直流发电机实验报告

直流发电机实验报告 学院: 自动化学院 班级: 0811202 小组: 第2组 小组成员:董建功2012212840 陈志毅2012212778 徐家雄 2012212632 覃树 2012213137 淳征 2012213162 实验时间 :第八周周五5-8节 attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 一、实验目的 1、掌握用实验方法测定直流发电机的各种运行特性，并根据所测得的运行特性评定该被试电机的有关性能。 2、通过实验观察并励发电机的自励过程和自励条件。 二、预习要点 1、什么是发电机的运行特性,在求取直流发电机的特性曲线时，哪些物理量应保持不变，哪些物理量应测取。 2、做空载特性实验时，励磁电流为什么必须保持单方向调节, 3、并励发电机的自励条件有哪些,当发电机不能自励时应如何处理, 4、如何确定复励发电机是积复励还是差复励, 三、实验项目 1、他励发电机实验 (1)测空载特性 保持n=n使I=0，测取U=f(I)。 NL0f )测外特性 保持n=n使I=I，测取U=f(I)。 (2NffN L (3)测调节特性 保持n=n使U=U，测取I=f(I)。 NNfL 2、并励发电机实验 (1)观察自励过程 (2)测外特性 保持n=n使R=常数，测取U=f(I)。 Nf2L 3、复励发电机实验 积复励发电机外特性 保持n=n使R,常数，测取U,f(I)。 Nf2L 四、实验设备及挂件排列顺序 1、实验设备 序号 型 号 名 称 数 量 1 DD03 导轨、测速发电机及转速 1 台 2 DJ23 校正直流测功机 1 台 3 DJ13 直流复励发电机 1 台 4 D31 直流电压、毫安、安培表 2 件 5 D44 可调电阻器、电容器 1 件 attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 6 D51 波形测试及开关板 1 件 7 D42 三相可调电阻器 1 件 2、屏上挂件排列顺序 D31、D44、D31、D42、D51 五、实验方法 1、他励直流发电机 励磁电源,+220V Rf2 IAf11 IfA励磁绕阻3 R 并励绕组1f R1 V2 A2IAL4 V1S 220VR2,+电枢电源 图2,3直流他励发电机接线图 按图2-3接线。图中直流发电机G选用DJ13，其额定值P,100W，U,200V，NNI,0.5A，n,1600r/min。校正直流测功机MG作为G的原动机(按他励电动机NN 接线)。MG与G由联轴器直接连接。开关S选用D51组件。R选用D44的1800f1Ω变阻器，R选用D42的900Ω变阻器，并采用分压器接法。R选用D44的180f2 1Ω变阻器。R为发电机的负载电阻选用D42，采用串并联接法(900Ω与900Ω电阻2 串联加上900Ω与900Ω并联)，阻值为2250Ω。当负载电流大于0.4 A时用并联部分，而将串联部分阻值调到最小并用导线短接。直流电流表和电压表选用D31，并根据需要选择合适的量程。电枢电源打开之前，应先将电枢电源的调节旋钮拧到最小。 (1)测空载特性 1)断开发电机G的负载开关S。将R调至最大。 f2 2)把R调至最大，R调至最小。先打开励磁电源开关，再打开电枢电源1f1 开关，起动直流电动机MG。直流电动机MG的旋转方向应符合正向旋转的。 attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 3)电动机MG正常启动后，将电枢电源调至220V ，并把R减到最小。增1大电阻R，使发电机转速上升到额定值(n,1600r/min)，并在整个实验过程f1N 中保持不变。 4)调节分压电阻R，使发电机的空载电压达到U,1.2U(240V)。 f20N )在保持额定转速的条件下，从U,1.2U开始，单方向调节分压电阻R， 50N f2逐渐减小发电机的励磁电流，测量发电机的空载电压U和励磁电流I，直到I0ff,0(此时U称为发电机的剩磁电压)。其中，U,U和I,0两点必测，并在00NfU,U附近多测几组数据。最后将数据记录于表2-2中。 0N 表2-2 n=n,1600r/min I=0 NL U(V) 240 218 205 200 195 170 100 70 42 0 I(mA) 121 92 81 73 69 50 19 12 0 f (2)测外特性 1)把负载电阻R调到最大值，合上负载开关S。 2 2)分别调节R、 R和R，使得I,I，U,U，n=n。此时发电机处于f1f2 2LNNN额定运行状态，对应的励磁电流I称为额定励磁电流I。记录I的大小。 ffNfN )在保持n=n 3和I,I 不变的条件下，从I,I开始，逐渐增大R，测NffNLN2取发电机的电枢电压U和电枢电流I，直到空载为止(断开开关S，此时I=0)。LL共取6-7组数据，记录于表2-3中。 表2-3 n,n,1600r/min I,I, 111 mA NffN U(V) 206 209 212 219 223 225 231 I(A) 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1 0 L (3)测调整特性 1)调节分压电阻R，使发电机的空载电压达到额定值。 f2 2)把负载电阻R调到最大值，合上负载开关S。在保持额定转速与额定电2 压的条件下，逐渐减小负载电阻R，测取发电机的输出电流I和励磁电流I，直2Lf到I上升到额定值为止。共取6-7组数据记录于表2-4中。 