广西南宁市某宠物医院犬细小病毒病的临床调查

广西南宁市某宠物医院犬细小病毒病的临床调查 近年来，随着人们生活水平的不断提高，饲养宠物成了一种时尚，其中以宠物犬为主的宠物饲养数量不断增多。但由于许多犬主缺乏相关的专业饲养知识，加之存在疫苗接种率低或疫苗接种不规范等问，导致犬的一些恶性传染病如犬瘟热、犬细小病毒病等疾病的发病率较高，特别是犬细小病毒病，其发病率占发病犬数的10%以上，且死亡率较高，对宠物犬的危害较大。为此，笔者对2012年到广西南宁市某宠物医院就诊的956例病犬进行了犬细小病毒病临床调查。 1调查内容与方法 1.1调查对象对2012年1--12月到南宁市某宠物医院就诊的956只病例进行调查。 1.1调查方法通过对956只病例的门诊病历进行分类、统计，得出2012年到该宠物医院就诊病例犬细小病毒病的发病情况。 1.3诊断方法对临床有腹泻、呕吐、便血症状的犬，用韩国安捷公司生产的CPV抗原快速检测试纸检测，如果结果显示阳性，则判断为犬细小病毒病。 1.3.1试纸卡检测方法:按书操作，用干净棉签取适量病犬的新鲜粪便，将棉签浸入装有样品稀释液的管中，充分搅拌，静置。将试纸卡水平放置(试纸应恢复至室温)，用滴管抽取上清液向试纸their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 卡孔缓慢逐滴加入3-4滴不含气泡的检测液(5 min判断结果(10 min后的结果仅作为参考。 1.3.2结果判断:?阳性结果，试纸卡C、T线都显示红色色带;?阴性结果，试纸卡C线显示红色色带(T线不显红色;?无效，当试纸卡C线不显示红色色带时，无论T线是否显示红色都视为无效。 2调查结果与 2.1犬细小病毒病的发病率在956例病例中，将表现拉稀、排血粪、呕吐等症状的犬列为疑似病例，疑似病例共203例，其中犬细小病毒病阳性病例为137例，阳性率为67.5%。这表明根据临床特征对该病进行诊断存在较大偏差，该病不易和其他相似症状的疾病进行区分，必须借助检测试纸进行检测才能确诊。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 956例病例中犬细小病毒病的发病率为14.3%(相对于其他犬类疾病而言，犬细小病毒病的发病率较高，对犬危害较严重。 2.2犬细小病毒病发病季节分布956例病例中，犬细小病毒病阳性病例发病季节分布见表l。 由表1可知，犬细小病毒病在南宁地区以春季和秋末、冬季的发病率较高，特别3月、4月和11月、12月，夏季和秋季发病率相对较低，这是因为冬、春季节气温较低所致。 2.3发病的年龄分布 137例病例中，犬细小病毒病阳性病例发病年龄分布见表2。 由表2可知，犬细小病毒病主要以侵害6月龄内的幼犬为主，年龄越小一般死亡率越高。成年犬发病率较低，细小病毒病死亡率在10%。40%，这是由于成年犬体内免疫系统较完善，发病率有所下降。老年犬因年老体衰，死亡率相对也较高，但发病率不高。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 2.4品种纯度与犬细小病毒病发病的关系犬品种纯度与犬细小病毒病发病的关系见表3。 由表3可知，纯种犬的发病率高于杂种犬和土种犬，死亡率也高于其他2种犬种。 2.5免疫对犬细小病毒病发病与治疗效果的影响犬免疫情况与发病数量、治疗效果见表4。 由表4可知，免疫3次的犬其发病率较低，死亡率也较低。未做免疫的或未做完3次免疫的犬其发病率和死亡率都较高。 2.6犬细小病毒病的类型及年龄分布 临床上犬细小病毒病有出血性肠炎型和心肌炎型2种表现。出血性肠炎型主要表现为出血性腹泻、呕吐、精神沉郁、发热、白细胞显著减少等综合症状，但目前临床上有相当大比例患犬白细胞表现正常。心肌炎型主要见于8周龄以下的幼犬，常突然发病，数小时内死亡，表现为心肌或心内膜有非化脓性坏死灶，心肌纤维严重损伤。2种类型的犬细小病毒病的发病情况见表5。由表5可知，临床上犬细小病毒病主要是以出血性肠炎型为主，心肌炎型发病率较低，特别是8周龄以上的犬其心肌炎型发病率更低。 3小结与讨论 ?犬细小病病毒是一种高度接触性传染病，是宠物犬的一种常发病，该调查结果表明，到南宁某宠物医院就诊的犬其细小病毒病发病率达14.3%。该病的病原为犬细小病毒，该病毒对各种理化因素有较强的抵抗力，病犬是该病的主要传染源，病毒会随着粪便、呕吐物、their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 尿液及唾液等排出体外[I]，污染周围环境。因此，发生该病后，如未经严格的消毒防疫处理，易造成传染病的大面积传播与流行。建议宠物饲主应让宠物犬养成良好的习惯，最好调教犬到卫生间排便，在外面排便时准备好旧报纸或塑料袋及时将排泄物清理掉。?该病一年四季均可发生，但以冬、春季多发口1。南宁市犬细小病毒病于每年的11月、12月及翌年3月、4月较为多发。其原因可能是因为该段时间天气寒冷，季节更替期，温度变化较大所致。 ?各种年龄的犬均可发生该病，但以幼犬发病率和死亡率较高[3](特别是刚离乳后的幼犬。这可能是因为饲养环境的改变，很容易造成幼犬机体发生应激，致使抵抗力降低，加之幼犬尚未注射完疫苗，还未产生足以抵抗外界病毒侵袭的抗体，因此其发病率较高。 ?犬品种纯度与细小病毒病发病率有一定关系。通过该次调查发现，纯种犬的发病率明显高于杂种犬和土种犬，这可能是城市饲养的宠物主要以纯种外来宠物犬种为主，不同品种杂交的杂种犬也有一部分，但饲养土种犬数量较少，因此到宠物医院就诊的也主要是以纯种their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 犬为主。但笔者认为最主要原因是外来纯种犬适应性差，不能很好地适应当地气候，故发病率较高。 ?该次调查结果表明，临床上犬细小病毒病的类型以出血性肠炎型较为常见，发病率占92.0%( 126/137);心肌炎型一般只见于8周龄以下的幼犬，其发病率只有8.0% (11/137)。这与王林等报道的犬细小病毒病心肌炎型发病率为5.2%的结果较相近。 ?免疫后的宠物犬仍可发病，但发病率明显低于未做免疫的犬。免疫失败的原因有多方面，如疫苗质量不达标、免疫程序不科学、母源抗体的干扰等。因此注射疫苗后其保护率也不可能达100%。 ?该病的治疗效果与治疗时间的早晚有关。因此，该病治疗的关键是早期诊断、早期治疗。临床诊断时，主要看其腹泻次数与时间、粪便颜色与形状、呕吐物等，再结合细小病毒检测试纸的诊断结果，一般都能作出准确的判断。 ?制定合理的免疫程序是有效预防该病发生的重要手段。该病发病后没有特效治疗药物，因此疫苗免疫是最有效的预防手段。目前，所使用的犬细小病毒疫苗大多数是联苗，幼犬首免一般断奶后45 d左右进行，首免后每隔2-3周免疫1次，需连续免疫3次，以后每年重复免疫1次。第2年免疫时间一般比上一年免疫的时间提前30d进行，以保证维持较高的抗体水平。如果是6月龄以上的犬，则需连续免疫2次即可，间隔2-3周进行第2次免疫，以后也是每年重复免疫1次[5]。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. ?发现该病后，应立即进行隔离治疗，并做好环境消毒，防止该 病扩散。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.