心内科医学专业英语词汇.doc

心内科医学专业英语词汇.doc 医学 术语学 (yi xue shu yu xue) Introduction to the First Edition of Medical Terminology for the Chinese Medical Professional This is to serve as an introduction to medical terminology that is commonly in use by the English speaking international medical community. This book is put together with the Chinese language speaker in mind but may be used by English language speakers who wish to familiarize themselves with Chinese medical terminology. It is not intended as a replacement for the arduous study of the Greek and Latin languages, which are the basis of the majority of the words, used by the English speaking medical community, but rather as a beginning in learning the myriad of words and terms in use by the modern medical community. Learning the terms presented in this book will enable the student to understand most of the words and expressions in current use, and armed with the knowledge of the construction of how Greek and Latin words are created should enable the reader, to be able to obtain a comprehension of any new medical vocabulary terms. Chinese has been added to facilitate a better understanding for the intended Chinese reader. In the first part of the book the reader is introduced to the construction of medical terms. Subsequent chapters then delve into the various medical fields, which use terms specific to their disciplines. Abbreviations and terms not of Greek or Latin origin are introduced to familiarize the reader with additional idiosyncrasies in English Medical Terminology. How to Understand Medical terms and Expressions The foundation for medical terms in the English language has it roots in the languages of Latin and Greek. Knowledge of these languages will give a Chinese Medical Professional a much better understanding of an unfamiliar word and or expression. Conversely, the Medical Professional whom has English, as their primary language will benefit from seeing the construction of the Chinese Medical Terminology in their studies of the Chinese language. Familiarize yourself with the Latin, Greek and French works in this Book and you will be able to understand the vast majority of medical terms in use in the English language. When you encounter a word you have never seen before you will be able to understand it’s meaning by “dissecting” the word and knowing its components and how they are used in other words. English being a dynamic language will continue to incorporate more new medical terms and replace older ones, you need to prepare yourself by knowing the material contained within this manual. Medical terminology words and words of importance are in Bold script. Sometimes a definition is given for the word and this will be in parentheses. Chinese is added to those words, which are written in bold script, to help the reader understand the relationship between the English Terminology and the Chinese Terminology. Pinyin is written in (Blue Italic Arial script) within parenthesis. An Example of this format is as follows: Cardiology (the study of the heart) 心脏病学 (xin zang bing xue) Observe how in Chinese the word Myocarditis (inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) has a structure, which is not too dissimilar to the English with心 (xin) meaning heart, 肌 (ji) meaning muscle and炎 (yan) meaning inflammation. Using this word dissection technique the non-Chinese speaker can familiarize themselves with the Chinese Medical Terminology. Here is another example to illistrate how nicely the Chinese construct medical words. The Chinese word for big is大 (da) and Intestine is 腸 (chang). And from the previous example炎 (yan) is understood to mean inflammation. So when you start to put them together in wanting to say large intestine you have 大腸 (da chang) and for colitis which is an inflammation of the large intestine it is simply大肠炎 (da chang yan). Generally there are three basic parts to English medical terms: Word Root 词根 (ci gen) This is the central meaning of the term and is usually in the middle of the medical term. Prefix 前缀 (qian zhui) Seen at the the beginning of the term it helps to identify the central meaning. Suffix 后缀 (hou zhui) Always at the end of the term, the suffix modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it. Here is an example of how to take apart a word to understand the term: Myocarditis 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) Prefix Word Root Suffix myo = muscle肌 (ji) card = heart 心 (xin) itis = inflammation 炎 (yan) Myo as the Prefix helps to identify the Word Root card, and it is modifying the Word Root by implicating an inflammation process that is occurring. Ergo, we can now understand that Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. Prefix change: Myocarditis (inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) Pericarditis (inflamed outer layer of heart) 心包炎 (xin bao yan) Endocarditis (inflamed inner layer of heart) 心内膜炎 (xin nei mo yan) Suffix change: Cardiologist (a physician specializing in the heart) 心脏病专家 (xin zang bing zhuan jia) Cardiomyopathy (damage to heart muscle layer) 心肌症 (xin jin zheng) Cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) 心脏扩大症 (xin zang kuo da zheng) The basics illustrated above are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate 示 范 (shi fan) how moving the parts of the word around modifies the central meaning without changing the Word Root cardio 心 (xin). When the Prefix and Suffix changes it can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the Word Root the same. Now let us take the Word Root therm 发热 (fa re) which means heat, and see how it is used to make words. Hypo is the Prefix and means less, so Hypothermia 体温降低 (ti wen jiuan di) can mean less heat. And another Prefix added to therm is Meter which means to measure, consequently a Thermometer 温度计 (wen du ji), 体温计 (ti wen ji) is a something used to measuring heat. Here both forms of the Chinese word for Thermometer are listed as the Chinese language distinguish between a thermometer used for measuring the air temperature温度计 (wen du ji) and another for body temperature体温计 (ti wen ji). The following are frequently used word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) used to make up many medical terms. If you know them, you will know the majority of simple medical terms. Note that some organs have more than one word root. For example, let us look at the word Breast乳房 (ru fang) which can be written as masto- or mammo-. Typically, one is derived from the Greek and one from Latin. You need to know both roots because you may see either of them used. An x-ray of the breast is called a Mammogram 乳房X线照片 (ru fang X xian zhao pian) and is used to help detect Mastocarcinoma (breast cancer) 乳癌and if the surgeon must remove the breast then that procedure is termed a Mastectomy乳房切除术 (lu fang qie chu shu). Remember the parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes, word roots and suffixes. The most typical sequence is prefix, word root, and suffix with the word root being central but this is not always the case. In this manual you will see a hyphen in front of a suffix to indicate it is added to the end of a word, let us take the example of –itis (inflammation) 炎 (yan) or –oma (tumor) 瘤 (Liu). Prefixes and word roots are shown as freestanding word parts. A slash and a vowel, such as seen in the example of Leuk/o (white) are called combining forms which make it easier to attach to other