老年保健知识问答

老年保健知识问答 1.什么是老年期, 答:60-89岁为老年期，90岁以上为长寿期。 2.什么样的老年人才算真正健康, 答:1.精力充沛;2.处世乐观;3.善于休息，睡眠良好;4.应变能力强;5.对一般感冒和传染病有一定抵抗力;6.体重适当;7.眼睛明亮，反应敏锐;8.牙齿清洁，无缺损;9.头发有光泽;10.皮肤和肌肉有弹性，走路轻松。 3.为什么说人体健康还包括道德修养, 答:健康不仅涉及体能，也涉及个人的精神。良好的道德修养有益于健康长寿。 4.我国宪法中有关健康的规定有哪些, 答:我国宪法第二十一条规定:国家发展卫生事业......开展群众性的卫生活动。保护人民健康。国家发展体育事业......增强人民体质。第二十六条规定，国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其它公害。第四十三条规定，中华人民共和国劳动者有休息的权利。 5.为什么说享有健康是一种基本权利, 答:因为健康是人类的基本权利。 6.什么是健康行为, 答:健康行为是:1.个体或团体行为的取向有益于他人.自身的健康;2.起居的科学性与规律性;3.外显的现行为和内在的思维动机协调一致;4.容忍与适应;5.学习与工作上的创造力表现。 7.什么是初级卫生保健, 答:初级卫生保健是:由社区通过个人和家庭的积极参与，达到人人能够普遍享受的卫生保健。居民负担得起;技术上切实可行;科学可靠;群众乐于接受。 8.什么是社区服务, 答:社区是一个相对独立的地区性社会。社区服务是一种体系或网络，它可以有效地提高居民的生活质量和健康水平。 9.为什么要实行自我保健, 答:实行自我保健是因为:在遗传、医疗条件、社会与自然环境、个人生活方式与长寿因素中，60%的因素取决于个人，为医院和医生所不 能解决，要靠自己来负责。 10.应该怎样实行自我保健, 答:实行自我保健要自我负责、观察、诊断、、治疗和预防。 11.人的一生可划分为几个时期,有什么意义, 答:人的一生可划分为八个时期。在每个时期都有一定的特征，根据各个时期中人群的身心健康，满足不同时期的卫生保健和防治疾病的要求，适时保健。 12.你了解人体生物钟吗, 答:人体生物钟即生命节律.它是在生物进化过程中为适应环境.主要是太阳升落的光照变化.在生物体内部产生的同步关系的节律。它对人体健康至关重要。人体生物钟是由松果体分泌的一种叫褪黑激素的物质来调节的。生物钟紊乱将导致疾病发生。 13.生物钟养生法有哪些内容, 答:生物钟养生法就是:按时作息，有劳有益;按时就餐，不暴饮暴食;适应四时，顺其自然;戒除不良嗜好，不伤人体功能。 14.生活要有规律是指哪些内容, 答:生活规律指:每天定时入睡与起床;工作劳动、学习有规律;定时就餐，每天饮,,,杯水;每天坚持午睡或平躺一会儿，定时排便;早晚坚持健身活动;每天有放松或娱乐的时间;情绪稳定，乐观向上;按排好双休日的娱乐与健身活动;夫妻性生活有规律。 15.为什么说生活规律是保健之首, 答:生活规律是保健之首因为:如果缺乏规律性生活，就会破坏人体生物钟的运转。久之，体内功能失调，加速衰老，甚至发生疾病。 16.什么是生活方式, 答:生活方式包括物质资料的生产与消费方式精神文化活动方式、家庭生活方式、交往活动方式、闲暇活动方式，以及人们日常生活行为规范。 17.怎样才算正确刷牙, 答:正确的刷牙方法是竖刷。 18.老年人牙齿缺失，还有必要镶牙吗, 答:老年人牙齿缺失有必要镶牙，以维护整个咀嚼系统的完整与健康。 19.患高血压，心脏病的人能拔牙吗, 答:一般讲,患高血压.心脏病的人是可以拔牙的,但事前要采取相应，以防万一。如果高血压患者己有心.脑.肾等脏器病变或己出现心 力衰竭的,就不能拔牙。 20.眼前有黑点飘动是病吗, 答:如果眼前有黑点飘动像蚊子那样，用手抓也抓不到，而且明显影响视力的，就有可能是白内障，应就诊检查。 21.晨起保健要点有哪些, 答:晨起保健要点有:1.按时起床,2.冷水洗脸.温水刷牙,3.喝杯温白开水,4.坚持一项健身活动,5.定时排便,6.早餐要吃好。 22.预防心脏病的六条生活准则是什么, 答:1.乐观处世.心情舒畅,2.避免精神紧张.消除疲劳,3.充分休息.放慢节奏,4.与家亲友和睦.温馨.宣泄不愉快和烦恼,5.节假日与家人外出旅游，共度美好时光;,、注意出现失眠、头晕、胃痛等不适症状，引起警惕。 23.为什么说要向大自然争取健康, 答:人类生存发展离不开大自然，只能适应大自然，不可能改变自然界的客观规律。因此，人应该锻炼对大自然的烈日酷暑及严寒的适应能力，增强免疫功能和抗病能力，减少疾病的发生。 24.预防高血压的健康行为有哪些, 答:1.少盐,日摄入量在6克以下;2.合理膳食,低热量,低脂肪,适当运动,保持健康体重;3.不饮酒或适量饮低度酒;4.注意有劳有逸，提高应付紧张压力的能力。 25.临界高血压是否要治疗, 答:一般随访观察3-6个月，此间按预防高血压的健康行为去做，将 有助于降血压。如果血压仍明显升高在临界高血压水平以上，且伴有症状，就应该在医生指导下进行降压治疗。 26.人为什么每天要平躺一会儿, 答:人是从古猿演变而来。人体的直立姿势，固然使人眼界扩大，解放出双手劳动创造了文明，成为万物之灵。但直立姿势比起四足行走的动物在生理上明显存在许多缺点，如使驱干、腰椎及关节负荷加重，内脏器官也容易下垂。并且，心脏要把血液“泵”到头部和上肢也使心脏和血管承受更大的负荷。因此，人类比四足行走的动物发生疾病的机会就大得多了。所以，人们每天平躺一会儿，就可使全身放松，减缓内脏和关节的压力，有利于预防疾病。 27.为什么花草树木能提高生活环境质量, 答:因为人吸进氧气，呼出二氧化炭;绿色植物恰恰相反，吸收二氧化炭，放出氧气。维系着大气成分的平衡，保持空气的清新，有益于人类健康。此外，植被还有防尘、防风的清洁和气候调节作用。许多花卉能分泌一种杀菌素，可减少空气中的微生物，减少对人的感染。树木还有消音的功能，防止噪声，也有益于身心健康。 28.法绘画为何有利于养生, 答:因为写字作画既有些微体力劳动，又有大脑的思维活动，陶冶情操，美化心灵，为养生之首选。 29.为什么遮光避日反遭光害, 答:其原因是:自然光被阻挡,长久会干扰人体生物钟,昼夜颠倒,出现各种不适。没有阳光中的紫外线,就不能促成维生素D的合成,容易导致 骨质疏松.佝偻病及骨折。 30.你知道家庭里的污染来自哪里吗, 答:1、厨房燃料燃烧产生一氧化炭、二氧化炭和二氧化硫等到有害气体，可引起头晕或中毒。高温油可产生强致癌物质—苯并芘;2、装修房屋用的油漆和涂料散发出的甲醛和其它有毒物质，对人体危害极大;3、放射性核元素的残余放射性，它们可能来自工业废渣制成的砖瓦、水泥及天然花岗石等。 31.什么是噪声,对人体健康有什么危害, 答:噪声是不协调的声音.人们感觉吵闹的声音.噪声可造成人们听力损失,影响休息和睡眠,严重时会出现烦躁.头痛.头晕等不适和疾病.并影响人体心脏和消化功能. 32.初老期、老年期保健要点有哪些, 答:初老期、老年期的保健要点有:1、每年进行体检或疾病检查;2、坚持自我保健，平衡饮食;3、适当运动锻炼，积极参加公益和家务活动;4、心平气和，宽容大度;5、积极参加有益的文化娱乐活动。 33.丝绸衣裳有哪些保健功能, 答:1、能增进细胞活力，防止血管硬化，延缓衰老;2、止痒，对患瘙痒症者有一定疗效;3、保护皮肤免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。 34.《中国居民膳食指南》有哪些内容, 答:1、食物多样，谷物为主;2、多吃蔬菜、水果和薯类;3、每天吃奶、豆及豆制品;4、经常吃适量鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉，少吃肥肉及荤油;5、食量与体力活动要平衡，保持适宜体重;6、清淡少盐的饮食; 7饮食要限量;8、不吃不洁变质食物。 35.为什么说《中国居民膳食指南》是改善全民营养的重要措施, 答:可以避免人们进入营养误区，有利于膳食平衡。 36.“食物多样，谷物为主”的涵义什么, 答:平衡膳食必须全面营养。谷物和薯类主要提供碳水化合物、蛋白质、食物纤维及维生素B族;动物食物主要提供蛋白质.脂肪.矿物质及维生素A;豆制品主要提供蛋白质.不饱和脂肪酸.食物纤维.矿物质及维生素A;果蔬提供食物纤维.矿物质.维生素C及胡萝卜素等;植物油.淀粉.糖.酒，主要提供热量和维生素E及不饱和脂肪酸。 37.多吃蔬菜、水果的涵义是什么, 答:深色蔬菜中维生素含量超过浅色蔬菜及一般水果，它们是胡萝卜素.维生素B2.维生素C.叶酸.矿物质及食物纤维.天然抗氧化物的主要来源;水果是维生素C及胡萝卜素的极好来源,它们对保护心血管.增强抗病能力及预防疾病，十分重要。 38.“每天吃奶类、豆制品”的涵义是什么, 答:补充优质蛋白、钙质及不饱和脂肪酸、维生素,族及烟酸，保证膳食平衡。 39.“经常吃鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉，少吃肥肉和葷油”的涵义是什么, 答:鱼、禽蛋、瘦肉等动物性食物是优质蛋白质、脂溶性维生素和矿物质的良好来源。动物性蛋白质的氨基酸组成更适合人体需要，且赖氨酸含量高，补充了植物蛋白质中赖氨酸的不足。肉类中铁的利用较好。鱼类，特别是海鱼的不饱和脂肪酸有降低血脂和防止血栓形成的作用。 肥肉和荤油为高能量和高饱和脂肪酸食物，应少吃，以防肥胖，这也是某些慢性病的危险因素。 40.“食量与体力活动要平衡，保持适宜体重的涵义”是什么, 答:食量和体力活动保持平衡才能避免肥胖的发生。 41.“吃清淡少盐膳食”的涵义是什么, 答:清淡少盐指食物不要太咸、不太油腻、不要吃过多动物性食物，过多的油炸、烟熏食物。每天每人食盐用量控制在6克以下为宜。 42.“饮食应限量”的涵义是什么, 答:饮食限量少食可缓衰延寿.过饱伤身.大致在该吃下顿饭时.腹中略有饥饿感为宜 43.“吃清洁卫生、不变质的食物”的涵义是什么, 答:严把病从口入关。选购符合卫生条件的食物，保持在加工和餐具等环境卫生。集体提倡分餐制，减少交叉感染的机会。 44.什么叫营养,怎样才是合理营养, 答:营养的涵义是指人体摄取、消化、吸收和利用食物中的养料，以维持生命新陈代谢的作用。 45.一天要吃多少种食物可达到营养互补, 答:每天要吃15-20种食物将可能满足全面营养互补的需要。 46.谷物有哪些营养, 答:谷物的营养主要是碳水化合物，其次是蛋白质，脂肪少量及维生素和矿物质。 47.蔬菜有哪些营养, 答:蔬菜中营养成分主要是维生素.碳水化合物及纤维.其次是无机盐和微量元素。 48.何谓健康的“第二营养素”, 答:是指食物的色彩。不同颜色的食品对人的精神心理产生不同的愉悦功能，会起到增进食欲的作用。 49.合理膳食要遵循哪些原则, 答:合理膳食的原则是:1.考虑季节,2.饭菜色形美观.味香.品种多,3.粗细粮搭配，粮豆混吃,4.副食兼有动物和植物蛋白,5.蔬菜、水果品种多,6.讲究卫生。 50.营养摄入过量有什么害处, 答:对健康有害无益。增加体内负荷，引起代谢紊乱，器官提前衰老或发生疾病。热量过剩会出现肥胖。影响体内酸碱平衡导致酸性体质，降低免疫能力，容易感染疾病。过量摄入一些微量元素，会产生毒害作用。 51.怎样保持饮食营养才科学合理, 答:科学合理的营养是:,.杂食;,.粗细搭配;,.荤素搭配;,.绿叶菜与根茎搭配;5.水果与干果搭配;6.低盐、低脂肪、高纤维素;7.不偏食，不挑食。 52.鸡鸭和野禽有哪些营养特点, 答:禽类的营养特点是:蛋白质丰富，脂肪少，维生素,和维生素,在动物性食品中较高，为营养丰富的食物佳品。 53.蔬果有哪些营养特点, 答:富含水分、纤维素、无机盐、微量元素和多种维生素，它们进入人体内产生碱性物质，维持人体内酸碱平衡。丰富的纤维素和果胶能加速肠胃蠕动。加快有毒物质的排泄，防止便秘。果胶还可降低血液中的胆固醇含量，纤维素能减少胆固醇的吸收。 54.预防“富贵病”的膳食十项原则是什么, 答:1.少盐,2.摄入蛋白质,3.睡前喝一杯牛奶.既补充钙.又有益睡眠,4.每天吃一个鸡蛋,5.禽肉代替猪肉,6.增加豆制品,7.每天最好吃,,,克蔬菜,8.常吃菌菇类食物;9.饭要八分饱。 55.世界卫生组织食品安全十定律是什么, 答:,、吃熟透的食物;,、食物一旦熟好及时吃掉;,、存放食品,,,小时，应在高温,,,度以上或低温,,度以下条件保存为宜;,、食用加工过的食品，不喝未经消毒的牛奶;,、存放过的熟食必须重新再烧熟后方可食用;,、生、熟切菜板要分开使用;,、保持厨房卫生;,、操作食品前要彻底洗手;,、不要让昆虫、鼠类和其它动物接触食品;,,、饮用水及做食品用水必须纯洁、干净，无污染。 56.“冬令核桃春日枣”有什么保健作用, 答:核桃仁含高油量不饱和脂肪酸，富含矿物质和维生素B族及微量元素，维生素E及胡萝卜素等，有明显的润肺、止咳、平喘的作用。枣是补气食品，其维生素含量为百果之冠，磷钙也比一般果品多2-12倍，具有滋养血脉强健脾胃的功能。 57.哪些蔬菜有减肥作用, 答:减肥蔬菜有:白萝卜、黄瓜、韭菜、冬瓜等。 58.高胆固醇血症者的饮食原则是什么, 答:高胆固醇患者的饮食原则是:1、忌食高胆固醇食物，如动物内脏等;2、少吃动物脂肪，增加植物油;3、除非合并肥胖，否则总热量、碳水化合物及蛋白质的摄入量可不必限制;4、高纤维素食品，增加胆固醇的排泄;5、多吃降胆固醇食物，如洋葱、大蒜、香菇、木耳及豆制品。 59.哪些食物含胆固醇高, 答:高胆固醇食品有:禽蛋类、鸭肝、鱼子及松花蛋等。 60.哪些动物性食品含胆固醇低, 答:在动物性食品中含胆固醇最低的有瘦猪肉、瘦牛肉、瘦羊肉、免肉、鲑鱼、鲤鱼、墨鱼、鳗鱼、刀鱼、海蜇头及皮、海参、脱脂奶粉、牛奶、羊奶等。. 61.高血压患者的饮食原则有哪些, 答:1.严格控制盐的摄入,每人每日应低于5克;2.维持热能平衡及健康体重;3.适当补充钾盐,可吃些香蕉.豆类.冬菇.黑枣.红枣.花生.核桃.甘薯等.4.适当增加镁的摄入如黄豆.青豆.腐竹.冬菇.荞麦面.玉米.菠菜.豆芽等;5.限制动物性脂肪和胆固醇的摄入,6.遵从营养师的指导。 62.动脉硬化、冠心病患者的饮食原则是什么, 答:1.维持热量平衡及健康体重;2.控制脂肪及胆固醇的摄入;3.适当增加植物蛋白，如大豆;4.适当限制碳水化合物的摄入;5.适当增加维生素B6和C;6.多吃水果蔬菜，增加食物纤维;7.保证无机盐和微量 元素每天的需要量;8.膳食平衡，清淡。 63.胆石症患者的饮食原则是什么, 答:1维持热量平衡;2、适当限制胆固醇的摄入，不吃肥肉、蛋黄、和动物内脏;3、多吃谷类、淀粉，少吃蔗糖、果糖;4、忌食辛辣刺激性食物及浓烈调味品;5、多喝水，每天1000-1500毫升;6、注意饮食卫生，及时防治寄生虫。 64.茶为什么能防治脑血管疾病, 答:茶叶中含有茶多酚.可以降低血液中胆固醇和甘油三脂的含量,减少脂质在血管壁上的沉积,有预防动脉硬化.降低血压.稀释血脂.抗凝溶栓.清除自由基等保健功能。 65.饮茶对老年人的身心健康有哪些益处, 答:茶叶，特别是绿茶对阻断致癌因子—亚硝酸胺的产生起良好作用。因此，常饮茶可防治癌症。饮茶对老年人身心健康有益，因为:1、兴奋中枢神经，改善血液循环;2、兴奋运动神经，增进肌肉收缩力;降低血脂，增加血管韧性;4、缓解慢性头痛;5、改善神经系统功能。。66.什么是喝茶的最佳时间, 答:1.需提神时;2.吃油腻食物之后;3.酒后;4.吸烟后;5.饭后喝茶防癌除口臭。 67.为什么喝绿茶好, 答:绿茶由于没经过发酵，最大限度地保留了营养成分及有效的活性物质，含茶多酚大大高于红茶和花茶。因此，喝绿茶最好。 68.老年人喝什么水好, 答:老年人喝茶水及白开水最好。 69.怎样从饮食上预防脂肪肝, 答:1、节制饮食加强体育锻炼，促进体内过多脂肪的消耗;2、节制饮酒，戒酒。 70.什么是增强生命活力的“核酸食物”, 答:“核酸食物”有增强生命活力的作用,因为核酸是生物细胞核与细胞质中极为复杂的高分子化合物，是细胞的核心结构，它与生命的生长.发育.遗传有直接关系。 71.何谓防治心脑血管疾病的“红黄绿白黑”食品, 答:防治心脑血管疾病的几种食品是:1、红葡萄酒，被人称作是有生命的液体，每天饮50毫升，可以减轻动脉粥样硬化;2、黄色含胡萝卜素及维生素E较多的果蔬;3、绿茶有益健康，可减轻冠心病并防癌;4、白色燕麦可降胆固醇，兑牛奶更好。5、黑木耳每天吃10克，连续50天，血粘度会下降，不易形成血栓。 72.老年人为什么不宜常吃炸油条, 答:因为老年人消化力弱，特别是油条中含有明矾，长期食用会增加体内铝的积累，容易导致老年痴呆症的发生。同时，高温油可产生致癌物质。 73.选购保健食品为什么要查看文号, 答:因为目前保健市场良莠不齐，未经卫生部门批准的保健品，有些非但不能保健，反而有害健康。 74.为什么饮酒多，烦恼多, 答:长期大量饮酒害处多，会造成多种维生素缺乏症;肝损害;胃炎及消化道癌症发病率高;增加高血压及中风的危险;损害中枢神经系统， 导致事故与暴力的发生。 75.怎样才算饮酒适当, 答:饮酒适当指每人每周酒精的摄入量不超过300毫升;每天饮白酒50毫升;啤酒不超过2瓶;葡萄酒不超过200毫升为宜。 76.“全民健身计划”向人们提出了什么要求, 答:1、每天参加一次体育健身活动，每次活动时间在20分钟以上;2、每人学会两种以上体育健身方法，室内及户外各一种;3、每年进行一次体质测定。 77.运动锻炼是怎样增强抗病能力的, 答:运动能提高人体免疫力，增强抗病能力。 78.为什么在进行体育锻炼前要做医学检查, 答:体育锻炼要符合每个人的身体健康情况。因此，在锻炼之前应请医生检查身体或咨询，以防发生意外。 79.散步为什么能防治冠心病, 答:散步可以舒缓人体吐呐，活动四肢筋骨关节，强健腿部肌肉，并牵动内脏形成全身运动，是一项很好的健身活动。 80.走路为什么能防治冠心病, 答:冠心病的发病率与体力活动、能量消耗成反比，运动可以减少心梗复发的次数，降低冠心病的发病率。因此，走路是一种行之有效的防治冠心病的方法。 81.心理健康的是什么 答:1、智力正常;2、情绪稳定;3、意志健全;4、心理思维与行为协调一致;5、良好的人际关系;6、行为反应适度;7、心理特点符合年龄。 82.达到心理健康的三个途径是什么, 答:1、热爱生活，积极向上;2、情绪稳定，有较强适应突发事变的能力 ;3、适应客观环境的能力。 83.为什么说心理平衡是健康的保证, 答:因为善良的品德，淡泊的心境乃是健康的保证。心情好，能促使内分泌正常，从而增强免疫功能及抗病能力;相反，若有悖于道德准则，胡作非为，必然提心吊胆或内疚，心理失衡，降低免疫力及抗病能力，损害健康，导致疾病的发生。 84.长寿老人有哪些心理特征, 答:1、开朗乐观，想得穿;2、性情温和;3、宽容大度;4、心直口快，有事不闷在心理;5、知足常乐，淡泊名利;6、助人为乐;7意志坚强;8善于自我调节。 85.日常放松情绪有哪些方法, 答:1、与知已谈心;2常看家庭相册，重温美好时光;3、回忆一下最幸福的时刻;4、写信诉说心中苦闷;5、上餐馆改变一下口味;6、适度性生活;7、听音乐，看戏剧;8、豁达看待别人的批评;9、情绪不好时，静坐10分钟;10、常常伸腿、舒背、扭腰;11、戒烟、戒酒。 86.老年人心理衰老有哪些特征, 答:老年人衰老将出现如下特征:1、心烦;2、失眠或多醒;3、经常受惊、噩梦;4、记忆减退，注意力不易集中;5、沉闷，昏昏欲睡;6、对周围事物没兴趣;7、表情痴呆;8、动作缓慢，社交明显减少;9、对他人依赖性增大;10、经常回忆往事，对眼前的事反而不感兴趣;11、觉得活着没意思;12、语言罗唆，没条理，表达不准确;13、冷漠易怒;14、看书、电视没耐心;15、不愿与人交往，疏远亲朋;16、认为自己老了，不中用了。 87.老年期会有哪些精神心理问题, 答:老年人在躯体生理功能衰退的同时，行动迟缓，反应迟钝，记忆力下降，抽象思维能力降低，情绪焦虑抑郁，有时行为幼稚，性格也有所改变。 88.怎样认识退休,怎样适应退休生活的变化, 答:退休是人生的第二个春天，丢掉了社会担子，可以按着自己的意愿重新安排生活。首先要调整好自己的生物钟，按时作息。做一些自己平时没有时间做的事、看一些平时没有时间看的一些书，发挥自己的专长，为社区和家庭发挥余热。 89.怎样才能延缓心理衰老, 答:1、热爱生活;2、乐观向上;3、豁达开朗;4、老有所为;5、参加有益的文体活动，老有所乐。 90.为什么提倡老年人到森林草地去进行森林浴, 答:森林给人以目悦神怡的感觉,能减慢心率。森林中有一种芳香性 物质—萜烯类气态物质,它不仅能杀灭空气中的细菌,并有益于人体内灭菌消炎,促进内分泌作用。 91.老年人玩麻将对身心健康有何利弊, 答:玩麻将能锻炼思维，有利于防止老年痴呆，也是一种娱乐和精神享受。但过于迷恋或变相赌博不可取，把好事变成了坏事。 92.脑血管性痴呆和老年性痴呆有何不同, 答:脑血管性痴呆是由于脑动脉血管梗塞或破裂引起的病变;老年性痴呆，又称阿尔默茨氏症，是一种中枢神经系统的退行性病变。常表现为进行性记忆障碍，分析判断能力减退，行为失常，人格改变，最后病人出现失语大小便失禁，常因合并感染或衰竭而死亡。其病因是遗传因素与环境因素相互作用的结果。而血管性痴呆则与高血压及颅脑外伤有关。 93.痴呆能治愈吗, 答:痴呆病，包括老年痴呆及血管性痴呆，一般不易治愈，但可以控制症状，减缓病程，减轻病人和家人的痛苦。而由于抑郁症引起的假性痴呆，只要及时合理治疗是完全可以治愈的。 94.老年人用药应注意什么, 答:,、正确认识药物在疾病治疗过程中的药理作用;,、正确评价药物对人体产生的毒副作用;,、正确使用止痛药;,、不要滥用抗菌素;,、不要常服泻药;,、不随便用补药;,、用药剂量要低于成人量;,、一次用药品种不宜过多;,、选择疗效好、毒副作用小的药物;,,、严密观察病情变化，及时调整药量。 95.吸烟对老年人的心理健康有什么影响, 答:长久吸烟会出现神经衰弱或神经中毒的症状。吸烟会使血液中游离脂肪酸及胆固醇含量增加，从而加速脑动脉硬化，使大脑供血、供氧不足，造成急性脑血管病和血管性痴呆的发生。 96.老年糖尿病如何治疗,应注意哪些问题, 答:老年糖尿病要坚持长期饮食治疗;药物治疗适用于非胰岛素依赖型(,型)患者。当用饮食治疗和体力活动后血糖仍明显偏高，尿糖较多时，并伴有多饮、多食、多尿及体重降低等症状者，应考虑服用降糖药物。 97.为什么老年人易患前列腺肥大症,中医药如何治疗本病, 答:因为老年男性体内激素平衡失调，从而刺激前列腺体组织增生。中医治疗本病主要是通过清利湿热.疏利水道.补肾.舒畅气机.化瘀散结等达到小便通利的目的。 98.老年人出现皮肤瘙痒症怎么办, 答:要及时医治，并要调整心态。少用剌激性大的肥皂，不用过热的水洗澡，避免皮脂减少，皮肤干燥。饮食清淡，多食果蔬，少吃油腻食品。保持大便通畅。更不可饮酒和喝浓茶，避免吃辛辣食品。 (来自互联网) (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.