L 表2-4 n=n, 1600 r/min U,U, 200 V NN I(A) 0.5 0.43 0.37 0.21 0.16 0.08 0 L I(mA) 103 96 92 81 80 74 70 f attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 2、并励发电机实验 (1)观察自励过程 1)按实验2-1六中注意事项2使电机MG停机，在断电的条件下将发电机G的励磁方式从他励改为并励，接线如图2-4所示。R选用D42的900Ω电阻两f2 只相串联并调至最大阻值，断开开关S。 2)先打开励磁电源。然后在R1最大的情况下，再打开电枢电源。起动电动机，调节电动机的转速，使发电机的转速n=n，用直流电压表量发电机是否N 有剩磁电压，若无剩磁电压，可将并励绕组改接成他励方式进行充磁。 3)合上开关S，逐渐减小R，观察发电机电枢两端的电压，若电压逐渐上f2 升，说明满足自励条件。如果不能自励建压，将励磁回路的两个端头对调联接即可。 4)对应着一定的励磁电阻，逐步降低发电机转速，使发电机电压随之下降，直至电压不能建立，此时的转速即为临界转速。 (2)测外特性 励磁电源 +,220V If11A A3Rf2绕磁组励Rf1If 1R V2 A2ILA4 V1 S 220V,+电枢电源R2 ,4直流并励发电机接线图 图2 1)按图2-4接线。调节负载电阻R到最大,合上负载开关S。 2 2)调节电动机的磁场调节电阻R、发电机的磁场调节电阻R和负载电阻f1f2R，使发电机的转速、输出电压和电流三者均达额定值，即n=n，U=U，I=I。 2NNLN 3)保持此时R的值和n=n不变，逐次减小负载电流，直至I=0，从额定f2NL到空载运行范围内每次测取发电机的电压U和电流I。 L 4)共取6-7组数据,记录于表2-5中。 attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 表2-5 n,n, 1600 r/min R,常值 Nf2 U(V) 200 208 224 233 240 243 248 I(A) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.19 0.15 0.10 0 L 3、复励发电机实验 )积复励和差复励的判别 (1 1)接线如图2-5所示，R选用D42的1800Ω阻值。C、C为串励绕组。 f212 2)合上开关S将串励绕组短接，使发电机处于并励状态运行，按上述并励1 发电机外特性试验方法，调节发电机输出电流I=0.5I。 LN 3)打开短路开关S,在保持发电机n, R 和R不变的条件下,观察发电机端1f22 电压的变化,若此时电压升高即为积复励,若电压降低则为差复励。 励磁电源 +,220V IfA3Rf2If11A并励绕组 励磁绕组Rf1 C1 　S11R 励组绕串C2V2 A2ILA4 V1 S 220V,+电枢电源R2 图2,5直流复励发电机接线图 4)如要把差复励发电机改为积复励 ,对调串励绕组接线即可。 (2)积复励发电机的外特性 1)实验方法与测取并励发电机的外特性相同。先将发电机调到额定运行点，n=n，U=U，I=I。 NNLN 2)保持此时的R 和n=n不变，逐次减小发电机负载电流，直至I=0。 f2NL 3)从额定负载到空载范围内，每次测取发电机的电压U和电流I，共取6-7L组数据，记录于表2-6中。 表2-6 n,n, 1600 r/min R,常数 Nf2 U(V) 200 176 150 132 116 80 56 I(A) 0 0.064 0.126 0.258 0.316 0.412 0.487 L attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 五、注意事项 1、直流电动机MG起动时，要注意须将R调到最大，R调到最小，先接1f1通励磁电源，观察到励磁电流I为最大后，接通电枢电源，MG起动运转。起动f1 完毕，应将R调到最小。 1 2、做外特性时，当电流超过0.4A时,R中串联的电阻调至零并用导线短接,2 以免电流过大引起变阻器损坏。 六、实验报告 1、根据空载实验数据,作出空载特性曲线,由空载特性曲线计算出被试电机的饱和系数和剩磁电压的百分数。 2、在同一座标纸上绘出他励、并励和复励发电机的三条外特性曲线。分别 UU,N0U%100%,,算出三种励磁方式的电压变化率: 并差异原因。 UN 3、绘出他励发电机调整特性曲线，分析在发电机转速不变的条件下，为什么负载增加时，要保持端电压不变，必须增加励磁电流的原因。 attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 负载增加时，转速(功率)传感器感知转速(功率)的变化，使原动机(汽轮机、水轮机、柴油机、汽油机)增加功率，保持转速不变(频率不变)，使发电机组工作在新的功率工作点上。发电机转速不变的条件下，负载增加时，由于有功功率的去磁作用，削弱原励磁电流产生的磁场，使发电机的端电压下降，要保持端电压不变，就必须增加励磁电流。 七、思考题 1、并励发电机不能建立电压有哪些原因, 答:转速不够;励磁回路接触不好或开路;励磁电压过低或剩磁太弱等。 2、在发电机一电动机组成的机组中，当发电机负载增加时，为什么机组的转速会变低,为了保持发电机的转速n=n，应如何调节, N 答:电机运行时，转速与电网频率是有一定差值的，称为滑差。当电机功率增大时滑差也会随之增大，表现为转速下降。所以电机应选用滑差小的，并且有一定的功率余量;发电机输出功率增加，电流增加，输出功率增加意味着发电机要多出力，所以突然地负载增加发电机的转速也是要下降的。如果没有超载的话，短时间内转速会恢复的。如果不能恢复，建议发电机功率。 attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined