste the changes of wine gradually on the basis of taste regularity or drinking, they have different glasses for different wine. For instance, the goblet is for gathering aroma of wine. These table manners reflect their respect for wine, and what they do is to enjoy the good things. The Westerners emphasis on the wine, depending on what wine they drink and the most important thing is to enjoy the full flavor of wine.In the West banquet, wine is the protagonist while food is a supporting role. Westerners generally do not urge people to drink, how much to drink, and this often depends on one?s personal emotions. This is just the opposite of Chinese people's drinking habits. So we should not urge neighbor to drink at western tables. Drinking drooling on the table is very shameful in the west. When pour wine at western tables, pour a maximum of eight full or sometimes less, overflow is regarded as rude behavior by the westerners. The order of pouring wine should be first to the master, the second guest of honor, and then the other guests. Compared with Chinese-style toast, the Western-style toast should be proposed by the male master to the entire guest and present some blessing words, no guests should be missed. Generally it is not suitable for guests to propose to toast to the master, so as to avoid overwhelming. Neither does a woman propose to toast to men. 4.3. Different Drinking Vessels between China and the West Whether in China or in the West, people put great emphasis on the wine vessels. As an important part of human culture, wine drinking culture, also has a long history with different poses and different expressions. Along with the social economy unceasing development, the wine producing materials, producing process, the shape and the function are in constant changes. In ancient China, wine vessels were known as the" zun". As a proper noun, zun is an open, high, long neck and decorated with animal motifs alcohol container. In addition to zun, there were pot, grand, angle, offer, cup, danger, calabash, halogen, hammer and other various vessels. Each device has its own role and is in different shapes. Vessel shape and liquor flavor have great relevance. Because different shapes of the vessels are apt to make different contact area between the wine and the tongue, and the drink contained in mouth will also be affected, the taste of wine and wine shape also has a relationship. This is also the reason why westerners choose different shapes and materials of the vessels to fill different alcohols, and why the western countries also have a lot of wine vessels, properly speaking. Their drinking glasses are in a clear assignment. There is a general rule in the using of drinking glasses in the West, that is, whether drink red wine or liquor, you must use transparent goblet. Transparent goblet is so suitable for people to drink wine that you can enjoy not only its color and smell but also its true taste. The cup in the wine tasting process plays an important role. Only by using the right cup wine characteristics can be shown. Each wine has its fixed cups, such as brandy glass, beer glass, saucer cup, white wine cup and so on. Beyond all doubt, the western countries pay equal attention to wine vessels as well as we Chinese people. What is different is that China?s various types of vessels are the productions of both the development of social productivity and the needs of the feudal hierarchy-- to represent different identity through different wine vessels. Wines vessels were divided into various grades as the ancient robes and made rating labels. Different people use different vessels, the existence of the wine vessel is entirely in order to identify and highlight of the man who drunk. 4.4. Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 4.4.1 Lyricism and Enjoyment China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure. In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind. Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on. In China, the wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to express feelings after drinking. The so-called the drinker?s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love. Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero; to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away. Different feelings and different mood are passed through the wine. In the western countries, the purpose of drinking is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol. Of course, the red wine in the West also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste. It can be seen that the western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine. Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring to us. 4.4.2 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink Chinese people pay attention to the “Shallow sip”. The so-called “Shallow sip” is to put the glass in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to pursue the realm into a little drunk. The so-called little drunk is like non-drunk drunk and non-awake awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm. We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time. The westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so-called “cattle drink “also described as the “drink by”. That is, no matter one bottle or one glass, just raise your neck to drink it overturned. They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them. 4.4.3 Masculinity and Feminism Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male. Since ancient times, "wine" was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment. By the "wine" of power, things will line. Things can be done easier by the power of wine. Cao Cao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him. Wine and beauty seem always to go together, both are men?s tool to release their pressure. Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men's vassals. Nevertheless, in most cases, women are often still at arm's length speak of wine. The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral. In western countries, there?s not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink. Female drinking is socially accepted, and tends to be neutral on the whole. Part V. Conclusion The wine culture differences between the Chinese and the West mainly include the alcohol preference, drinking etiquette and spiritual connotation. The wine culture differences between the Chinese and the West have a long history. Facing the world increasingly become a communion, the people of the world should communicate more frequently and exchange their experiences. And wine has become the bridge between different peoples and has also become the bridge between the nations and states. Wine culture is a mirror to human culture. The wine charm lies in its going hand in hand with variety of cultures, and wine culture shows a different personality compared with other cultures. China and the Western wine culture vary, they are both gleaming and distinctive in the long world history. Drinking wine is drinking wine culture, China's wine culture is actually the relationship between people when drinking, Western culture is the drinking of wine when the relationship between man and wine. China is a country which particularly cares about the wine culture, especially emphasis on the external form, meaning, ritual, functions of the wine. Western wine culture concerned more about the intrinsic style and the main characteristics of wine, the sight, smell, taste, and the mix of food and other personal feelings while drinking. Chinese people?s drinking wine is generally typical collectivism, groups of friends go around and have a hearty drink, and people are more inclined to create an atmosphere of drinking happily. 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