word parts, and, make the word easier to pronounce. A larger listing of Root Words, Prefixes and Suffixes are given in Appendix B and is included in this book to help the reader in further dissecting words and understanding them. Common Prefixes a/an = without, none Anemia贫血 (pin xue) Hyper = more then normal Hypertension 高血压 (gao xue ya) Hyperthermia 过高热 (guo gao re) Hypo = less then normal Hypotension 血压过低 (Xue ya guo gao) Hypothermia 降低体温 (jian de ti wen) Normo = Normal Normotensive 正常血压的 (zhen chan xue ya de) Brady = slow Bradycardia 心搏徐缓 (xin bo xu huan) Tachy = fast Tachycardia心动过速 (xin dong guo su) micro = small Microstomia (abnormally small mouth) 小口的 (xiao ko de) macro = large Macrostomia (abnormally large mouth) 颊横裂 (jia heng lie) mega/ -megaly = enlarged Megacolon (abnormally large colon) 巨结肠 (ju jei chang) Prefixes Showing Location Endo = within Endoscopy 内窥镜检查法 (Nei Kui Jing Jian Cha Fa) Peri = around Perianal (around the anus) 肛门周围的 (Gang Men Zhou Wei De) Circum = around Circumcise (to cut around) 环切术 (Huan Qie Shu) Retro = behind Retrosternal (behind the breastbone) 胸骨后的 (Xiong Gu Hou De) Epi = upon, on top Epidermis (outermost layer of skin) 表皮 (Biao Pi) Trans = through Transurethral (through the urinary duct) 经尿道的 (Jing Niao Dao De) Intra = within Intravenous (inside the veins, e.g. IV fluids) 静脉内的(Jing Mai Nei De) Sub = below Subclavian (below the clavicle or collar bone) 锁骨下的 (Suo Gu Xia De) Prefixes Showing Color Leuk/o = white Leukemia (Overabundance of white blood cells) 白血病 (Bai xue bing) xanth/o = yellow Xanthoma (Yellow tumor) 黄瘤 (Huang liu) cyan/o = blue Cyanosis (Blueness due to cold or no O in blood) 苍白病 (Cang bai bing) 2 melan/o = black Melanoma (Black tumor of the skin) 黑素瘤 (Hei su liu) Common Word Roots Stomato = Mouth Stomatitis口腔炎 (kou qiang yan) Dento = Teeth Dentist牙科医生 (Ya ke ti sheng) Glosso/Linguo = Tongue 舌头 (she tou) Glossitis 舌炎 (She yan), Lingual nerve舌神经 (She shen jing) Gingivo=Gums齿龈 (Chi yin) Gingivitis齿龈炎 (Chi yin yan) Encephalo = Brain 脑 (nao) Encephalitis脑炎 (Nao yan) Gastro = Stomach胃 (Wei) Gastritis胃炎 (Wei yan) Entero = Intestine 腸 (Chang) Gastroenteritis肠胃炎 (Chang wei yan) Colo = Large intestine大腸 Colitis大肠炎 (Da chang yan) Megacolon巨结肠 (ju jie chang) Procto = Anus肛门 (Gang men) Proctitis直肠炎 (Zhi chang yan), Proctology直肠病学 (Zhi chang bing xue) Hepato = Liver肝脏(Gan zang) Hepatitis肝脏炎 (Gan zang yan), Hepatomegaly肝肿大 (Gan zhong da) Nephro/Rene = Kidney腎(Shen) Nephrosis肾变病 (Shen bian bing), 肾病(Shen bing), Renal artery肾脏的 动脉 (Shen zang de dong mai), Orchido = Testis睾丸(Gao wan) Orchiditis 睾丸炎 (Gao wan yan) Orchidectomy睾丸切除术(Gao wan qie chu shu) Dermo = Skin 皮肤 (pi fu) Dermatitis 皮炎 (pi yan) Masto/Mammo = Breast乳房 (ru fang) Mastectomy 乳房切除术 (ru fang qie chu shu) Mammography 乳房X线照相术 (ru fang X xian zhao xiang shu) Osteo = Bones 骨骼 (gu ge) Osteoporosis 骨质疏松症 (gu zhi shu song zheng) Cardio = Heart 心脏 (xin zang) Electrocardiogram (ECG) 心电图 (xin dian tu) Rhino = Nose鼻子 (bi zi) Rhinitis鼻炎 (bi yan), 鼻粘膜炎 (bi nian mo yan) Phlebo /Veno = Veins 静脉 (jin mai) Phlebitis静脉炎, (jing mai yan) Phlebotomy 刺骼, 放血 (fang xue) Phlebosclerosis 靜脈硬化 (jing mai ying hua) Pneumo/Pulmo = Lung肺 (fei) Pneumonitis局限性肺炎 (ju xian xing fei yan) Pulmonologist 肺科医生 (fei ke yi sheng) Hemo/Emia = Blood 血 (xue) Anemia贫血, 贫血症 (pin xue, pin xue zheng) Hematologist 血液学家 (xue ye xue jia) Common Suffixes -itis = Inflammation炎症 (yan zheng) Tonsillitis 扁桃腺炎 (bian tao xian yan) Appendicitis 阑尾炎 (lan wei yan), 盲肠炎 (mang chang yan) -osis = Abnormal 反常的 (fan chang de) Cyanosis 苍白病 (Cang bai bing) -ectomy = to remove Appendectomy 阑尾切除术 (lan weiqie chu shu) Tonsillectomy 扁桃腺切除术 (bian tao xian qie chu shu) -otomy = to cut into Tracheotomy (cut into windpipe气管 (qi guan )) 气管切开术 (qi guan qie kai shu) -ostomy = to make a mouth Colostomy 结肠造瘘术 (jie chang zhao lou shu) -scopy/ -scopic = to look Colonoscopy结肠镜检查 (jie chang jing jian cha) -graphy = recording an image Mammography 乳房X线照相术 (ru fang x zhao xiang shu) -gram = image Mammogram 乳房X线照片 (ru fanf X xian zhao pian) (X-ray) X光照片 (X guang zhao pian) Cardiology 心脏病学 (xin zang bing xue) = Heart Cardi/o Endocarditis 心内膜炎 (xin nei mo yan) 心 (xin) Myocarditis 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) Pericarditis 心包炎 (xin bao yan) = Slow Brady Bradycardia (rate<60) 心搏徐缓 (xin bo xu huan) = Fast Tachy Tachycardia (rate>100) 心动过速 (xin dong guo su) = Vessel Angi/o Angiography 血管造影术 (xue guan zao ying shu) 血管 Angiogram (artery X-ray) 血管造影 (xue guan zao ying) Angioscope (xue guan) Veno/phlebo = Vein血管 Venogram静脉造影 (jing mai zao ying) (xue guan) Phlebitis静脉炎 (jing mai yan) -stasis = to stop Hemostasis止血法 (zhi xue fa) -cyte = Cell 细胞 Erythrocytes 红血球 (hong xue qiu) (xi bao) Leucocytes 白细胞 (bai xi bao) Hem/o, -emia = Blood 血 Anemia 贫血 (pin xue) (xue) Hypoxemia 血氧不足 (xue yang bu zu) Hematosalpinx 输卵管积血 (shu luan guan ji xue) Cardiologist 心脏病专家 (xin zang bing zuan jia) A physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart and circulatory system. A cardiologist does not do surgery as that is beyond their training, and is done by a cardiovascular surgeon 心血管医生 (xin xue guan xi sheng). Hematologist 血液学家 (xue ye xue jia) This is a physician specializing in diseases of the blood. Atherosclerosis 动脉硬化症 (dong mai ying hua zheng) Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek word athero gruel稀粥 (xi zhou) or paste黏土团 (nian tu tuan) and sclerosis (hardness) 硬化症 (ying hua zheng). As this implies, the condition is characterized by deposits of fatty substances, such as cholesterol, and other materials hardening on the inner lining of an artery. High fat diets can lead to this formation of fatty plaques lining blood vessels. These fatty areas can become calcified and hard leading to arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries. When blood vessels become less stretchable伸长的 (shen chang de), blood pressure rises and can result in heart and kidney damage and strokes. Myocardial infarction (MI) 心肌梗塞 (xin ji geng se) The word myocardial心肌的 (xin ji de) means the muscle of the heart. An infarction梗死形成 (geng si xing cheng) is a blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. A simple way to say myocardial infarction is simply heart attack 心脏病发作 (xin zang bin fa zuo). Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) 僧帽瓣脫落 (seng mai ban tou luo), 二尖瓣脫垂 (er jinan ban tou chui) Blood flows through four chambers in the heart separated by one-way valves. A major valve is the one separating the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart. The left side is especially important because freshly oxygenated blood returning from the lungs is circulated out of the heart to the rest of the body. The left valve, called atrioventricular 房室的 (fang shi de), for the chambers it separates, is also called the Mitral valve 瓣膜 (ban mo), because it is shaped like an upside down Bishop’s hat, a miter. If the flaps of this valve tear away due to disease, the process is called prolapse ), 脱垂 (tuo chui), falling forward”. This results in leakage and backward flow called 下垂 (xia chui regurgitation 回流 (hui liu). With Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) symptoms do not normally begin before the early teenage years, however, people of any age may be affected. MVP has a strong genetic 遗传的 (yi chuan de) tendency and is inherited as a dominant gene 显性基因 (xian xing ji yin) with a greater expression in females than males. Stenosis瓣膜狭窄 (ban mo xia zai), Sometimes a valve is abnormally narrow causing partial obstruction constricting flow. Stenosis 狭窄 (xia zai) means, “a narrowing”. This condition is thought to affect anywhere from five to twenty percent of the general population 種群 (zhoug qun), 族群 (zu qun), 人口 (ren luo). (jiao tong) Angina pectoris绞痛 Angina pectoris is literally, “ a pain in the chest”. But, this is a special kind of pain associated with the heart and is distinctive as “crushing, vise-like”, and often accompanied by shortness of breath, fatigue 疲劳 (pi lao) and nausea 恶心 (e xin). Anginal pain indicates not enough blood is getting to the heart muscle. Often the term is shortened to just angina咽喉炎 (yan hou yan). Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) 心电图 (xin dian tu), 心动电流图 (略作ECG) Recording the Electrical activity of the heart. In Europe an electrocardiogram is often spelled electrokardiogram, hence the alternative in abbreviations as EKG. the most common reading from an ECG is the Regular Sinus Rhythm有規律的竇性節奏 (you gui lv de dou xing jie zou) which is the normal heart rate and seen in patients with no cardiac problems. Regular Sinus Rhythm有規律的竇性節奏 (you gui lv de dou xing jie zou) Arrhythmia心律不齐 (xin lv bu qi) / Dysrhythmia心律失常 (xin lv si chang) Abnormal heart rates and rhythms all have special names like ventricular tachycardia 心动过速 (xin dong guo su), or fibrillation 纤维颤动 (qian wei zhan dong), but generically are termed arrhythmias (no rhythm) 心律不齐 (xin lv bu qi) or dysrhythmia (abnormal rhythm) 心律失 常 (xin lv si chang). Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) 心动过速 (xin dong guo su) Atrial Fibrillation (AF) 纤维颤动(xian wei chan dong) Ischemia 心肌缺血 (xin ji que xue) This means “not quite enough blood”. Typically, the patient suffers anginal pain绞痛 (jiao tong) which is a pain in the chest and is quite often the first symptom of heart problems. Echocardiography超声波心动扫描技术 (chao sheng bo xin dong sao miao ji su) Using ultra high frequency sound waves to form an image of the inside of the heart, the cardiologist can see valve damage, congenital defects (before birth) 先天缺陷 (xian tian que xian) and other abnormalities 畸形 (ji xing) 病态 (bing tai). No x-ray or radiation is involved in this procedure. Cardiac scan 心脏扫描 (xin zang shao miao) A radioactive element is injected into the blood stream and create an image of the heart showing the metabolic activity of the heart by the uptake of radioactivity in various areas. Cardiac scans can identify areas of damaged or dead tissue, or reduced metabolism 新陈代谢 (xin chen dai xie) due to reduced or blocked blood flow. Radiopaque 辐射透不过的 (fu she tou bu guo de) This term means that something is not transparent to X-rays or other forms of radiation. Cardiac catheterization 心脏导管插入术 (xin zang dao guan cha ru su) A catheter (a long hollow tube) 导尿管 (dao niao guan), is put into a vein and pushed to the heart. Then a material opaque to X-rays辐射透不过的 (fu she tou bu guo de) can be released into the blood flow through the heart imaging the details of the coronary arteries 冠状的 (guan zhuang de). Typically used to identify the location of a blockage in the coronary 冠的 (guan de) circulation. Intravenous (IV) 静脉内的 (Jing Mai Nei De) Within a vein a catheter is inserted and blood can be removed or fluids given for therapy 治疗 (zhi liao). Phlebotomist 抽血者 (chou xue zhe) / Venipuncturist 刺络医师 (ci luo yi shi) The Greek and Latin versions of “cutting into a vein”. The specially trained nurse or technician draws blood for lab tests and may also start intravenous fluids (IV’s) 静脉血 (jing mai xue) 静 脉注射液 (jing mai zhu she ye). In English a phlebotomist and a venipuncturist are synonyms, whereas in China the latter is a medical specialty and the former is a nurse specially trained in the procedure.